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The short form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) contains half as many items as the long form and yet has often demonstrated better reliability and validity. This study uses exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic methods to examine the structure of the short form of the BSRI. A structure noted elsewhere also emerged here, consisting of two masculine factors and a single feminine factor. The three-factor model was found to be invariant across gender groups and also across two divergent samples, the first sample of college students and the second sample of accountants. As expected, women were found to score higher on the feminine factor. On a masculine factor that seemed to represent social control, men scored significantly higher than women did. However, no differences were found between men and women on a second masculine factor that seemed to represent a more internal, self-control dimension. (Contains 2 tables.)

Pedhazur and Tetenbaum speculated that factor structures from self-ratings of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) personality traits would be different from factor structures from desirability ratings of the same traits. To explore this hypothesis, both desirability ratings of BSRI traits (both "for a man" and "for a woman") and self-ratings were obtained from the same sample and factor analyzed. Factor analyses performed on the three sets of ratings of the 40 BSRI traits (self-ratings, desirability ratings "for a man", and desirability ratings "for a woman") confirmed that the factors across ratings were diverse. Thus, the underlying constructs must be studied independently. Predictive discriminant analyses replicated the finding that two traits alone ("Masculine" and "Feminine") provided nearly all of the discrimination of males and females in the sample when self-ratings were employed. Also, predictive discriminant analyses revealed that the classification of participants into gender groups was very accurate using self-ratings but deteriorated remarkably when using the desirability ratings. (Contains 5 tables.)

This study examines the structural validity of scores from the Bem Sex Role Inventory using a maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Six hundred and sixty-five graduate and undergraduate students participate in the study. A seven first-order factor model almost identical to the model reported in a previous CFA study is used as the baseline comparison model. The data for testing these models are obtained from an exploratory sample randomly selected from the whole sample. A hierarchical factor structure model with seven first-order factors (compassionate, interpersonal affect, shy, dominant, decisive, athletic, and self-sufficient) and two second-order factors (masculinity and femininity) fit the data quite well. The fit indices based on the validation sample collectively indicate a very good fit. The results of this study are notably consistent with the hierarchical factor models suggested in two previous CFA studies. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

This study examined the relationship of anger dimensions with depression in a clinical sample. Results suggest that the differences between women and men in nonclinical samples typically used in this research may not generalize completely to clinical samples. Further evidence is presented to support the contention that the relationship between anger and depression is important for both men and women.

The study examined the component structure of the Relational Health Indices (B. Liang et al., 2002) with a mixed-sex sample of students seeking services at a university counseling center. In contrast to previous findings, results suggested a unidimensional structure for the peer and mentor composites and a 2-component structure for the community composite. (Contains 1 figure and 4 tables.)

A comparison of mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory scales revealed that women scored significantly higher than men on depression, whereas there were no significant differences on any of the six anger scales. These findings support further research on functional affective differences between men and women. (Author/GCP)

Examines the relationship of a set of career variables, family cohesion, and demographic variables with the acculturation level of a sample of 176 Mexican-American community college students. Results reveal that only the demographic variables related significantly to acculturation. Socioeconomic status appeared to account for most of the variance by acculturation. (Author/MKA)

My Vocational Situation, Career Decision Scale, and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were completed by 149 students. Factor analysis reduced 20 CPI scales to Extraversion, Control, Flexibility, and Consensuality. Consensuality significantly distinguished high and low career indecision. Extraversion and Control had low to moderate correlations with Consensuality. (SK)

Notes that consulting relationship differs from traditional counseling and psychotherapeutic relationships and that these differences require special consideration in evaluating ethical questions and conflicts, identifying ethical parameters within any given situation, and using existing ethical guidelines in determining appropriate courses of action. Reviews several important ethical issues relevant to consultation and examines their implications for consultation practice. (Author/NB)

Examined whether order in which two counselors were presented on videotape would affect ratings of their performances. Seventy subjects viewed and rated counseling interviews conducted by Carl Rogers and Everett Shostrom. Groups differed only in order of presentation of counselors. Found that order in which counselors were evaluated significantly affected magnitude of ratings of their performances. (Author/NB)

Compared four groups of career-decided community college students (n=195) differentiated by level of comfort they reported with career choices, and two groups of career-undecided students (n=54) differentiated by level of problem they perceived their indecision to be, using three measures of career status and two measures of anxiety. (Author/ABL)

To explore the magnitude of overlap between sociotropy and autonomy with sex-role orientation, relations of Beck's Sociotropy--Autonomy Scale with 6 measures of sex-role orientation were examined using a convenience sample of 153 undergraduate students. The sample included 95 women and 58 men whose mean age was 20.4 yr. A principal axis factor analysis yielded two clear factors, one masculine and one feminine. Sociotropy related strongly to the feminine factor, and Autonomy related strongly to the masculine factor. The mean score for women was significantly higher than that for men on Sociotropy, but the mean difference on Autonomy was not statistically significant. These findings suggest there may be some definitional overlap between vulnerability to depression and sex-role orientation.

Researchers developing multidimensional models of relational quality have largely neglected to consider the potential role of relational spirituality in their models. Recent relational spirituality models have emerged predominantly from a [...]

Researchers have demonstrated that women participate more frequently than men in religious activities, and some have argued the differences may be attributable to gender orientation (feminine or masculine) rather than [...]

This study examined the relationship of anger dimensions with depression in a clinical sample. Results suggest that the differences between women and men in nonclinical samples typically used in this research may not generalize completely to clinical samples. Further evidence is presented to support the contention that the relationship between anger and depression is important for both men and women., The theoretical literature regarding anger has traditionally postulated that substantial gender differences exist in the experience and expression of this emotion (Sharkin, 1993). To a large extent, these differences have [...]

The study examined the component structure of the Relational Health Indices (B. Liang et al., 2002) with a mixed-sex sample of students seeking services at a university counseling center. In [...]

A comparison of mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory scales revealed that women scored significantly higher than men on depression, whereas there were no significant differences on any of the 6 anger scales. Separate multiple regression analyses revealed that there were statistically significant relationships between the linear combination of anger scales and depression for both groups. A comparison of zero-order correlations of depression with the anger scales revealed that Anger-in correlated significantly more highly with depression among women than men. Finally, Anger-In correlated significantly with 4 of the 5 other anger scales for women, but only with one for men.

Consulting relationships differ from traditional counseling and psychotherapeutic relationships in several fundamental ways. These differences require special consideration in evaluating ethical questions and conflicts, identifying ethical parameters within any given situation, and using existing ethical guidelines in determining appropriate courses of action. Currently, formal guidelines specific to the practice of consultation are not available, and existing codes of ethics for the helping professions provide only limited guidance for consultation practice. Consequently, consultants bear a heavy personal responsibility for the consequences of their professional decisions and actions. In this article the author reviews several important ethical issues relevant to consultation and examines their implications for consultation practice.

This methodological study was designed to determine whether the order in which 2 counselors were presented on videotape would affect ratings of their performances. Seventy participants (63 women and 7 men), randomly assigned to 2 groups, viewed and rated counseling interviews conducted by Carl Rogers and Everett Shostrom. Groups differed only in the order of presentation of counselors. The resulting 2 x 2 split-plot factorial design had 1 between-subjects factor (order of presentation) and 1 within-subject factor (counselor). A multivariate analysis of variance yielded a statistically significant interaction, indicating that the order in which counselors were evaluated significantly affected the magnitude of ratings of their performance.

38 counselor trainees at 0 vs 1 semesters practicum training were asked to indicate their preferences among 10 microskills (e.g., reflection of feelings) in response to viewing six videotaped counseling segments from two clients. The main effect of training was not statistically significant, indicating skill preferences between beginning and more advanced students were not different. Ranks of preferences were calculated for each of the 10 microskills across the six videotaped segments. Spearman coefficients were then calculated for the ranked microskills across videotaped segments. The average of these correlations was .89, indicating an excellent stability of preferences for nondirective skills regardless of the different presentations by two clients. Implications are discussed, emphasizing an expanding research agenda regarding training in microskills.

Provides an introduction to data-based interventions in the organizational context. Compares four models of data use and discusses how they pertain to student affairs organizations and to staff training and development. (JAC)

Examined the effects of order of stimulus presentation on observer ratings of counseling performance. Results revealed a statistically significant interaction between quality of performance and the order in which the performances were rated. (Author/ABB)

Identifies and discusses limitations of current approaches to the study of professional ethics in counseling. Suggests specific directions for improving research approaches. Concludes increasing professional interest in ethical dimensions of therapeutic relationships is healthy for counseling professionals. (Author/ABL)

Describes role of inadequate construct definition in the current problems involving measurement of counseling performance and suggests potential responses for improving measurement capability. Identifies primary task at hand to be deciding upon and describing constructs to measure. (Author/NB)

Presents six theoretical models that have been developed to represent potential patterns of relationships that may exist between anxiety and career indecisions, in which the models progress from rather simple to complex representations of the relationship between these two constructs. Identifies principles that have a bearing on career interventions. (ABL)