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Modern energetic materials (EMs), e.g., nanothermite and NSTEX (Nanostructured Thermites and Explosive) compositions are attracting increasing research interest. In this work, we present the results of our investigation on the properties of a novel Ti/CuO nanothermite system doped with cellulose nitrate (NC) and 5-Nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazin-3-one (NTO). In terms of safety parameters, the friction (40–>360 N), impact (40–>50 J) and laser irradiation sensitivity were determined for tested systems, which indicated tunable properties. The combustion velocity (up to 735 m/s), pressure parameters for combustion in closed vessel, thrust parameters and open-air combustion behaviour were measured. Moreover, in order to deeply study the impact of NTO on the combustion mechanism, SEM, DSC/TG and XRD analyses were conducted. The obtained results indicate that the Ti/CuO/NC/NTO system is extremely promising for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrocellulose powders are unstable chemical compounds. Over time, the consumer properties of the powder charge can change so much that the charges will not only be unsuitable for their intended use, but also become dangerous for personnel and the barrel system. This is associated with the problem of establishing the terms of safe storage of powders and their operational suitability, the need for a constant system for monitoring their condition. However, in developed NATO countries, there is practically no system for monitoring powder charges throughout their entire shelf life. Some countries have some components of the above-mentioned system, but its elements do not fully cover the entire spectrum of the state of powder charges. For the monitoring system to work effectively, informative indicators are needed that allow determining the state of powder charges without the use of complex diagnostic equipment. One of such indicators is the color of the surface of the powder element. In this study, an automated method for assessing the quality of nitrocellulose powder charges by the color of their surface for further use as intended was developed. The use of this method will significantly reduce the time of assessment and decision-making by experts, and eliminate subjectivity. In addition, the method will allow creating a database of powder charges for further monitoring of their condition throughout the entire life cycle. To confirm the reliability and adequacy of the developed method, an experimental study was conducted. The study data showed that the proposed hypothesis is true, namely, during storage, nitrocellulose powder charges change the color of their surface, and it is possible to determine their shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal immune response that affects multiple organs and tissues, resulting in a range of symptoms and potential problems. To confirm or exclude a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it is necessary to conduct tests for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-DFS70 antibody. The most widely accepted and reliable approach for detecting antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is the indirect immunofluorescent test (IIFA), which is known for its complexity and high cost. Therefore, it is imperative to create a more cost-effective and simplified test for the detection of ANA and anti)DFS70 antibodies. Our preliminary study aimed to isolate sensitive and specific antigens for the detection of ANA and anti-DFS70 antibodies using the dot blot method. Nuclear antigens were isolated from leukocytes of SLE patients who underwent leukapheresis. DSF70 antigens were obtained from R&D Systems (RH-LEDGF cat.no 3468-LE, Lot: ODX0819071). Nuclear antigens and DFS70 antigen were attached to the nitrocellulose membrane dot blot with a dilution of 0.01 mcg/mL and 0.1 mcg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the antigens were tested for sensitivity and specificity in 56 SLE patients and 34 healthy controls. As a comparison for ANA and anti)DFS70 antibody tests, the ELISA methods were used. The sensitivity and specificity of dot blot methods using the nuclear antigen were 61.5% and 84.6% and the DSF70 antigen were 45.5% and 82.3%, respectively. There were moderate sensitivity and good specificity dot blot methods using both nuclear and DFS-70 antigens for ANA and anti-DFS70 antibody detection. The method of nuclear antigen preparation still needs to be modified to improve its sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores the potential of oil palm biomass as a valuable cellulose source for the production of nitrocellulose-based propellants, contributing to the green revolution and sustainable energy solutions. It highlights the availability of the corresponding biomass in Malaysia and in line with global studies, the chemical compositions, as well as a brief description of current technologies for converting biomass of oil palm into value added products specifically cellulose. Steps to achieve maximum utilization of biomass from oil palm industry for cellulose production and prospective source for nitrocellulose-based propellant are also proposed. The methodology section outlines the pretreatment of lignocellulosic fibres, cellulose extraction, and nitrocellulose production processes. Overall, the review underscores the prospective of palm oil biomass as a sustainable cellulose source for propellant manufacturing, while acknowledging the need for further research and advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the controllable release of energy of nitrocellulose-based propellants, this paper combines the cellulose-based nanocomposites aqueous coating (Surelease®-NC) with fluidized bed coating equipment to successfully prepare the coated spherical propellant for the first time. The effects of fluidized bed coating temperature, air velocity, flow speed and atomization pressure on the adhesion rate, coating integrity and coating uniformity of the coated spherical propellant were investigated, and the preparation of coated spherical propellant with homogeneous size and structural integrity was achieved for the first time. The microscopic morphology, chemical structure, water vapor adsorption behavior, combustion performance, and ageing resistance property of the coated spherical propellant were systematically investigated by, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Micro confocal raman spectrometer, field scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic vapor adsorption techniques, and closed bomb test, confirming the surface core-shell structure and the tightly bonded interfacial structure of coated spherical propellant. Meanwhile, the coated spherical propellant has good hygroscopic, excellent progressive burning and long storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the demands for elevated energy levels and enhanced homogeneity in propellant and explosive formulations, new energetic composites based on unmodified and modified nanostructured cellulose nitrate and 3-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) were fully scrutinized. Indeed, microcrystalline cellulose nitrate (MCCN)/NTO, and carbamated microcrystalline cellulose nitrate (M3CN)/NTO composites were elaborated using a solvent evaporation method and their characteristics were compared to those of nitrocellulose (NC)/NTO. Experimental findings highlighted that the newly developed energetic composites exhibit favorable features, including a density exceeding 1.775 g/cm3. Moreover, theoretical performance calculations using EXPLO5 version 6.02.06 indicated that the optimal composition resulted in excellent specific impulses and detonation velocities, which increased from 217.5 s and 7910 m/s for NC/NTO to 235.1 s and 8165 m/s for M3CN/NTO. Structural analyses revealed a homogeneous dispersion and embedding of NTO particles within the nitrated cellulosic matrix. In addition, thermo-kinetic results demonstrated that the activation energy of the three designed energetic composites is lower than that of pristine NTO explosive. Therefore, this investigation offers a potential fabrication approach and basic theory for the application of nanostructured cellulose nitrate in advanced high-performance energetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for new green and efficient stabilizers is of great importance for the stabilization of nitrocellulose (NC). This is due to the shortcomings of traditional stabilizers, such as high toxicity. In this study, reduced polyaniline (r-PANI), which has a similar functional structure to diphenylamine (DPA) but is non-toxic, was prepared from PANI based on the action with N2H4 and NH3–H2O, and used for the first time as a potential stabilizer for NC. XPS, FTIR, Raman, and SEM were used to characterize the reduced chemical structure and surface morphology of r-PANI. In addition, the effect of r-PANI on the stabilization of NC was characterized using DSC, VST, isothermal TG, and MMC. Thermal weight loss was reduced by 83% and 68% and gas pressure release by 75% and 49% compared to pure NC and NC&3%DPA, respectively. FTIR and XPS were used to characterize the structural changes of r-PANI before and after reaction with NO2. The 1535 cm−1 and 1341 cm−1 of the FTIR and the 404.98 eV and 406.05 eV of the XPS showed that the –NO2 was generated by the absorption of NO2. Furthermore, the quantum chemical calculation showed that NO2 was directly immobilized on r-PANI by forming –NO2 in the neighboring position of the benzene ring.

Stabilizers play a crucial role in preventing undesirable decomposition and degradation reactions of propellants, thus ensuring their long-term performance and safe storage. This review highlights recent advancements in stabilizer selection and formulation techniques, aiming to enhance the stability of single base nitrocellulose (SB-NC) propellants. It examines several types of stabilizers for SB-NC propellants, including their reaction mechanisms and effectiveness in preventing degradation reactions of the propellants, as well as the effects of their concentrations, particle sizes, and distributions on the propellants’ stability. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches such as nano and green stabilizers with improved stability and compatibility. This review also provides insights into methods for evaluating the efficiency and propellant stability of the stabilizers, such as thermal analysis and accelerated aging tests. The findings of this review will assist in developing advanced propellant formulations that meet the growing demand for the applications of NC-based propellants.

The microencapsulation of α-tocopherol based on the complex coacervation of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) without harmful crosslinkers can provide biocompatible carriers that protect it from photodegradation and air oxidation. In this study, the influence of the microcapsule wall composition on carrier performance, compatibility with a high-water-content vehicle for topical application, and release of α-tocopherol were investigated. Although the absence of aldehyde crosslinkers decreased the encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol (~70%), the variation in the LMWC/SLES mass ratio (2:1 or 1:1) had no significant effect on the moisture content and microcapsule size. The prepared microcapsule-loaded carbomer hydrogels were soft semisolids with pseudoplastic flow behavior. The integrity of microcapsules embedded in the hydrogel was confirmed by light microscopy. The microcapsules reduced the pH, apparent viscosity, and hysteresis area of the hydrogels, while increasing their spreading ability on a flat inert surface and dispersion rate in artificial sweat. The in vitro release of α-tocopherol from crosslinker-free microcapsule-loaded hydrogels was diffusion-controlled. The release profile was influenced by the LMWC/SLES mass ratio, apparent viscosity, type of synthetic membrane, and acceptor medium composition. Better data quality for the model-independent analysis was achieved when a cellulose nitrate membrane and ethyl alcohol 60% w/w as acceptor medium were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrates (CNs)-blended composites based on celluloses of bacterial origin (bacterial cellulose (BC)) and plant origin (oat-hull cellulose (OHC)) were synthesized in this study for the first time. Novel CNs-blended composites made of bacterial and plant-based celluloses with different BC-to-OHC mass ratios of 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 were developed and fully characterized, and two methods were employed to nitrate the initial BC and OHC, and the three cellulose blends: the first method involved the use of sulfuric–nitric mixed acids (MAs), while the second method utilized concentrated nitric acid in the presence of methylene chloride (NA + MC). The CNs obtained using these two nitration methods were found to differ between each other, most notably, in viscosity: the samples nitrated with NA + MC had an extremely high viscosity of 927 mPa·s through to the formation of an immobile transparent acetonogel. Irrespective of the nitration method, the CN from BC (CN BC) was found to exhibit a higher nitrogen content than the CN from OHC (CN OHC), 12.20–12.32% vs. 11.58–11.60%, respectively. For the starting BC itself, all the cellulose blends of the starting celluloses and their CNs were detected using the SEM technique to have a reticulate fiber nanostructure. The cellulose samples and their CNs were detected using the IR spectroscopy to have basic functional groups. TGA/DTA analyses of the starting cellulose samples and the CNs therefrom demonstrated that the synthesized CN samples were of high purity and had high specific heats of decomposition at 6.14–7.13 kJ/g, corroborating their energy density. The CN BC is an excellent component with in-demand energetic performance; in particular, it has a higher nitrogen content while having a stable nanostructure. The CN BC was discovered to have a positive impact on the stability, structure, and energetic characteristics of the composites. The presence of CN OHC can make CNs-blended composites cheaper. These new CNs-blended composites made of bacterial and plant celluloses are much-needed in advanced, high-performance energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research investigated the conversion of banana stem waste into cellulose nitrate, a potential bioplastic precursor. The research is of prime importance in terms of environmental pollution and sustainable development goals. The study aimed to isolate cellulose from banana stems, synthesize nitrocellulose, and assess its stability. Two different methods, that is, Method A, comprising HNO3 and H2 SO4 , and Method B, comprising HNO3 and P2 O5 , were applied to synthesize nitrocellulose, each using different acidic mixtures. Method A resulted in high nitrocellulose yield and higher nitrogen content but lower cellulose content. On the other hand, method B yielded nitrocellulose with a lower nitrogen content but higher cellulose content. It was found that composition of nitrating acid mixture, nitrating time, and ratio of nitrating acid–cellulose material influenced the yield and solubility of nitrocellulose. The highest yield of nitrocellulose was obtained using a 60:1 ratio of nitrating acid–cellulose material in method A and a 100:1 ratio of the same in method B after 90-min nitration time. It was also observed that nitrocellulose A was soluble in acetone and pyridine whereas nitrocellulose B was soluble in 1,4-dioxane, esters, and pyridine. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of converting banana stem waste into a bioplastic precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the application of solvent exchange-induced in situ gel is underway for drug delivery to the body target site. Nitrocellulose was attempted in this research as the matrix-forming agent in solvent exchange-induced in situ gel for acne and periodontitis treatments. The gel incorporated a combination of 1% w/w levofloxacin HCl and 2% w/w salicylic acid as the active compounds. In order to facilitate formulation development, the study explored the matrix-forming behavior of different concentrations of nitrocellulose in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Consequently, their physicochemical properties and matrix-forming behavior, as well as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, were evaluated using the agar cup diffusion method and thermal inhibition of protein denaturation in the egg albumin technique, respectively. All prepared formulations presented as clear solutions with Newtonian flow. Their contact angles on agarose gel were higher than on a glass slide due to matrix formation upon exposure to the aqueous phase of agarose, with an angle of less than 60° indicating good spreadability. Nitrocellulose concentrations exceeding 20% initiated stable opaque matrix formation upon contact with phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The high hardness and remaining force of the transformed gel indicated their robustness after solvent exchange. Fluorescence tracking using sodium fluorescein and Nile red confirmed the retardation of NMP and water diffusion by the nitrocellulose matrix. From the Franz cell permeation study, these drugs could permeate through neonate porcine skin and tissue of porcine buccal from the nitrocellulose in situ forming gel. Their accumulation in these tissues might enable the inhibition of the invading bacterial pathogens. The developed in situ gels effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Furthermore, the formulations demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect. The low viscosity of LvSa25Nc makes it appropriate for injectable treatments targeting periodontitis, while the higher viscosity of LvSa40Nc renders it appropriate for topical applications in acne treatment. Therefore, the nitrocellulose in situ gel loaded with combined levofloxacin HCl and salicylic acid emerges as a promising dosage form for treating acne and periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilisers are an integral part of a propellant composition. They are essential for ensuring the chemical stability of nitrate‐ester based propellants, preventing oxidation, chain scission and uncontrolled heat generation. Progress is being made, especially in Europe, with REACh legislation (1907/2006) to use more environmentally‐friendly compounds. New stabilisers with a greener environmental profile and producing less toxic daughter products have been investigated by several groups, and several compounds demonstrated even better performances – more chemical stability and therefore longer shelf lives than formulations with the currently‐used stabilisers. Additionally, the good efficiencies and lower toxicities of the daughter products of the "green" stabilisers are also evaluated. This paper is a continuation of our previous work and demonstrates that for industrially‐manufactured propellants, that the tests performed by four different entities validate the stability and compatibility of the propellants, investigated previously on a laboratory scale, providing the community with safer formulations for the environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the present work, to enhance the thermal stability of nitrocellulose (NC), the effect of inorganic stabilizers, namely, Y-ammonium or Y-hydrogen zeolites, has been investigated. Comparative tests were conducted to assess the physicochemical properties and thermal behavior of the nitrocellulose supplemented with these substances. Various analytical techniques were employed. The obtained results highlighted the exceptional scavenging performance of these inorganic stabilizers. Notably, the NC/Y-ammonium and NC/Y-hydrogen samples exhibited higher retention of NOx, compared to NC/diphenylamine (DPA). The FTIR spectra of the NC/stabilizer systems revealed that the morphology and chemical structure of the conventional NC remained unaltered with the incorporation of 3 wt.% of stabilizer. Moreover, the B&J and VST tests indicated that the stability of the NC/stabilizer blends, specifically those incorporating NC/Y-ammonium and NC/Y-hydrogen zeolites, surpassed that of both pure NC and NC/DPA samples. It is also revealed that Y-ammonium and Y-hydrogen zeolites have a minimal impact on the decomposition temperature of NC (Ea = 137 kJ.mol−1, log (A) > 12.7 s−1), but exhibit a significant increase in the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor (Δ Ea > 33–43 kJ.mol−1, Δ log (A) > 2.3–4.9 s−1). These findings highlight promising aspects of utilizing inorganic stabilizers to substitute DPA in the industrial production of energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compatibility of binders and plasticizers has a significant influence on the properties of polymer-bonded explosives. Molecular dynamics was employed to explore the compatibility between nitrocellulose (NC) with different nitrogen contents and three azido plasticizers by the solubility parameter, mean square displacement, binding energy, radial distribution function (RDF), radius of gyration, and volume distribution. With the increase of nitrogen content, the solubility parameters of NCs decreased and were in good accordance with the reporting results. 1,5-diazido-3-oxapentane (AZDEGDN) had a stronger diffusion ability in NC than that of the other two plasticizers. The introduction of the RDF suggested that the strong interaction between the NC and AZDEGDN mainly came from the hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of NC molecules and the azido in plasticizers. AZDEGDN increased the free volume in NC/AZDEGDN blends, and the mobility of the molecular chains was enhanced, thus the radius of gyration of the NC molecular chains increased. The comprehensive performances demonstrated that AZDEGDN had a strong plasticizing effect on NC because of hydrogen bonds, presenting a potential option for optimizing explosives formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite membranes based on electrospun-cellulose (EC) composites combined with cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by electrospinning using cellulose acetate (CA) as a precursor. CeO2 NPs were initially synthesized via cellulose nitrate template. After removing the template and any residual by calcination at 500 °C, the nanocubic CeO2 NPs were obtained with average sizes of 20.40 ± 3.8 nm and then incorporated into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by mixing with CA solution. Subsequently, the obtained CA/CeO2 nanocomposite membrane was formed via the electrospinning and then converted to the EC/CeO2 nanocomposite membrane by being treated with a NaOH ethanolic solution. FTIR analysis confirmed the stepwise conversion of the acetyl group in CA structure to the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. The fabricated nanocomposite membranes characterized via FE-SEM and AFM, evaluating that the addition of CeO2 NPs incorporated into the fabricated CNFs resulted in changing their average fiber diameter without the exfoliation of CeO2 NPs. The average fiber diameter of the EC and EC/CeO2 nanocomposite membranes with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% CeO2 contents was estimated to be 206 ± 66, 189 ± 47, 178 ± 52, and 147 ± 108 nm, respectively. However, it was observed that, at 1.5 wt% of CeO2 NP contents, the bead-like formation appeared, leading to enhancement of water uptake capacities up to 260.11 ± 15.93%, meanwhile the EC membrane exhibited the water uptake capacities of 203.77 ± 11.11%. In addition, the antibacterial activity of EC nanocomposite membranes was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results indicated that incorporating CeO2 NPs into the CNF matrix via electrospinning does not exhibit the distinct antibacterial activities of EC. The effect of the CeO2 NPs incorporated in EC nanocomposite membranes was further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The richly decorative and imaginative works by French artist Séraphine Louis (1864–1942) have long elicited fascination, and her working methods have often eluded art historians and conservators alike. Working in secret and outside established art circles, Séraphine employed materials such as natural resin varnishes and was said to have used household paints in addition to traditional artists' oil paints. In this study of six works in the collections of the Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Senlis (MAA), The Museum of Modern Art, New York (MoMA), and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (MMA), attention was given to Séraphine's choice of colors and paints, in addition to identifying possible additions to or manipulations of painting media by the artist. Technical imaging was carried out using UVF to visualize the extent of Séraphine's use of natural resins. Analysis of the palette relied on XRF techniques and limited sampling for analysis by Raman and µ-FTIR spectroscopies. Overall, the following pigments were identified: lead white, zinc white, carbon-based black, red and brown ochres, umber, vermilion, alizarin lake, rhodamine B lake, Prussian blue, cobalt blue, ultramarine blue, chrome green, emerald green, viridian, cadmium yellow, and lead chromates, including chrome yellow deep and light, zinc yellow, and chrome orange. THM-Py-GCMS analysis of selected samples supported the documentary evidence of Séraphine's use of household oil paints; a single instance of a cellulose nitrate enamel paint was additionally determined by µ-FTIR. The chromatographic analysis also indicated a natural plant resin in her varnishes, probably dammar in combination with pine resin. Overall, this material investigation, accompanied by the art historical record, better reveals the techniques of an experimental painter whose works have come to epitomize French outsider artists of the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid material, consisting of commercially available nitrocellulose (NC) membrane non-covalently modified with amino-polyethylene glycol functionalized reduced graphene oxide (NH2-PEG-rGO) nanoparticles, was successfully synthesized for oligonucleotide extraction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the modification of the NC membrane, revealing characteristic peaks of both compounds, i.e., NC and NH2-PEG-rGO. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) exhibited morphological changes in the NC/NH2-PEG-rGO hybrid membrane, marked by the introduction of NH2-PEG-rGO particles, resulting in a distinctly smothered surface compared to the porous surface of the NC control membrane. Wettability assays revealed hydrophobic behavior for the NC/NH2-PEG-rGO hybrid membrane, with a water contact angle exceeding 90°, contrasting with the hydrophilic behavior characterized by a 16.7° contact angle in the NC membrane. The performance of the NC/NH2-PEG-rGO hybrid membrane was evaluated for the extraction of ssDNA with fewer than 50 nucleotides from solutions containing various ionic species (MnCl2, MgCl2, and MnCl2/MgCl2). The NC/NH2-PEG-rGO hybrid membrane exhibited optimal performance when incubated in MgCl2, presenting the highest fluorescence emission at 525 relative fluorescence units (r.f.u.). This corresponds to the extraction of approximately 610 pg (≈13%) of the total oligo-DNA, underscoring the efficacy of the pristine material, which extracts 286 pg (≈6%) of oligo-DNA in complex solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the stability and thermo‐kinetic features of double base nitrocellulose (NC)/diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) propellant supplemented with Kraft lignin. For this purpose, the impact of 2‐nitrodiphenylamine (2‐NDPA), 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diphenylurea (C‐II) and lignin stabilizers on the molecular structure, morphology, and thermokinetic behavior of NC/DEGDN composite were thoroughly analyzed. Experimental results showed that lignin exhibits promising stabilizing efficiency comparable to that of the conventional 2‐NDPA and C‐II. In addition, thermal findings highlighted that the incorporation of 2‐NDPA, C‐II, and lignin has improved the thermal decomposition temperature of NC/DEGDN propellant. The investigation of the thermolysis kinetics of stabilized NC/DEGDN composites demonstrated an increase in the Arrhenius parameters with respect to the NC/DEGDN baseline. Above all, this investigation contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop new environmentally friendly stabilizers for nitrate esters‐based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the hygroscopic behavior of NC is essential because it affects the mechanical properties, combustion properties, and safe storage of NC‐based products. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the chemical structure, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of NC, respectively. The moisture adsorption isotherms of NC fibers with different nitrogen content are determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and fitted with Hailwood‐Horrobin (H−H) and Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer (GAB) models. The specific surface area and surface energy of NC are also measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The results show that as the nitrogen content of NC increases, the intensity of the −OH characteristic absorption peak is weakened, the crystallinity does not change much, the number of cracks and pores on the NC fiber surface increases, and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the NC decreases in general. In addition, the fitting results based on the H−H and GAB models show that, under low humidity conditions, the EMC value of NC is determined by the adsorbed water content of the monolayer, which is mainly related to the −OH content in NC. However, with the increase of humidity, the EMC value of NC is gradually determined by the multilayer adsorbed water content, which is influenced by both the nitrogen content and the fiber cleavage structure. Meanwhile, the IGC results show that the surface energy of the NC consists mainly of the dispersive surface energy (values >46 mJ m−2), with the specific surface energy contributing approximately 25 mJ m−2. The total surface energy of NC and the bonding strength between NC molecules and water molecules decrease with increasing nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine (TAGwhere M = Cobalt (Co) or Iron (Fe)) have been prepared. The catalytic effect of these complexes on the thermolysis of energetic composite based on nitrocellulose and diethylene glycol dinitrate? has been investigated. Extensive characterization of the resulting energetic composites was carried out sing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Isoconversional kinetic analysis was performed to determine the Arrhenius parameters associated with the thermolysis of the elaborated energetic formulations. It is found that TAG-M complexes have strong catalytic effect on the thermokinetic decomposition of NC/DEGDN by decreasing the apparent activation energy and significantly increased the total heat release. The models that govern the decomposition processes are also studied, and it is revealed that different react io n processes are accomplished by introduction metal complexes of triaminoguanidine. Overall, this study serves as a valuable reference for future research focused on the investigation of catalytic combustion features of solid propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilizers play a crucial role in preventing undesirable decomposition and degradation reactions of propellants, thus ensuring their long-term performance and safe storage. This review highlights recent advancements in stabilizer selection and formulation techniques, aiming to enhance the stability of single base nitrocellulose (SBNC) propellants. It examines several types of stabilizers for SB-NC propellants, including their reaction mechanisms and effectiveness in preventing degradation reactions of the propellants, as well as the effects of their concentrations, particle sizes, and distributions on the propellants’ stability. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches such as nano and green stabilizers with improved stability and compatibility. This review also provides insights into methods for evaluating the efficiency and propellant stability of the stabilizers, such as thermal analysis and accelerated aging tests. The findings of this review will assist in developing advanced propellant formulations that meet the growing demand for the applications of NC-based propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate drying process with optimized controlling of drying parameters plays a vital role in the improvement of the quality and performance of propellant products. However, few research on solvent transport dynamics within NC-based propellants was reported, and its effect on the evolution of mechanical properties was not interpreted yet. This study is conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of hot-air drying for NC-based propellants and clarify the effect of temperature on solvent transport behavior and further the change of mechanical properties during drying. The drying kinetic curves show the drying time required is decreased but the steady solvent content is increased and the drying rate is obviously increased with the increase of hot-air temperatures, indicating hot-air temperatures have a significant effect on drying kinetics. A modified drying model was established, and results show it is more appropriate to describe solvent transport behavior within NC-based propellants. Moreover, two linear equations were established to exhibit the relationship between solvent content and its effect on the change of tensile properties, and the decrease of residual solvent content causes an obvious increase of tensile strength and tensile modulus of propellant products, indicating its mechanical properties can be partly improved by adjustment of residual solvent content. The outcomes can be used to clarify solvent transport mechanisms and optimize drying process parameters of double-based gun propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azulejos are part of Portugal's most important cultural heritage. However, a large part of this heritage is at risk due to lack of or improper conservation treatments. There are, however, not many studies dedicated to the procedures and materials used in their conservation to guide the choices of conservators/restorers. Through this work, the performances of the adhesives commonly used in azulejo conservation are studied considering the extreme conditions they may experience when in an outdoor environment. Three types of adhesives were studied: acrylics, epoxies, and cellulose nitrates. The adhesives were evaluated for their workability and characterized by FTIR, DMA, and bending tests to obtain information on their adhesion effectiveness and compatibility with the azulejo ceramic substrate before and after artificial and natural ageing. When subjected to mechanical loads, the high strength and stiffness of the epoxy resins could lead to the development of new fractures in the previously undamaged ceramic matrix, making them less suitable for the adhesion of historic tile fragments. Cellulose nitrates revealed a high chemical alteration and the highest degradation rate in the mechanical properties with ageing, showing it to be the least stable in the studied conditions. The acrylic resins proved to be the most chemically stable, with less yellowing and with physical properties that revealed to be the most compatible for the adhesion of the studied azulejo fragments in outdoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the precursors of composite aerogels were synthesized based on the homogeneous reaction of natural polymers with ionic liquids. Nitrochitosan (NCS) with nitrogen content of 15.99% and impact sensitivity of 12 J was synthesized under mild conditions, while nitrocellulose (NC) with nitrogen content of 12.52% was synthesized. The NC/NCS composite aerogel was prepared by using phase separation method and supercritical carbon dioxide drying system. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman, SEM, element mapping, and N2 adsorption and desorption. The thermal and burning behavior of precursors and composite aerogels were analyzed by TG-DSC, isothermal TG, TG-DSC-FTIR, and high-speed camera. The results show that NCS can be used as propellants in terms of thermal behavior and physicochemical property. The composite aerogel has uniform distribution of nitrogen elements, mesoporous structure with an average pore size of 20 nm, specific surface area greater than 100 m2/g, large heat of thermal decomposition, low activation energy, well thermal stability, stable burning behavior, and large size burning flame. NC/NCS composite aerogels have a great potential for use in high-speed micro-propulsion system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As ferric oxide is a well-known catalyst, aluminum can act as a high energy dense material. Ferric oxide/aluminum can experience nanothermite reaction with novel synergistic characteristics. On the other hand, nitrocellulose (NC) is the most energetic polymeric matrix. This study reports on the facile development of thermite-based NC nanocomposite. Ferric oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of 5 nm size and aluminum NPs of 80 nm size were dispersed in acetone. Colloidal ferric oxide/aluminum NPs were integrated into NC matrix via anti-solvent technique. Nanothermite particles offered an increase in NC decomposition enthalpy by 38.59% using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The apparent activation energy of NC was reduced by 14% and 14.5%, using Friedman and OZAW models, respectively. Activation energy at different conversion extent was evaluated, and decomposition mechanisms have been suggested to be heterogeneous solid phase reaction. The developed NC nanocomposite is considered bespoke material for first-fire ignition systems; where molten solid particle and high decomposition enthalpy are highly appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrocellulose accumulated in sludge accumulators does not undergo any changes and remains explosive for decades but it can be used as initial recourse for H 2 and nanocarbon production through biogas. Anaerobic biotransformation of waste with a nitrocellulose content of about 75% with native microflora, consortia of mesophilic or thermophilic microorganisms from industrial bioreactors under various volume loading of microorganisms and temperature conditions has been studied. Stimulation by an additional source of biogenic elements and the development of native microflora made it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrocellulose by 44% at 35 °C in 100 days. With a biocatalyst volume loading of 30% at 35 °C with mesophilic biocatalyst 39% of nitrocellulose (with 50% initial volume loading) was conversed to biogas, at 55 °C with thermophilic biocatalyst-99%. The rate constant of decomposition of nitrocellulose using a thermophilic biocatalyst was 0.0248 day−1, while the half–life of nitrocellulose was 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological methods present a sustainable approach for treating various waste polymers due to green, low-cost, mild condition and simple operation. This study, a novel biological method to process nitrocellulose (NC) to obtain NC with low nitrogen via nitrate ester removal using fungal Chaetomium elatum is proposed. The N% of NC continuously declined during the course of six days, from 13.06% to 11.71%, and the intensity of its energetic groups (O-NO2, -NO2) also weakened. An examination of the thermal properties of NC revealed that the weight-loss ratio decreased after biotreatment from 86.33% (untreated NC) to 66.20% (treated NC).Furthermore, the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition reaction with DSC were calculated and the activation energy (Ea) of biotreated NC was higher than that of the original, indicating the thermal stability was enhanced. Hence, this structure exploration and thermal analysis provide new methods for further investigating the mechanism of the biological denitrification process and assessing the safety of biotreated NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New portable hydrogel sensors for Al3+ and Fe3+ detection were designed based on the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and color change of N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs). N-CDs with yellow fluorescence were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method from 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid and acrylamide. The fluorescence of N-CDs was enhanced by Al3+ about 20 times and quenched by Fe3+. It was interesting that although Fe3+ showed obvious quenching on the fluorescence of N-CDs it did not cause a noticeable change in the fluorescence of N-CDs + Al3+. The colorless solution of N-CDs appeared blue in the presence of Fe3+ without the influence of Al3+. Therefore, the turn-on fluorometry and colorimetry systems based on N-CDs were constructed for the simultaneous detection of Al3+ and Fe3+. Furthermore, the portable sensing of Al3+ and Fe3+ was realized with the assistance of hydrogel, filter paper, cellulose acetate, and cellulose nitrate film. The proposed approach was successfully applied to the detection of Al3+ and Fe3+ in food samples and cell imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on exploring the feasibility of simultaneously producing the two products, cellulose nitrates (CNs) and bacterial cellulose (BC), from Miscanthus × giganteus. The starting cellulose for them was isolated by successive treatments of the feedstock with HNO3 and NaOH solutions. The cellulose was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 2, 8, and 24 h. The cellulose samples after the hydrolysis were distinct in structure from the starting sample (degree of polymerization (DP) 1770, degree of crystallinity (DC) 64%) and between each other (DP 1510–1760, DC 72–75%). The nitration showed that these samples and the starting cellulose could successfully be nitrated to furnish acetone-soluble CNs. Extending the hydrolysis time from 2 h to 24 h led to an enhanced yield of CNs from 116 to 131%, with the nitrogen content and the viscosity of the CN samples increasing from 11.35 to 11.83% and from 94 to 119 mPa·s, respectively. The SEM analysis demonstrated that CNs retained the fiber shape. The IR spectroscopy confirmed that the synthesized material was specifically CNs, as evidenced by the characteristic frequencies of 1657–1659, 1277, 832–833, 747, and 688–690 cm−1. Nutrient media derived from the hydrolyzates obtained in 8 h and 24 h were of good quality for the synthesis of BC, with yields of 11.1% and 9.6%, respectively. The BC samples had a reticulate structure made of interlaced microfibrils with 65 and 81 nm widths and DPs of 2100 and 2300, respectively. It is for the first time that such an approach for the simultaneous production of CNs and BC has been employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential shortage of mineral phosphorus (P) sources and the shift towards a circular economy motivates the introduction of new forms of P fertilizers in agriculture. However, the solubility of P in new fertilizers as well as their availability to plants may be low. In this experiment, we incubated an agricultural soil poor in P (28 mg P2O5 kg-1) for 63 days in the presence of a range of organic and inorganic poorly soluble P forms commonly found in new fertilizers: hydroxyapatite (P-Ca), iron phosphate (P-Fe), phytic acid (P-Org) and a combination of P-Ca and P-Org (P-Mix). Cellulose and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were added to stimulate microbial activity at the beginning of the incubation. We included a positive control with triple superphosphate (TSP) and negative controls with no P application (with and without cellulose and KNO3). We assessed the fate of the different poorly soluble P forms in NaHCO3 extracts (Olsen P) over time as a proxy for plant-available P. Soil microbial biomass, fungal to bacterial ratio, soil respiration, enzymatic activities (ß-glucosidase, arylamidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase), N mineralization and soil pH were also monitored. At the beginning of the incubation, TSP showed the highest Olsen P across all treatments and P-Fe showed higher levels of Olsen P than the other poorly soluble P forms (p < .05). During the incubation, the levels of Olsen P decreased over time for TSP (positive control). Contrastingly, Olsen P increased significantly over time for all the poorly soluble P forms and the negative controls, indicating an increase in plant-available P. Particularly, levels of Olsen P for the P-Org treatment roughly doubled (shifting from 16.5 mg kg-1 to 32.9 mg kg-1) over the whole incubation period. The rate of increase in Olsen P was positively correlated with microbial biomass C:P ratio (p < .01) for all poorly soluble treatments. The higher levels of Olsen P for the P-Org treatment were also explained by a positive correlation with fungal biomass. Our results show that poorly soluble forms of P may be made available to plants under the influence of the microbial community, with a stronger effect on organic P forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A series of aziridino[60]fullerenes was synthesized by the reaction of octabromo[60]fullerene with various anilines. Their ability to absorb free radicals and acid gases was studied, and their potential applications as stabilizers in nitrocellulose-containing propellants were discussed. The results of differential thermal analysis showed that aziridino[60]fullerene can increase the exothermic peak temperatures of nitrocellulose by 0.55–2.37 °C. The methyl violet test found that aziridino[60]fullerenes can extend the complete decomposition period by 31–71 min. The results of vacuum stability test and thermogravimetric test indicated that aziridino[60]fullerene can delay the decomposition of nitrocellulose. Furthermore, their stabilization mechanism was studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and the free-radical scavenging rate of 3c reached 86.09%. The findings demonstrate that aziridino[60]fullerenes could effectively eliminate the nitrogen oxides released by nitrocellulose autocatalysis and might be used as a new stabilizer for nitrocellulose-containing propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research study is aimed to design innovative bio-gel formulations able to tackle altered historical metal artworks in a green and sustainable perspective. The target of the research is the removal of undesired or altered materials of both inorganic (i.e., corrosion and tarnishing) and organic nature (i.e., protective coatings). The designed gel systems are initially assessed on mock-ups. Iron-, copper- and silver-based substrates, chosen as mostly present in historical metal collections, are chemically aged to form corrosion on the surface. Alternatively, they are coated with organic protectives (i.e., acrylic and nitrocellulose varnish) that are mostly used for indoor metal care. After multi-modal analytical assessment to check the action and safety of the gels on the metal mock-ups, the developed solutions are applied on real cases, thanks to the strong and fruitful collaboration with curators and conservators of metal artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants is the property of Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, to better understand the reaction mechanism between inorganic salts and nitrocellulose, CaCO3 and Li2CO3 were evaluated with respect to their effects on the thermal degradation of NC in nitrogen atmosphere using TG/DSC at three different heating rates (2, 5, 10 K/min). The numerical relationship between activation energy (E) and conversion rate was obtained by FWO and KAS method, and it was discovered that CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of NC. Activation energy values were calculated by Kissinger method, and it was found that NC that contain Li2CO3 had the highest activation energy while NC containing CaCO3 had the lowest E value. By combining the thermal analysis data with Malek method, the most probable mechanism model of thermal degradation is obtained as Šesták-Berggren model, which expression is f(α) = αm (1 - α)n. As a result of this study, there are certain guiding principles that can be applied to the pyrolysis reaction model and to the actual production process of nitrocellulose.

The use of fireworks as a sign of celebration is a common practice in many countries. During the last few years, this sector has been subjected to various social criticisms that have even led to a ban on their use in different places. One of the main causes is the environmental pollution they generate, due to emissions from combustion reactions associated with the use of pyrotechnic devices. Nitrate ester-based compounds as propellants are used in other solid rockets such as ammunition, but their use in pyrotechnics is currently limited to a small number of fireworks. This research analyses the substitution of black powder with nitrocellulose ([C6H7(NO2)3O5]n) as a propellant for aerial articles, as well as to the use of nitrocellulose as a perchlorate-free compound. In addition to achieving better clarity effects due to less smoke, the use of nitrocellulose reduces greenhouse gas emissions. However, this nitrogen-rich compound is more unstable, and the ignition sensitivity is higher. Therefore, the benefits and risks associated with this alternative compound need to be evaluated, but the evidence shown suggests a promising direction for the sustainable evolution of pyrotechnic compositions.

In this paper, mesoporous nitrocellulose (NC)/graphene oxide (GO) composite aerogel is manufactured by a sol-gel method followed by supercritical carbon dioxide drying. The effects of GO on the microstructure, decomposition, and thermal conductivity are studied. The laser absorption, laser ignition property, and combustion performance of NC aerogel and NC/aerogel are also investigated. The results indicate that NC/GO aerogel is established by the combination of NC nano-fibers and GO sheets, and the aerogels are mesoporous with average pore size at 40 nm. Moreover, the thermal stability of aerogels is decreased by the nano-structure of NC, and the laser absorption is significantly increased by the nano-porous structure and the adoption of GO. In addition, the laser ignition and combustion efficiency are also greatly improved by the nano-porous aerogel structure and the incorporation of evenly uniformly dispersed GO sheets with high photothermal conversion efficiency and thermal conductivity. Laser ignition times reduced by 73.7% and 99.6% are obtained, and flame propagation rates up to 4.7 and 12.3 times are observed for NC aerogel and NC/5 wt. % GO aerogel, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants is the property of Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The introduction of deterring agents in the surface layer of nitrocellulose-based gun propellant and the addition of ablation inhibitors inside can effectively improve the combustion progressivity and extend the service life of the barrel weapon. However, deterring agents are inert with negative oxygen balance and ablation inhibitors are difficult to decompose, often resulting in ignition difficulty and aggravating the emission harmful phenomenon, reducing the battlefield survivability of weapon. In this paper, a synergistic strategy of nitrocellulose denitration and nano-ZnO loading is proposed for the first time, in which ZnO with excellent thermal conductivity is loaded on the surface of denitrated nitrocellulose to enhance thermal conductivity while improving ablation inhibition property and reducing the amount of ablation agents. Various structural characterizations confirmed the successful preparation of denitrated nitrocellulose-ZnO (DNC@ZnO) composite with structural integrity and controllable nano-ZnO loading concentration. The results of TG, DSC and TG-FTIR showed that the appropriate amount of loaded ZnO barely affected the thermal decomposition process and thermal stability of nitrocellulose. Subsequent studies confirmed the high thermal conductivity and ablation inhibition property of DNC@ZnO composite, and mechanisms for these properties were proposed. This work is of great importance for the design of gun propellant with both combustion progressivity, easy ignition, low ablation, and less emission harmful phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a protective layer of polyvinyl alcohol on the degradation process of artificial leather based on cellulose nitrate. Samples of the artificial leather were obtained from a suitcase dating back to the first half of the 20th century, not considered a historical artifact. The analysis involved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Artificial aging was employed for the study. The artificial leather sample with a protective coating of polyvinyl alcohol on a cellulose nitrate base exhibited the lowest degree of degradation due to minimal chemical changes in cellulose esters. The obtained FTIR-ATR spectrum indicated significantly higher nitration of cellulose and, consequently, a lower degree of polymer degradation. The sample without the protective polyvinyl alcohol coating and the sample with the coating removed before artificial aging showed similar reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrate (CN) is used in numerous industrial materials, such as propellants, lacquers, and plastics, exploiting its highly flammable, hydrophobic, and plastic characters. The downsizing of cellulose nitrate fibers may enhance their properties. Although a direct nitration of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is a prospective method for preparing nanosized CN materials, it is difficult because of the susceptibility of CNF to acids. In the previous study, we prepared nitrated cellulose nanofibers (NCNFs) using never-dried CNFs and relatively dilute H2SO4, obtaining a high yield and degree of substitution. In this study, we describe a novel highly surface-selective nitration method using dried CNFs. To prevent the acid hydrolysis of the CNFs, mildly acidic conditions (acetic acid/acetic anhydride/HNO3) were used instead of the conventional mixed-acid systems. Solid- and gel-state NMR studies revealed that the original crystalline structure of the produced NCNF core was retained, even after nitration, whereas the cellulose molecules on the NCNF surface were completely converted to cellulose pernitrates. The NCNFs exhibited morphologies comprising thin nanofiber diameters of approximately 10–50 nm with high specific surface areas of approximately 260 m2 g–1. Thus, unique core–shell NCNFs were prepared, potentially leading to the development of CNF derivatives with novel applications and functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of cellulose powder granules impregnated with an aqueous solution of saccharose and palladium nitrate gave granular Pd/C carbons with 1–9 wt % metal. It was shown by X-ray diffraction analysis and electronic microscopy that palladium is present in the carbon matrix in the form of Pd(0) nanoparticles with sizes of 10–30 nm in the main fraction (~95%). Palladium nanoparticles are localized inside the saccharose carbonizate layer and on its surface. An IR spectral study showed that pyrolysis of the cellulose–saccharose powder composite in the presence of palladium nitrate leads to the appearance of ester groups in the carbonizate. An increase in the palladium nitrate content in the cellulose powder leads to lower yields of the carbonizate and larger metal nanoparticles in carbon. The specific catalytic activity of nanoparticles in the model decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide was found to be the same for all palladium-containing carbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a NitroPure Nitrocellulose (NPN) membrane-based method for sampling and storing grapevine sap for grapevine virus detection. We devised an efficient nucleic acid extraction method for the NPN membrane, resulting in 100% amplification success for grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV2) and 3 (GLRaV3), grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), grapevine virus A, grapevine virus B, and grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). This method also allowed the storage of recoverable nucleic acid for 18 months at room temperature. We created a sampling kit to survey GLRaV2, GLRaV3, and GRBV in Japanese vineyards. We tested the kits in the field in 2018 and then conducted mail-in surveys in 2020–2021. The results showed a substantial prevalence of GLRaV3, with 48.5% of 132 sampled vines being positive. On the other hand, only 3% of samples tested positive for GLRaV2 and none for GRBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]