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Objective: The causes of pancytopenia vary in different populations depending on age, gender, nutrition, geographic location, standard of living, and exposure to certain infections and drugs. As the severity of pancytopenia and its underlying etiology determine the management and prognosis, identifying the correct etiology in a given case is crucial and helps in implementing timely and appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to study the clinical profile and hematological parameters of pancytopenic adults and to identify different etiologies of pancytopenia. This observational study was conducted in the Medicine department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 adult patients aged 18–65 years presenting with pancytopenia. All the participants were subjected to detailed clinical examination and relevant investigations including bone marrow (BM) examination. Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%). Qualitative variables were correlated using the Chi-square test. A P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A female preponderance was observed, and the majority of patients were aged between 18 and 40 years. The most common clinical features were generalized weakness, fever, and pallor. Seventy-four percent of patients were vegetarians; 58% had vitamin B12 deficiency, 25% had folic acid deficiency and 19% had a deficiency of both. The most common cause of pancytopenia was megaloblastic anemia (MA) (37%), followed by dimorphic anemia (DA) (26%), aplastic anemia (AA) (20%), and hematological malignancies (11%). Conclusion: MA, DA, and AA are the most prevalent etiologies of pancytopenia. BM examination is of utmost importance in the definitive diagnosis of pancytopenia and is useful in initiating timely treatment as a significant number of causes of pancytopenia are potentially curable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver is the site of many diseases, many become symptomatic while few are diagnosed only on autopsy. The cause of chronic liver disease varies in different geographic areas and influenced by socioeconomic status, diet, life style and regional diseases. Method: This retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in the department of pathology over a period of one year. A total of 40 cases of liver specimens, received as part of liver, constituted the material for the study. All were autopsy cases and the organs were received in 10% formalin. Routine grossing and staining with H&E stain were performed. Slides were analysed and the findings were noted in percentages. Results: A total of 40 specimens were studied. Age ranges from new born to 70 years, with 92.5 % male cases. 32.5% of cases were autolysed. 25% were showing chronic venous congestion followed by fatty change (22.5%), hepatitis (12.5%). 2.5% each of cirrhosis, steatohepatitis and normal liver. Conclusion: 1. Autopsy has an important role in identifying the cause of death. 2. To overcome the autolysis of the specimen, the medical practitioner performing the autopsies should be trained about how to carry post mortem and to preserve the viscera for histopathological examination so that cause of death could be noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lungs are one of the most vital organs of the body. They are affected by primary diseases ranging from inflammatory to neoplastic as well as are secondarily involved in almost all terminal diseases. Histopathological examination of lungs is vital in diagnostic work up of all lung diseases. The present study was conducted in year 2012-2013 in which 50 cases were analyzed. Pulmonary congestion and edema was found as the most common diagnosis followed by pneumonia and tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofibromas commonly involve peripheral nervous system. Isolated neurofibroma of vagina is very rare tumor and usually associated with Von Recklinghausen's disease. Vulva is the most frequent location of neurofibroma of genital tract followed by clitoris and labia. We present a rare case of neurofibroma of vaginal wall presented as vaginal cyst in a 52 year old female with no history of any other symptoms related to Recklinghausen's disease. Excision biopsy was done and on the histopathological examination non-encapsulated, well circumscribed mass composed of spindle shaped cells with wavy nuclei and bland nuclear chromatin was noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity with S-100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of the fact that the vulva contains a high density of apocrine and anogenital mammary glands in addition to eccrine glands and folliculosebaceous units, the benign vulvar adnexal tumours are rare. Though the varied clinical presentation and diverse histopathological spectrum of vulvar neoplasms has amazed the pathologists, only few studies have been reported in literature. The present five year study consists of only five cases of benign vulvar neoplasms depicting their rarity. Hidradenoma papilliferum and syringoma were the most common entities followed by Chondroid syringoma. The aim of our study is to explore and highlight the histopathological diversity of benign vulvar adnexal tumours reflecting the relative frequency of these structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of dual malignancies is not rare but concurrent occurrence of two malignancies with different histogenesis and different anatomical sites is not known. In the studies which have been conducted so far, none of them has shown the simultaneous occurrence of metastatic malignant melanoma and primary endometrial carcinoma. We report herein a case of a 42-year-old female diagnosed with metastatic malignant melanoma in cervical lymph node with unknown developing primary endometrial carcinoma within two months. No foci of primary malignant melanoma were found in uterus. Dual primary malignancy is being suggested by the presence of two malignancies in a patient with different morphological picture on histopathological examination, at anatomically distinct sites. Malignant melanoma and endometrial carcinoma, being a rare combination, prompted us to report the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An autopsy case report of 70 year old male who died suddenly and post mortem examination was conducted to rule out the cause of death. Viscera consisting of parts of liver, lungs, kidney, spleen and heart were sent to Department of Pathology for histopathological examination. Gross examination of liver revealed a cyst which on microscopy was diagnosed as simple non parasitic cyst measuring 4 cms in size. This case report highlights non parasitic liver cyst an incidental rare diagnosis made on autopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syringoma is a benign eccrine sweat gland tumour affecting mostly females at puberty as multiple soft papules usually 1-2 mm in diameter. The sites of predilection are lower eyelids, cheeks. Syringoma of the vulva is a rare disorder. Only few cases have been reported in the literature. We report here a case of 46-year-old female who presented to gynecology department with vulvar papules associated with vulvar itching and burning since two years. Microscopic examination of the punch biopsy revealed numerous small ducts lined by two layers of epithelial cells embedded in a fibrous stroma. Some of the ducts showed small comma like tails of epithelial cells imparting them a tadpole shape. Despite being a rare diagnosis, vulvar syringoma should be kept in differential diagnosis with vulvar pruritus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The causes of pancytopenia vary in different populations depending on age, gender, nutrition, geographic location, standard of living, and exposure to certain infections and drugs. As the severity of pancytopenia and its underlying etiology determine the management and prognosis, identifying the correct etiology in a given case is crucial and helps in implementing timely and appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to study the clinical profile and hematological parameters of pancytopenic adults and to identify different etiologies of pancytopenia. This observational study was conducted in the Medicine department of a tertiary care teaching hospital., Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 adult patients aged 18-65 years presenting with pancytopenia. All the participants were subjected to detailed clinical examination and relevant investigations including bone marrow (BM) examination. Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%). Qualitative variables were correlated using the Chi-square test. A P =0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: A female preponderance was observed, and the majority of patients were aged between 18 and 40 years. The most common clinical features were generalized weakness, fever, and pallor. Seventy-four percent of patients were vegetarians; 58% had vitamin B12 deficiency, 25% had folic acid deficiency and 19% had a deficiency of both. The most common cause of pancytopenia was megaloblastic anemia (MA) (37%), followed by dimorphic anemia (DA) (26%), aplastic anemia (AA) (20%), and hematological malignancies (11%)., Conclusion: MA, DA, and AA are the most prevalent etiologies of pancytopenia. BM examination is of utmost importance in the definitive diagnosis of pancytopenia and is useful in initiating timely treatment as a significant number of causes of pancytopenia are potentially curable., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Tzu Chi Medical Journal.)