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O objetivo deste artigo é narrar o processo legislativo acontecido no Estado de Minas Gerais, o qual aprovou, pela primeira vez no país, uma lei que regulamenta a parceria público-privada (PPP), a Lei Estadual nº 14.868/2003. Num cenário de globalização e da Nova Gestão Pública, apresentamos uma análise documental, a qual é um recorte de tese de Doutorado. Para tanto, utilizamos. como aporte teórico-metodológico, a teoria de Pierre Muller e Surel sobre abordagem cognitiva das políticas, dando ênfase na fase de “inscrição da agenda”. Nossa pesquisa demonstrou que a PPP ultrapassa a definição de privatização. Mais que isso, refere-se à incorporação de ideias do mundo do privado para o seio do aparelho de estado. Nosso estudo, a partir das narrativas apresentadas na arena política, indicou a criação de outras possibilidades de privatização da/na educação, indicando, assim, uma seara fértil para novas pesquisas no campo educacional.

Apple pomace (AP) contains biomolecules that induce changes in intestinal fermentation of monogastrics with positive expected health effects. The weaning of piglets can induce economic losses due to intestinal disturbances; new weaning strategies are, thus, welcome. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of AP on fermentation products by using baby-SPIME, an in vitro multi-compartment model dedicated to piglet weaning. A comparison was done on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) ratio and the microbiota induced in bioreactors between a control culture medium vs. an AP culture medium. The results of 2 preliminary runs showed that AP medium increased the molar ratio of propionate (p = 0.021) and decreased the molar ratio of butyrate (p = 0.009). Moreover, this medium increased the cumulative relative abundance of Prevotella sp. and Akkermansia sp. in bioreactors. AP could promote an ecosystem enriched with bacteria known as next-generation probiotics (NGP)—likely influencing the energy metabolism of piglets by their fermentation metabolites. AP could be used as a dietary strategy to influence bacterial changes in the intestine by stimulating the growth of bacteria identified as NGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustible cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By contrast, the cardiotoxicity potential of non-combustible next generation nicotine products (NGPs), which includes heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic vaping products (EVPs), and how this compares relative to combustible cigarettes is currently an area of scientific exploration. As such, there is a need for a rapid screening assay to assess this endpoint. The Cardio quickPredict is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to screen for potential structural and functional cardiac toxicants based on the changes of four metabolites, lactic acid, arachidonic acid, thymidine, and 2′-deoxycytidine. The study aims were to investigate the cardiotoxicity potential of NGPs compared to cigarettes, in addition to nicotine. To accomplish this, hiPSC-CM were exposed to smoke or aerosol bubbled PBS samples: reference cigarette (1R6F); three variants of HTP; and three EVP variants. The 1R6F bPBS was the most active, having cardiotoxic potential at 0.3–0.6% bPBS (0.4–0.9 μg/mL nicotine), followed by HTP, which displayed cardiotoxic potential at a 10 times higher concentration, 3.3% bPBS (4.1 μg/mL nicotine). Both 1R6F and HTP bPBS (at 10-fold higher concentration than 1R6F) affected all four predictive metabolites, whereas none of the EVP bPBS samples were active in the assay up to the maximal concentration tested (10% bPBS). Nicotine tested on its own was predicted to have cardiotoxic potential at concentrations greater than 80 μg/mL, which is higher than expected physiological levels associated with combustible cigarette smoking. The application of this rapid screening assay to NGP research and the associated findings adds to the weight-of-evidence indicating that NGPs have a tobacco harm reduction potential when compared to combustible cigarettes. Additionally, this technique was shown to be sensitive and robust for the assessment of different NGPs and may be considered as part of a larger overall scientific framework for NGP assessments.

Objects of study aims to comprehend the integration of new managerial strategies in the administrative reform of public school, the implementation of the NPM principles allowing the improvement of the quality of the piloting process and of pragmatic action-oriented mechanisms. This article studies the level of operationalization and the streamling of public administration management practices, while trying to identify constraints and assessing improvement plans. Theoretical Frame: The foundations of the study make it possible to balance the theoretical, empirical and scientific aspects of NPM. On a theoretical level, it offers a scope of analysis of new public management practices. We will also consider the doctrinal approaches and principles in close relation to the school setting. Recommended Methodology: Our researchmethodology is an exploratory descriptive study, the data collection instruments are mainly the documentary study, the analysis of management practices of the people involved and the stakeholders of the establishment. It is based on the government program model which is built on 4 components: management autonomy, evaluation, institutional openness and management capacities support. Results: The results show that the improvement of schools requires the implementation of a managed, controlled and dynamic steering system that is oriented towards the search for organizational performance. This improvement would be through the integration of NPMpractices that aim to optimize performance through private sector practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traditional in vitro exposure to combustible tobacco products utilise exposure systems that include the use of smoking machines to generate, dilute and deliver smoke to in vitro cell cultures. With reported lower emissions from next generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs), including e-cigarettes and tobacco heating products (THPs), diluting the aerosol is potentially not required. Herein we present a simplified exposure scenario to undiluted NGP aerosols, using a new puffing system called the LM4E. Nicotine delivery from an e-cigarette was used as a dosimetry marker, and was measured at source across 4 LM4E ports and in the exposure chamber. Cell viability studies, using Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay, were performed using H292 human lung epithelial cells, testing undiluted aerosols from an e-cigarette and a THP. E-cigarette mean nicotine generated at source was measured at 0.084 ± 0.005 mg/puff with no significant differences in delivery across the 4 different ports, p = 0.268 (n = 10/port). Mean nicotine delivery from the e-cigarette to the in vitro exposure chamber (measured up to 100 puffs) was 0.046 ± 0.006 mg/puff, p = 0.061. Aerosol penetration within the LM4E was 55% from source to chamber. H292 cells were exposed to undiluted e-cigarette aerosol for 2 h (240 puffs) or undiluted THP aerosol for 1 h (120 puffs). There were positive correlations between puff number and nicotine in the exposed culture media, R 2  = 0.764 for the e-cigarette and R 2  = 0.970 for the THP. NRU determined cell viability for e-cigarettes after 2 h’ exposure resulted in 21.5 ± 17.0% cell survival, however for the THP, full cytotoxicity was reached after 1-h exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stereoselective glycosylation reactions are important in carbohydrate chemistry. The most used method for 1,2- trans (β)-selective glycosylation involves the neighboring group participation (NGP) of the 2- O -acyl protecting group; nevertheless, an alternative stereoselective method independent of classical NGP would contribute to carbohydrate chemistry, despite being challenging to achieve. Herein, a β-selective glycosylation reaction employing unprecedented NGP of the C2 N -succinimidoxy and phthalimidoxy functionalities is reported. The C2 functionalities provided the glycosylated products in high yields with β-selectivity. The participation of the functionalities from the α face of the glycosyl oxocarbenium ions gives stable six-membered intermediates and is supported by density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the phthalimidoxy functionality for hydroxyl protection is also demonstrated. This work expands the scope of functionalities tolerated in carbohydrate chemistry to include O–N moieties. [Display omitted] • Neighboring group participation of C2 N-imidoxy functionalities of glycosyl donor. • Development of the O–N functionalized donors for 1,2- trans -selective glycosylation. • Mechanism insight of the 1,2-trans-selective glycosylation by DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), a ‘flagship’ programme of the Government of India, has completed a decade of implementation. The TSC over the period has been able to improve human health and sanitation coverage in the country. The initial success could be attributed to ‘Nirmal Gram Puraskar’. The total sanitation campaign has effectively made use of the village social structures in Kerala to solve the first generation sanitation issues. Disparities could also be seen. As the TSC is on the verge of a positive transformation to a new and broader perspective, and as the state look forward for a new dimension in sanitation concepts over the next five-year plan, it asks for a review on the coverage patterns. This would support the policy-makers to invest in edifying ideals as the nation progress from the TSC to ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan’. The broad objective of the study thus is to assess the impact of sanitation and hygiene coverage in the state. For measuring the outcomes and relative performance in terms of total sanitation provision, seven selected Gram Panchayats of Kozhikode district are considered. To arrive at a robust scenario, a synthesis of a narrative and statistical model was used. An innovative measurement framework known as ‘Total Sanitation Index’ was developed. The index was formulated for comprehending the relative positions of each Panchayat in terms of total sanitation and the results were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Neste artigo, procederemos a uma comparação entre as terminologias adotadas na Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira (NGB) e na Nomenclatura Gramatical Portuguesa (NGP). O levantamento de semelhanças e diferenças centrar-se-á nos segmentos “fonética” e “sintaxe” dos documentos avaliados e visa proporcionar um momento de reflexão a respeito do único instrumento regulador do uso de terminologia gramatical de cunho oficial no Brasil. Seguindo o mesmo espírito de simplificação e unificação materializado no novo Acordo Ortográfico, esperamos que nossa proposta traga, juntamente com outras leituras, uma contribuição modestamente significativa para o estudo de nossa língua portuguesa.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are significantly increased in cancer patients and tumor bearing-animals. MDSCs infiltrate into tumors and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. To identify the mediator responsible for the prometastatic property of MDSCs, we used proteomics. We found neutrophilic granule protein (NGP) was decreased >2-fold in MDSCs from metastatic 4T1 tumor-bearing mice compared to nonmetastatic 67NR controls. NGP mRNA levels were decreased in bone marrow and in tumor-infiltrating MDSCs by 45 and 66%, respectively, in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice compared to 67NR controls. Interestingly, 4T1-conditioned medium reduced myeloid cell NGP expression by ~40%, suggesting that a secreted factor mediates gene reduction. Sequence analysis shows a putative cystatin domain in NGP, and biochemical analysis confirms NGP a novel cathepsin inhibitor. It inhibited cathepsin B activity by nearly 40% in vitro. NGP expression in 4T1 tumor cells suppressed cell invasion, delayed primary tumor growth, and greatly reduced lung metastasis in vivo. A 2.8-fold reduction of cathepsin activity was found in tumors expressing NGP compared to controls. NGP significantly reduced tumor angiogenesis to 12.6 from 19.6 and lymphangiogenesis to 4.6 from 9.1 vessels/field. Necrosis was detectable only in NGP-expressing tumors, and the number of apoptotic cells increased to 22.4 from 8.3 in controls. Taken together, this study identifies a negative regulator of tumor metastasis in MDSCs, NGP, which is down-regulated in metastatic conditions. The finding suggests that malignant tumors promote invasion/metastasis not only through up-regulation of proteases but also down-regulation of protease inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an extended method of measurement on a tyre for an off-road vehicle 175/82 R16, inserting Prescale paper at the contact with the ground. The experimental analysis of the pressures is carried out, in a cross-sectional direction, in five zones corresponding to the middle of the single dowels that constitute the tread. The results are analysed by means of suitable software so as to refer easily to the value of the pressure. The obtained results are critically analysed and the results are compared with those obtained by the formulae of Rowland and MacLaurin, and by the nominal pressure at the ground, concluding that the expression of MMP for vehicles on wheels is simply to consider a pointer of the performances, in comparison with other vehicles or wheels, rather than a real prediction of the pressure on the ground. Furthermore, a good agreement is found between the tyre deflection calculated and measured experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The program's target-oriented nature limits resources for biodiversity-aimed projects • Ineffective community engagement led to lack of support for biodiversity conservation • Planning and organization issues reduce biodiversity support and program achievements • Inadequate governance underpins difficulties in attaining biodiversity objectives The Philippine National Greening Program (NGP) is a Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) initiative designed to increase forest cover on degraded lands for poverty reduction, food security, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. Despite the inclusion of an explicit biodiversity objective in the NGP, the Philippine government is struggling to implement projects that explicitly address biodiversity recovery. Using a case-study methodology, we identified three constraints that obstruct achievement of the NGP's biodiversity conservation goals: 1) a focus on planting targets; 2) disregard for established community-based forestry practices; and 3) poor planning, organization, and implementation. These factors restricted establishment of diverse plantings suited to biodiversity recovery. Poor governance emerged as an overarching issue that connects each of these factors. Specific regulatory guidelines clearly need to be added to existing policy frameworks to assist planners and practitioners in the implementation of biodiversity-focused projects. Our results also indicate that these three factors and governance limitations, which impede attainment of biodiversity objectives, also affect production goals of the program. It is evident that establishing species-rich projects alone will benefit biodiversity little unless broader steps are taken to improve implementation processes across the NGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a variety of test matrices from tobacco and nicotine delivery products were assessed against a 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette using the in vitro micronucleus assay. Testing was conducted using two Chinese hamster cell lines (CHO and V79), and a human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6), in accordance with established guidelines. Total particulate matter (TPM) from a 3R4F Reference cigarette was compared to an electronic cigarette e-liquid, electronic cigarette TPM and TPM from a commercial tobacco heating product using a standard and an extended treatment condition with recovery period. Cells were assessed with 3R4F TPM prior to assessment of the other tobacco and nicotine product test matrices. These cell lines gave varied responses to 3R4F TPM with the most robust response using V79 cells. The use of an extended exposure/recovery period was seen to increase assay sensitivity for CHO and V79 cell lines but was less clear for TK6 cells. Negative responses were observed for all products except 3R4F across all treatment conditions in V79 cells. The most potent response to cigarette smoke was following extended treatment with recovery, suggesting this may be a more appropriate treatment for the future assessment of tobacco and nicotine product test matrices. • Particulate matter from a cigarette was compared against a commercial e-liquid e-cigarette and commercial THP. • Data were contextualised against nicotine equivalents to enable comparisons between different test matrices and products. • An extended recovery period of 1.5–2 cell cycles was used to increase assay sensitivity. • All cells (CHO, V79 and TK6) showed an increase in IVMNBN cells following the extended recovery period. • None of the NGPs tested produced a positive response, whereas cigarette smoke was positive under all test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conduct of the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) is underpinned by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 490 and International Conference on Harmonisation S2(R1) guidance and is a recognised in vitro genotoxicity test battery assay. It has been used on a limited number of occasions for the assessment of some tobacco and nicotine products, such as e-cigarettes and tobacco heating products (THP). The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of the MLA for genotoxicity testing with a variety of tobacco and nicotine products. Total particulate matter (TPM) from a 3R4F cigarette was compared against a commercial electronic cigarette liquid (e-liquid), electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol matter captured from the same e-liquid, and TPM from a commercial THP. Treatment conditions included 3 h exposures with and without metabolic activation and a longer 24 h exposure without metabolic activation (-S9) at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL. Under all treatment conditions, 3R4F produced a clear positive response with regard to induction of mutation. In contrast, no marked induction of mutation was observed for the e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosol or THP. Additionally, data are presented as a function of nicotine equivalents for comparisons between these different tobacco products and test matrices. • Cigarette was compared against a commercial e-liquid, e-cigarette, a commercial THP. • Data are presented as a function of nicotine equivalents for comparisons between different test matrices and products. • This manuscript is Part One of a Two-Part series detailing the toxicological evaluation of the same test articles. • Under all treatment conditions, 3R4F produced a clear positive response. • In contrast, no marked induction of mutations was observed for e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosol or THP test articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)