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Advanced digital technologies have rapidly been integrated into prosthodontics to improve the digital workflow for prosthetic rehabilitation. The integration of 3D datasets acquired from various imaging sources such as intraoral scanners and facial optical scanners allows the creation of virtual patients to perform presurgical simulation and prosthetic rehabilitation. The presented technique introduced a straightforward protocol for aligning intraoral scans (Trios 4, 3Shape) to optical face scans (Face Hunter, Zirkonzahn) using a global best-fit algorithm of 3D evaluation software (GOM Inspect). Nasal geometry data were used as the matching reference to produce virtual dental patients. This integration protocol ensured that the intraoral scanner (Trios 4, 3Shape) was used not only to scan dental arches but also used effectively to scan the nose. These scans along with professional facial scans can be successfully aligned to produce virtual dental patients. As only a single fully dentate patient case with an alignment deviation of 243.6 µm was used, further research to evaluate the accuracy of this protocol is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsCurrently, there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of climate on the lower turbinate morphology.This study evaluated the existence of humidity-related climatically adaptive changes in inferior turbinate.Previously taken computed tomography images of the paranasal region were evaluated belonging to a total of 100 patients from two different climates (50 patients each from humid climate and from dry climate). The width, length and height of the lower turbinate, the breadth, length and height of the internal nasal passage, height of the inferior airway, breadth of common and inferior meatus were compared.The group from dry climate has narrower internal nasal passage breadth (p = .010) with wider inferior meatus width (p = .031). No dimensional difference in the lower turbinates was observed between the two climatic groups. These two findings indicate a more lateralized turbinates in the humid group as opposed to more centralized turbinates in the dry group.Humidity has an effect as a climatic factor on turbinate positioning in the nasal fossa and contribute to an overall pattern of ecogeographic variation of nose. It may be useful to review surgical interventions to the inferior turbinate in the light of this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the risk of swallowing disorders and the frequency and intensity of vocal tract symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Methods: Adult patients diagnosed with CRSwNP presenting to the rhinology clinic of a tertiary referral center between March 2023 and March 2024, were recruited. Patients with acute or recent history of respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis or otitis, were excluded. The frequency and severity of nasal symptoms and their impact on quality of life was assessed using the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) was used to evaluate the risk of swallowing disorders, and the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTDS) was used to evaluate the frequency and intensity of vocal tract symptoms. Results: Twenty-five patients with CRSwNP and 25 controls were recruited for this study. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean EAT-10 score between the study group and control group (3.52 ± 4.68 vs.0.88 ± 1.83; p = 0.013). There was also a statistically significant difference in the mean VTDS score between the study group and control group (12.56 ± 7.9 vs. 4 ± 4.64; p < 0.001). There was a positive moderate correlation between the VTDS score and the SNOT-22 score (r = 0.595; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study indicates that patients with CRSwNP have a higher risk for swallowing disorders and are more likely to experience vocal tract symptoms than healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Retraction is the removal of published material due to flaws in research that cannot be corrected. Our aim was to perform a systematic review of all retracted literature in Ear Nose and Throat to understand the characteristics of retraction and the citations of retracted literature. Methods: The Retraction Watch, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched to yield relevant retractions. Two independent authors performed abstract and full-text screening. Non-relevant texts, articles in non-English languages, and articles that were neither published (protocols) or retracted (expression of concern) were excluded. Results: We found 225 retractions in Ear Nose and Throat literature from 1992 to 2023. The number of retractions increased with time, and the average time-to-retraction was 1 year (range 0–29). Most articles were retracted due to misconduct (72%). In total, 191/225 of retractions were signposted with a retraction notice; 90.6% of notices were linked to the original manuscript; 96.9% specified the reason for retraction and 100% were freely accessible. Publications were cited more after retraction (median 2, range 0–215 vs median 0, range 0–78, Z –1.78, p = 0.075), however this was not significant, and appeared to improve with a shorter retraction time (RS 0.67, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Retractions, although rare, are increasing across all scientific disciplines. Our data suggests that retractions are both efficiently and transparently publicised in the Ear Nose and Throat Literature. Investigators should be veracious when conducting their own research and regularly appraise manuscripts to ensure that misinformation is not perpetuated, remaining aware that retracted articles continue to be cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent literature demonstrated a 24-hour reduction in vancomycin duration of therapy (DOT) for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) with a negative methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal screening versus a positive nasal screening. Objective of this study was to investigate vancomycin DOT in patients with SSTIs who received MRSA nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening versus those who did not receive MRSA nasal PCR screening. Methods: A retrospective, multi-center, cohort study was completed in admitted adult patients on vancomycin for SSTI from 01/01/2020 to 09/30/2022. Hospital policy permits any clinician to order a MRSA nasal PCR screening test for various indications, including SSTIs, pneumonia and sepsis. Results: One-hundred-fifty-one patients were included, of which 71 had MRSA nasal PCR screening tests obtained, and 80 did not. The median vancomycin DOT in patients with MRSA nasal PCR screening tests was 19.9 versus 36.7 hours (P =.014) in patients without screening tests. Conclusion: Patients with SSTIs who receive MRSA nasal PCR screening tests have a shortened vancomycin DOT. These results contribute to current data in support of the efficacy and clinical utility of obtaining MRSA nasal PCR screening tests for SSTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs plays a crucial role in guaranteeing the reliability of deep neural networks (DNNs) when deployed in real-world scenarios. However, DNNs typically exhibit overconfidence in OOD samples, which is attributed to the similarity in patterns between OOD and in-distribution (ID) samples. To mitigate this overconfidence, advanced approaches suggest the incorporation of auxiliary OOD samples during model training, where the outliers are assigned with an equal likelihood of belonging to any category. However, identifying outliers that share patterns with ID samples poses a significant challenge. To address the challenge, we propose a novel method, Virtual Outlier Smoothing (VOSo), which constructs auxiliary outliers using ID samples, thereby eliminating the need to search for OOD samples. Specifically, VOSo creates these virtual outliers by perturbing the semantic regions of ID samples and infusing patterns from other ID samples. For instance, a virtual outlier might consist of a cat's face with a dog's nose, where the cat's face serves as the semantic feature for model prediction. Meanwhile, VOSo adjusts the labels of virtual OOD samples based on the extent of semantic region perturbation, aligning with the notion that virtual outliers may contain ID patterns. Extensive experiments are conducted on diverse OOD detection benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed VOSo. Our code will be available at https://github.com/junz-debug/VOSo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Lateral crura surface problems are one of the most difficult challenges in nose tip surgery. Closed preservation rhinoplasty (CPR) is a revolutionary concept that keeps nose tip flexibility and elasticity. By solving lateral crura surface problems and keeping tip flexibility the surgeon will accomplish a sharper supraalar groove transition between the dorsum and the tip. Objectives The convex-concave lateral crura deformity (CCLCD) or S-shaped lateral crura is one of the biggest constraints to accomplishing a beautiful tip and dorsum-tip transition (DTT). This deformity is the reason for the commonly called parenthesis deformity of cephalic malposition. This LLC convex-concave shape creates a C-shaped shadow. This DTT is one of the key areas for accomplishing natural results, and it depends on different nose structures, not just the lower lateral cartilages (LLC). Methods A total of 560 rhinoplasty cases were studied retrospectively between September and December 2023. Three hundred and twenty patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. Patients had follow-up at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. No secondary rhinoplasty was included. Only 2 secondary septoplasty cases were included, without any nose skin undermining in the previous surgery. Surgical details were documented, including the 6 fundamental steps of this technique: (1) mucosal lower lateral incision, (2) dorsum subperichondral dissection and vertical scroll release, (3) lateral crura tail caudal release, lateral crura steal and slide-under flap lateralization, (4) upper lateral caudal resection, (5) vertical scroll reconstruction, and (6) turning point extension graft. Results Three hundred and twenty patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. In total, 516 patients underwent a closed approach and 47 patients an open approach. All patients had subperichondral dissection of the hump envelope. All patients who underwent a closed approach had a low-strip letdown dorsal preservation technique. All patients who underwent an open approach had a structural technique with spreader flaps or grafts at the keystone area. All the patients underwent osteotomies with a piezoelectric device. Twenty-three revisional surgeries were necessary. Conclusions CPR taught us how important ligament and soft tissue preservation are. We learned that the less damage you do to the nose soft tissues and scaffold, the less support you need for it. Surgeons have been overgrafting the lateral crura to solve postoperative problems mainly because of dissection problems and lack of lateral crura support. This paper describes how to solve lateral crura surface problems, keeping the tip flexible and elastic, and also creating a nice and natural supraalar groove transition, by applying 6 surgical maneuvers. Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Performing rhinoplasty in patients with craniofacial malformations remains a challenge, even for experienced surgeons. Advances in 3-dimensional technology and their application in surgical planning and printing of cutting guides and splints have become important tools for improving aesthetic and functional results. Objectives The aim of this preliminary report was to describe an in-house workflow for surgical planning and printing of cutting guides and splints for complex rhinoplasty cases. Methods An in-house workflow for complex rhinoplasty was described, as applied in the maxillofacial department of a children's hospital specializing in the treatment of cleft and craniofacial malformations. Results Customized surgical guides helped the surgeon harvest and mold potential septal and costochondral grafts more accurately, reduced surgical time, and verified the dimensions of the sculpted nasal shape following surgical planning templates. Patient satisfaction according to the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation questionnaire was 18/24. Conclusions The presented workflow represents a potential asset for obtaining more accurate and satisfactory results in complex rhinoplasties. Level of Evidence: 5 (Diagnostic) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The surgical step of alar base reduction (ABR) is often done as the last stage of rhinoplasty surgery. However, it may also be done independently if the main concern is alar flare. This work was designed to assess the functional as well as aesthetic results among cases who undergo ABR which is so important to find out a better way to increase the functional, aesthetic consequences of patients. Methods: This prospective study included 20 consecutive cases arranged for reduction rhinoplasty. All cases were categorized into three groups: group A (n = 6): patients with thick alar base had ABR, group B (n = 5): patients with wide nostrils had nostril size reduction, and group C (n = 9): patients with thick alar base with wide nostrils had combined alar base and nostril size reduction. Results: Regarding nasal score post 1 month, levels of trouble sleeping, unable to get enough air through my nose during exercise, and total nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) score was significantly different among all groups. Regarding nasal score post 3 month, trouble sleeping, unable to get enough air through my nose during exercise, and total NOSE score showed a significant variance among all groups (p < 0.05). Regarding standardized cosmesis and health nasal outcomes survey (SCHNOS) score post 1 month, breathing through my nose during sleep and how well my nose suits my face were significantly different among all groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Effectiveness of ABR in improving nasal function and alleviating symptoms associated with congestion, blockage, and trouble breathing. The procedure resulted in significant improvements in various dimensions, including nasal breathing during sleep, mood, self-esteem related to the nose, and overall symmetry of the nose, as assessed by the SCHNOS score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Primary intestinal T-cell and natural killer–cell lymphomas (PITNKLs) are aggressive and make pathologic diagnoses in biopsy specimens challenging. We analyzed different subtypes' clinicopathologic features and treatment outcomes. Methods Seventy-nine PITNKL cases were characterized by clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical features. Results Among 79 cases of PITNKLs from 2008 to 2017 in our institution, 40 (50.63%) were extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL); 32 (40.51%) monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL); 6 (7.59%) intestinal T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; and 1 (1.27%) indolent T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Small intestine (n = 47) was the most common site. Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma showed distinctive clinicopathologic features from other subtypes with high expression (96.88%) of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and PD-L1 (87.5%) and the poorest prognosis (P <.001). CD30 was highly expressed in ENKTL (9/17, 57.94%) and irrelevant to prognosis (P >.05). Conclusions Cases of PITNKL are biologically heterogeneous; most have a dismal prognosis. SYK and PD-L1 expression might be a significant marker for MEITL and helps differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A crooked nose is a challenge for a surgeon performing rhinoplasty. When performed correctly, rhinoseptoplasty aligns the nasal framework, restores nasal patency, and achieves facial symmetry. The key to this procedure is to dissect all the structures of the nasal framework, mobilize, reposition, and stabilize them. Aim: This study aims to discuss the quality of life after the rhinoseptoplasty and principles of treating a post-traumatic crooked nose with a view to improving the predictability and reliability of rhinoplasty procedures involving this challenging problem. Methods: The study compared the results of the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) and the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) through statistical analysis. Results: Considering the structural deformities that lead to a crooked nose, the open approach seems to be preferred during a rhinoseptoplasty of a post-traumatic, crooked nose. When reconstructing the nasal septum, it is always necessary to leave the required amount of cartilage to provide nasal support and to secure the septum to the nasal spine. Osteotomies are important for fixing a crooked nose. The preoperative values for ROE were significantly lower before surgery than after surgery (8.7 vs. 20.2), while for SCHNOS, the postoperative values were statistically significantly lower compared to the preoperative values (46.0 vs. 9.1). Conclusions: Properly planned and performed surgery improves the functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients after rhinoseptoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR) with Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction (NOSE) has shown benefits such as reduced pain, fewer wound complications, and improved cosmesis. In colorectal anastomosis during NOSE, double staple anastomosis (DSA) and triple stapled technique (TSA) are common. However, a novel single stapled anastomosis (SSA) technique, utilising two laparoscopically placed purse strings and only four 5 mm ports, has emerged. This study aims to compare the complications between single and double stapled anastomoses in NOSE LAR.A retrospective analysis of NOSE LAR data from 2011 to 2022 included patients. All patients received mechanical bowel preparation, colonoscopic instillation of betadine or chlorhexidine, and antibiotics. DSA was performed conventionally, while the SSA technique involved an additional rectal laparoscopic purse string. Fisher's exact test assessed anastomotic leak rates and the need for intraoperative revisions.Analysis of 179 patients revealed 40 with SSA and 139 with DSA. Patient age ranged from 20 to 88 years, with a BMI between 22 and 46 kg/m2. Diverticulitis and malignant polyps, the most common indications. Operation duration was similar between groups (238 min in SSA, 234 min in DSA; P = 0.69). Intraoperative laparoscopic anastomotic redo was significantly higher in the SSA group (six patients) than the DSA group (five patients; P = <0.05). No anastomotic leaks occurred in the SSA group, while six occurred in the DSA group (P = 0.34). There was no significant difference in Length of Stay (LOS), (5 days in SSA versus 6 days in DSA group, P = 0.29).Single stapled anastomosis in NOSE LAR appears safe for benign conditions but is more likely to necessitate intraoperative redo compared to double stapled anastomosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper lateral cartilage and alar cartilage nose reconstruction secondary to failed aesthetic procedure or tumor excision, surely represents a reconstructive challenge for plastic surgeons, because of the support needed and for the function of the internal nasal valve (INV). Several scientific publications deal with internal nasal reconstructive techniques, including simple homologous or heterologous tissue grafts. We describe a new hybrid chondrocutaneous graft used for reconstruction of the upper lateral cartilage and a portion of the alar cartilage (cephalic part), excised with the adherent nasal mucosa (in correspondence with INV), included in the tumor mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septoplasty is among the most frequently performed procedures in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Adhesion is known to be the most common complication occurring after septoplasty. Post-surgical insertion of silicone splints is a widely used measure for the prevention of postoperative complications. Recently, we encountered a case where the silicone splint was dislocated and further displaced to the level of the upper esophageal sphincter. Although it was safely removed using fiberoptic gastroendoscopy, delayed removal could have induced other serious sequelae. Since no similar cases have been previously reported, we believe that this may be a very rare complication induced by a loose absorbable suture. Therefore, we suggest that otorhinolaryngologists should pay attention to the fixation of a silicone splint with sutures under appropriate tension to prevent the dislocation of the silicone splint and its subsequent sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The uncinate process (UP) is the most important and constant landmark in the ostiomeatal complex and the middle meatus. Objective To identify the UP variations that have not been published before and establish a categorization using computed tomography (CT). Methods The current study was carried out on 110 paranasal CT scans (220 sides). Axial images were acquired with multiplanar reformats to capture delicate details in other planes. Results Out of 120 CT scans (220 sides), the UP was found to be of type 1 in 84.5%, type 2 in 12.3%, and type 3 in 3.2%, without significant diferences between genders, and it was found to be medialized in 81.9%, vertical in 16.3%, lateralized in 0.9%, and absent in 0.9%, without significant differences between genders. A total of 8.63% of the UPs were pneumatized. Conclusion The present study improves surgeons' and radiologists' knowledge of the UP, while creating a standard classification and description to be used as a common language between otorhinolaryngologists and radiologists, which could also be used for training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Previous research suggests that e-cigarettes can alter immune function, including in the nasal mucosa, in unique ways. The respiratory microbiome plays a key role in respiratory host defense, but the effects of e-cigarettes on the respiratory or nasal microbiome, are not well understood. Aims and Methods Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on nasal samples from adult e-cigarette users, smokers, and nonsmokers, we determined that e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking are associated with differential respiratory microbiome dysbiosis and substantial sex-dependent differences in the nasal microbiome, particularly in e-cigarette users. Results Staphylococcus aureus, a common respiratory pathogen, was more abundant in both e-cigarette users and smokers in comparison with nonsmokers, while Lactobacillus iners , often considered a protective species, was more abundant in smokers but less abundant in e-cigarette users in comparison with nonsmokers. In addition, we identified significant dysbiosis of the nasal microbiome between e-cigarette users and smokers with high versus low serum cotinine levels, an indicator of tobacco product use and toxicant exposure. We also analyzed nasal lavage fluid for immune mediators associated with host × microbiota interactions. Conclusions Our analysis identified disruption of immune mediators in the nose of e-cigarette users and smokers, which is indicative of disrupted respiratory mucosal immune responses. Taken together, our data identified unique, sex-dependent host immune dysfunction associated with e-cigarette use in the nasal mucosa. More broadly, our data highlight the need for continued inclusion and careful consideration of sex as an important variable in the context of toxicant exposures. Implications This is the first study investigating the effects of e-cigarette use and sex on the nasal microbiome, which is considered an important gatekeeper for protecting the lower respiratory tract from pathogens. We found significant sex, exposure group, and serum cotinine level-associated differences in the composition of the nasal microbiome, demonstrating the importance of considering sex in future nasal microbiome studies and warranting further investigation of the mechanisms by which e-cigarette use dysregulates nasal immune homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2:4 finger ratio (2D:4D ratio) refers to the length ratio of the second to the fourth finger of the hand. Studies on the 2D:4D ratio have long established that this ratio tends to be lower in males than in females. Our study aims to investigate the correlation between the 2.4 finger ratio and nasal structure among young adults aged 18–25 through detailed morphometric analysis. The study was conducted on 205 students (Female:127, Male:78) aged between 18 and 25 years studying at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine. Morphometric measurements of the hand and nose were also measured and recorded by the same researcher. The volunteers were divided into eight groups for age and four groups for BMI. Statistical analysis was performed and p < 0.05 was considered significant. The evaluation revealed significant differences between sexes and the 2D:4D ratio. While no significant relationship was found between age and the 2D:4D ratio, correlations were present with some nasal parameters. A significant relationship was found between the BMI and the right hand 2D:4D ratio (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the BMI and certain nasal parameters. Furthermore, significant relationships were identified between the 2D:4D ratio and certain nasal parameters (p < 0.05). The data obtained from our study will contribute to the understanding of nasal development, sex determination in forensic medicine, and the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies related to the nose. Additionally, it will assist clinicians involved in planning any nasal operations in describing anatomical points related to this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although the existing literature has explored the link between cognitive functioning and speech recognition in noise, the specific role of fluid intelligence still needs to be studied. Given the established association between working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence and the predictive power of WMC for speech recognition in noise, we aimed to elucidate the mediating role of fluid intelligence. Method: We used data from the n200 study, a longitudinal investigation into aging, hearing ability, and cognitive functioning. We analyzed two age-matched samples: participants with hearing aids and a group with normal hearing. WMC was assessed using the Reading Span task, and fluid intelligence was measured with Raven's Progressive Matrices. Speech recognition in noise was evaluated using Hagerman sentences presented to target 80% speech-reception thresholds in four-talker babble. Data were analyzed using mediation analysis to examine fluid intelligence as a mediator between WMC and speech recognition in noise. Results: We found a partial mediating effect of fluid intelligence on the relationship between WMC and speech recognition in noise, and that hearing status did not moderate this effect. In other words, WMC and fluid intelligence were related, and fluid intelligence partially explained the influence of WMC on speech recognition in noise. Conclusions: This study shows the importance of fluid intelligence in speech recognition in noise, regardless of hearing status. Future research should use other advanced statistical techniques and explore various speech recognition tests and background maskers to deepen our understanding of the interplay between WMC and fluid intelligence in speech recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a framework for synthesizing new characters by applying the features of a reference face to a source face using a diffusion model-based image editing technique. For an effective synthesis, a blank face of the sample is first generated by removing all features except the hairstyle, face shape, and skin tone. Then, facial features such as the eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth from the reference face are applied to the blank face of the source face. This strategy allows the creation of a new character that reflects the reference face's features on the source face without producing unwanted artifacts or undesired blending of facial features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The main goals of rhinoseptoplasty are to correct any cosmetic and functional defects which may occur in a patient. As the most prominent facial feature, the nose has an increased risk of injury. A nasal fracture may eventually result in significant defects, posing challenges to the surgeon. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the techniques used in post-traumatic and non-traumatic cases treated with rhinoplasty. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 227 patients, mean age 37.5 ±11.4 years, median 36 years, age range from 18 to 79 years. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 13.3 package StatSoft (Dell Statistica). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. The Chi2 or Fisher’s exact test was used, when the values were less than 5, to check whether there was a correlation between nasal injuries and surgical technique. The level of statistical significance was assumed to be equal to α = 0.05. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the use of five techniques. Septal filtration to the spine (44.1 vs. 10.7%), septal extension graft (5.9 vs. 1.3%), spreader graft (41.1 vs. 21.1%), and osteotomy (85.3 vs. 61.0%) were all performed more often in patients with nasal trauma. On the other hand, a lateral crural (LC) steal was performed significantly more often in patients without nasal trauma (36.5 vs. 22.1%). Conclusions: Nose injuries lead to cosmetic and functional complications and pose a challenge to the rhinoplasty surgeon. Optimal management of a post-traumatic nose injury requires a surgeon to have experience and precise surgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasalance is a valuable clinical biomarker for hypernasality. It is computed as the ratio of acoustic energy emitted through the nose to the total energy emitted through the mouth and nose (eNasalance). A new approach is proposed to compute nasalance using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) trained with Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (mfccNasalance). mfccNasalance is evaluated by examining its accuracy: 1) when the train and test data are from the same or from different dialects; 2) with test data that differs in dynamicity (e.g. rapidly produced diadochokinetic syllables versus short words); and 3) using multiple CNN configurations (i.e. kernel shape and use of 1 × 1 pointwise convolution). Dual-channel Nasometer speech data from healthy speakers from different dialects: Costa Rica, more(+) nasal, Spain and Chile, less(-) nasal, are recorded. The input to the CNN models were sequences of 39 MFCC vectors computed from 250 ms moving windows. The test data were recorded in Spain and included short words (-dynamic), sentences (+dynamic), and diadochokinetic syllables (+dynamic). The accuracy of a CNN model was defined as the Spearman correlation between the mfccNasalance for that model and the perceptual nasality scores of human experts. In the same-dialect condition, mfccNasalance was more accurate than eNasalance independently of the CNN configuration; using a 1 × 1 kernel resulted in increased accuracy for +dynamic utterances (p <.000), though not for -dynamic utterances. The kernel shape had a significant impact for -dynamic utterances (p <.000) exclusively. In the different-dialect condition, the scores were significantly less accurate than in the same-dialect condition, particularly for Costa Rica trained models. We conclude that mfccNasalance is a flexible and useful alternative to eNasalance. Future studies should explore how to optimize mfccNasalance by selecting the most adequate CNN model as a function of the dynamicity of the target speech data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headache and facial pain are very common and distressing complaints. Due to its multifactorial origin often it remains undiagnosed and inadequately treated. One very important cause which is missed in daily practice by primary physicians is rhinogenic contact point headache. In this study, we will elicit how effective surgical treatments are for rhinogenic contact point headaches when other causes are ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of smartphone-generated three-dimensional (3D) facial images for routine evaluation of the oronasal region of patients with cleft by comparing their accuracy to that of direct anthropometry (DA) and 3dMD. Materials and methods: Eighteen soft-tissue facial landmarks were manually labelled on each of the 17 (9 males and 8 females; mean age 23.3 ± 5.4 years) cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients' faces. Two surface imaging systems, 3dMDface and Bellus3D FaceApp, were used to perform two imaging operations on each labelled face. Subsequently, 32 inter-landmark facial measurements were directly measured on the labelled faces and digitally measured on the 3D facial images. Statistical comparisons were made between smartphone-generated 3D facial images (SGI), DA, and 3dMD measurements. Results: The SGI measurements were slightly higher than those from DA and 3dMD, but the mean differences between inter-landmark measurements were not statistically significant across all three methods. In terms of clinical acceptability, 16% and 59% of measures showed differences of ≤ 3 mm or ≤ 5º, with good agreement between DA and SGI and 3dMD and SGI, respectively. A small systematic bias of ± 0.2 mm was observed generally among the three methods. Additionally, the mean absolute difference between the DA and SGI methods was the highest for linear measurements (1.31 ± 0.34 mm) and angular measurements (4.11 ± 0.76º). Conclusions: SGI displayed fair trueness compared to DA and 3dMD. It exhibited high accuracy in the orolabial area and specific central and flat areas within the oronasal region. Notwithstanding this, it has limited clinical applicability for assessing the entire oronasal region of patients with CLP. From a clinical application perspective, SGI should accurately encompass the entire oronasal region for optimal clinical use. Clinical relevance: SGI can be considered for macroscopic oronasal analysis or for patient education where accuracy within 3 mm and 5º may not be critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the variance seismic attribute was used to track fault geomorphology, which interpreted in time. To convert these fault surfaces and isochron maps to depth, the velocity model was prepared. Therefore, 14 velocity models for depth conversion were built by using different equations in East Baghdad Field, central Iraq to depth conversion assessment and select a precise model from many candidates of velocity models to generate an accurate depth map. All the velocity models are divided into two main velocity layers. The upper-velocity layer represents the tertiary sequences, while the lower-velocity layer represents the Upper Cretaceous sequences. Three criteria are made in this study (mis-tie value, standard deviation analysis, and blind well test) to select the best depth map. The results reveal the velocity model-7 is better to use because the depth map of the Khasib Reservoir, which produced from model-7 shows less mis-tie between estimated and real depth, less standard deviation values, and lower errors at EB 24 and 26 well locations. The corrected depth map of Khasib Reservoir shows three structure noses. Two of them opened toward the NW direction, while the southern structural nose opened toward the SW direction with a minor enclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the trends in otology, rhinology, and head and neck (H&N) operations over the past decade in England. These trends will allow for predictive modelling to forecast the demand over the coming years to aid workforce and resource planning in ENT. Methods: Hospital Episode Statistics data were extracted between April 2012 and April 2023. A total of 121 otology, 114 rhinology, and 122 H&N procedure codes were included. Correlation and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine trends and produce a forecast model for the volume of operations. Results: A gradual upward trend in the volume of operations was observed in rhinology, with a positive correlation coefficient (R = 0.74). In contrast, otology (R = −0.67) and H&N (R= −0.75) showed negative trends, indicating a moderate decline in operational volumes over time. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted operating activity in rhinology and otology. To address the backlog and reach the pre-pandemic forecasted levels within the next five years, surgical capacity must increase by an additional 33,807 rhinology 25,486 otology, and 10,300 head procedures per year in England. Conclusions: This analysis highlights a need for prioritization and expansion of the ENT workforce and resources to manage the current backlog and anticipated increase in demand over the next five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present research set out to assess the impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on patients' persistent sinusitis-related odor dysfunction. Also, the impact of FESS on nasal airway resistance using an indirect, objective technique, the nasometer. Materials and methods: A prospective study of 40 patients with bilateral nasal polyposis and smell impairment was conducted. 16 men and 24 women, ages 15-69, with a mean age of 37.7 years, were recruited among E.N.T. clinic attendees at El Zahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University and El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University from January 2021 till May 2022. Results: Identifying olfactory impairment before surgery revealed anosmia in 85% and hyposmia in 15%. A considerable improvement was seen after surgery, with anosmia in 32.5% of patients, hyposmia in 10.0%, and normosmia in 57.5%. Patients had an average nasalance level of 31.7 ± 18.9 (3.3-69.7) before surgery and an average oral sentence level of 14.7 ± 10.0 (3.1-46.6). Normal persons have a nasalance score of 54.7 ± 5.8% for nasal phrases. However, it rose to 61.9 ± 13.3, with a range of 16.3-75.1. This requires lowering nasal airway resistance in all surgical patients for up to a year since nasalance and resistance are inversely related. Conclusions: After endoscopic sinus surgery, olfactory dysfunction and nasalance scores improved. Olfactory impairment is a crucial problem for the quality of life and patient safety of those with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, which calls for more investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-surgical rhinoplasty has evolved with the introduction of volumizing threads, which offer a less invasive alternative to traditional methods by enhancing nasal contours while minimizing filler use. This technique is gaining popularity, particularly in Southeast Asia, due to its shorter recovery time, reduced risk profile, and ability to prevent the 'Avatar nose' effect. However, there is limited anatomical guidance available for its application, especially in the Asian population. Materials and Methods: This study analyzes the anatomical layers of the nose to guide the proper placement of volumizing threads. Three cases are presented, highlighting different approaches to nasal bridge enhancement, nasal tip augmentation, and combined use of threads and fillers. The placement of threads in the deep fat layer beneath the fibromuscular layer was emphasized to avoid vascular complications. Results: The cases demonstrated with mesh thread (Tess Inc., Korea) successful outcomes with well-defined nasal contours and patient satisfaction. The techniques used allowed for precise enhancements while minimizing risks associated with superficial thread placement and vascular injury. Conclusion: Volumizing threads provide an effective and safe method for non-surgical rhinoplasty, particularly when informed by a thorough understanding of nasal anatomy. The results support the growing use of this technique in esthetic practice, especially in regions like Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report highlights a rare case of renal cell carcinoma metastasis to nose and paranasal sinuses in a 55-year-old male 8 years post-nephrectomy. Contrast imaging revealed a vascular mass and histopathology confirmed metastatic RCC. Partial maxillectomy was done and patient remained disease free at 6 month follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Rhinology is a progressive subspecialty within otolaryngology. Bibliometric analysis is a powerful method to survey the landscape of literature on a specific topic and identify publication trends. We aimed to analyze the 50 most impactful English-language rhinology manuscripts of all time to create a targeted reading list for otolaryngologists. Material and Methods: The Journal Citation Report within the Web of Science database was utilized to identify articles relating to rhinology. Web of Science Research categories were restricted to otolaryngology. The articles were then ranked by number of citations. The top 50 articles of all time ranked by number of citations were analyzed. The articles were analyzed for publication year, journal impact factor, citation density, first author (FA), and senior author (SA) name, country, and institution. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: Most articles were published in the 2000s (N = 22, 44%) and 1990s (N = 11, 22%). Male FA (N = 37, 74%) and SA (N = 43, 86%) published most articles. Most articles were clinical studies (N = 36, 72%) followed by clinical guidelines/expert opinions. Most articles were published in the United States (N = 28, 56%) and England (N = 9, 18%). There were more female FAs of guidelines/position papers than basic lab, reviews, and clinical studies. England had more female FAs than other countries, and the United States had more female SA. There was an average of 585.2 citations per study. Conclusion: This investigation highlights the most influential literature within rhinology. The most impactful studies are consensus statements, large multicenter studies, and technique studies. Significant gender disparities in authorship exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical techniques that are safe and effective in adults can produce bad results in children. The study was done To present the results of septoplasty and functional septorhinoplasty (FSR) in children in order to restore the anatomy and function of the nose. In a prospective study done in a tertiary care hospital between May, 2016 and November, 2022, twenty-five children (14 males and 11 females) aged 8 to 14 years having significant nasal obstruction due to deviated septum with or without external nasal deviation were included in this study. Septoplasty was done in 16 patients and FSR was done in 9 patients by endonasal technique. Surgical outcomes were evaluated by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs, NOSE scores, anterior rhinoscopy and subjective satisfaction. The follow-up period ranged from 15 to 90 months with a mean follow-up period of 43 months. Out of the 25 patients, the mean NOSE scores preoperatively and postoperatively were 72 and 22 (a significant improvement of mean 50.00 with p-value of < 0.05). Anterior rhinoscopy postoperatively showed that 19 patients (76%) had a straight septum while 6 patients (24%) had some residual deviation. Subjective patient satisfaction was "much improved" in 13 (52%) patients, and "improved" in 12 (48%) patients. In photographic evaluation of 9 patients with external nasal deviation the result was very good in 3, good in 5 and average in 1 patient. Septoplasty and FSR in children resulted in significant improvements in nasal airway and external nasal deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role of Anterior Ethmoidal Artery as a useful landmark in FESS based on CT analysis- a hospital-based study. The present retrospective study was conducted in our tertiary care Centre on 99 NCCT nose and PNS (coronal, axial and Sagittal cuts) were studied for distance of anterior ethmoidal artery from skull base and frontal sinus. Number and type of intervening air cells were also studied. The data was spread on MS EXCEL spread sheet and statistical analysis was done. Total of 99 NCCT nose and PNS were analyzed, out of which 32 were females, 64 were males. The anterior ethmoidal artery foramen was visualized in all patients bilaterally. Mean distance between the skull base and anterior ethmoidal artery foramen was 1.66 ± 0.774 mm, and mean distance between anterior ethmoidal artery and frontal sinus was 7.51 ± 3.56 mm. Most common intervening cells were supra bullar cells and, only 10 patients were in whom no intervening cell was seen. The distance between anterior ethmoidal artery and the frontal sinus varies statistically with the change in number of intervening air cells. Although awareness about anterior ethmoidal artery anatomy and its different variations on NCCT will help rhinology surgeons in their orientations during endoscopic surgical procedures, but AEA cannot be considered as the consistent landmark for frontal sinus in FESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Exposure to strong inorganic acid mists (SIAMs) in the workplace has been linked to respiratory tract cancers. Aims We conducted a meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies examining the association between occupational SIAMs and respiratory tract cancers other than laryngeal cancer, which is already established. Methods Studies mentioned in the 1992 IARC Monograph on carcinogenicity of SIAMs were combined with later studies identified from a systematic search of Scopus, PubMed and Embase. Forest plots of relative risks (RR) and odds ratios were constructed for the 34 identified studies. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity. Results An association between the roles associated with occupational SIAMs exposure and risk of lung (RR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.32), and nasal cancers (RR = 3.30, 95% CI = 1.16–9.41) was found. The risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer was also associated with SIAMs exposure-related roles (RR = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.98–2.57). Results did not differ by study design, gender or outcome for all three cancers. A positive association for lung cancer was found with chemical (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.13–1.38), and metal and steel industries (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.04–1.37), as well as for oral and pharyngeal cancer with chemical industry (RR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.57–1.89). We checked publication bias for lung (p  = 0.35), oral and pharyngeal (p  = 0.02) and nasal cancer (p  = 0.40). Conclusions Our study showed an association between occupational SIAM exposure and risk of lung, nasal, and possibly oral and pharyngeal cancers. However, weaknesses in the recording of confounding and exposure data in the currently available literature were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nose augmentation using nonsurgical methods, including volumizing and cogged threads, has gained popularity due to its minimally invasive nature, shorter recovery times, and reduced risks compared to traditional rhinoplasty. However, there is limited literature on the use of these techniques in the Asian population. Aims: This study aims to present two successful cases of nose augmentation using volumizing and cogged threads, providing evidence of their effectiveness and demonstrating the insertion techniques through a supplementary video. Patients/Methods: Two female patients (aged 26 and 33) underwent nonsurgical nose augmentation. The first patient received volumizing threads to enhance nasal contour, while the second patient received cogged threads to refine the nasal tip and alar base. Both procedures were performed using polydioxanone (PDO) threads, with follow‐ups conducted to assess the outcomes. Results: Both patients exhibited significant improvement in nasal contour and projection, with outcomes maintained for up to 8 months post‐procedure. The patients reported high satisfaction with the aesthetic results, and no complications were observed during the follow‐up period. Conclusions: Volumizing and cogged threads offer a promising nonsurgical alternative for nose augmentation, particularly in patients seeking minimal invasiveness and natural‐looking results. While the initial outcomes are positive, further research is needed to evaluate the long‐term safety and effectiveness of these techniques, especially in the Asian demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe and assess the vertical sectioning technique for mid vault dissection in patients undergoing primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Methods: A retrospective review of 208 patients undergoing primary or revision rhinoplasty utilizing the vertical sectioning technique. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale was administered to patients pre- and post-operatively. A detailed description of the technique is presented. Results: Mean follow up was 8.59 ± 7.30 months. Spreader grafts were used in 185 patients (89%), upper lateral cartilage autospreader flaps were utilized in 16 patients (7.7%), and both spreader grafts and autospreader flaps were used in 7 patients (3.4%). Ten primary rhinoplasty patients (4.8%) and 3 revision rhinoplasty patients (4.5%) complained of functional nasal obstruction post-operatively. At time of last follow-up, there was a significant improvement in mean NOSE scores for patients receiving spreader grafts (71.2 ± 21.4-21.5 ± 2.8, P <.001), autospreader flaps (69.2 ± 25.9-17.2 ± 21.5, P <.001), and both (57.9 ± 35.0-26.1 ± 20.2, P =.03). Conclusion: The vertical sectioning technique respects the anatomic, functional, and esthetic relationship of the middle vault, while maximizing cartilage preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: Sham procedures produce a clinically significant impact on patient‐reported outcome measuresThis effect should be considered when designing and interpreting the results of RCTs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the burden of influenza-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) and severe ARI (SARI) is crucial for public health decision-making. A population-based study with multiple data sources was conducted to estimate the burden of influenza-associated ARI in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, southern China. Population-based surveillance study. Active surveillance of ARI was conducted in different levels of health facilities in the Wanzhou District between October 2021 and March 2022. Nasal or throat swabs were collected and tested for influenza viruses in hospital-based surveillance. A health utilisation survey was used to estimate health-seeking behaviour, and all electronic medical records were collected. An epidemiological model was used to estimate the disease burden. There were an estimated 52,960 influenza-associated ARI (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 39,213–84,891), including 2,529 SARI cases (95 % CI: 1,385–21,712) during winter 2021/22 in the Wanzhou District. The incidence rate for all influenza-associated ARI and SARI was 3,385/100,000 and 162/100,000, respectively. A higher incidence rate of influenza-associated ARI was observed among individuals aged <50 years, while a higher influenza-associated SARI rate was observed in those aged ≥50 years. Using an epidemiological model with data from multiple sources, this study documented a substantial burden of influenza-associated ARI in the Wanzhou District, highlighting the need for influenza vaccination and providing a possible foundation for public health decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate determination of the nasal tip's spatial location is crucial for achieving symmetry in rhinoplasty. Even minor deviations can result in asymmetrical lengths and configurations of the nostrils. Our approach centers on defining the nasal tip position by establishing the midline of the nasal base and projecting an isosceles triangle. This triangle, with the tip as the vertex and alar creases as angles, ensures symmetric sidewalls. The symmetry axis, derived from the isosceles triangle, guides the placement of the tip sidewalls and columella. To implement this, we use anatomical benchmarks such as the implantation of the nasal base and position of the alar creases, considering inherent facial asymmetries. We introduce a laser gadget as an auxiliary tool, projecting perpendicular lines to guide precise midline alignment. Marking specific points, including interbrow midpoint and alar creases, ensures accuracy. In the past 12 months, we applied this methodology in 247 rhinoplasty cases, observing improved outcomes and patient satisfaction. Our proposal of utilizing isosceles triangles provides a streamlined approach to achieving symmetry. The laser device, while beneficial, should be viewed as supportive rather than an absolute guiding measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to provide an updated and comprehensive review of the current literature on the clinical profile and treatment options of CSBO caused by sinusitis. Three databases, Pubmed, Embase and Scopus, were searched from inception until 2 October 2022. Titles and abstracts were used for the first stage of study selection; subsequently, full texts were screened for final inclusion. Nine studies were included, with eight case reports and one case series. Patients ranged between 33 and 75 years old, with four females and four males total in the case reports. In the case series, there were 14 patients with a mean age of 62 years old. Patients with CSBO secondary to sinusitis often present with non-specific symptoms which may mimic other pathologies of the head and neck. A high index of suspicion for CSBO is important in the presence of an unremitting headache or cranial nerve palsy. Treatment options include culture-directed long-term antibiotics and surgery. The role of surgery in these patients, however, needs to be investigated more thoroughly. We believe that more large-cohort observational studies assessing the association between sinusitis and CSBO should be performed to further analyze and evaluate this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nasal and paranasal sinus masses can arise from a wide range of conditions, both benign and malignant, as well as congenital or acquired. Diagnosing these masses is often challenging, requiring a combination of nasal endoscopy, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis. Initial imaging frequently involves computed tomography or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the bony anatomy of the nasal cavity and surrounding sinuses, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is typically used for detailed assessment of soft tissues and to aid in differential diagnosis when the findings are inconclusive. Methods: This review examines nasal masses evaluated using CT, CBCT, and MRI, highlighting key imaging features that may assist in differential diagnosis. Results: For non-neoplastic lesions, examples include conditions such as rhinoliths, inverted mesiodens, and septal mucoceles. Benign and borderline tumors discussed encompass lobular capillary hemangioma, inverted papilloma, septal osteoma, chondromesenchymal hamartoma, hemangioma, hemangiopericytoma, antrochoanal polyp, sinonasal angiofibroma, ossifying fibroma, and lipoma. Malignant tumors addressed in this review include adenocarcinoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, and sarcoma. Conclusions: Diagnosing nasal lesions represent a significant challenge for otolaryngologists. Imaging characteristics of nasal masses play a crucial role in narrowing down differential diagnoses before surgery. However, nasal endoscopy combined with biopsy remains the definitive diagnostic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess whether the duration of disease may influence the surgical success of Endonasal Endoscopic DCR (EE-DCR) in patients affected by nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). Methods: Single-center observational retrospective analysis on EE-DCR via posterior trans-ethmoidal approach. Consecutive patients were enrolled in 2021–2024 and evaluated with proper questionnaires; resolution of epiphora and dacryocystitis were analyzed after 1 (T1) and 6-months (T2) from surgery. Surgical success was defined as anatomical (patency at irrigation, no recurring dacryocystitis) or complete (zeroing of Munk score). Also, patients were asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at each timepoint. The sample was divided based on the duration of disease (group A: ≤ 24 months, group B: > 24 months). Results: Ninety-one patients were included. At baseline no differences were observed between the two groups. At both timepoints, Munk score was significantly lower in Group A compared to Group B, while a difference in dacryocystitis rate was observed only at T2. Anxiety scores differed significantly at T2, although no differences were observed for depression. At paired analysis, all groups improved significantly at T1 compared to baseline, whereas no further improvement was observed between T2 and T1. A significantly higher improvement was observed in group A for the Munk and HADS-A scores over timepoints, whereas there was no significance for dacryocystitis rate and HADS-D. Also, group A showed a higher complete success rate compared to group B (p = 0.041). Finally, linear regression confirmed a positive relationship between Munk and anxiety scores and the duration of disease at T2. Conclusions: Our findings showed that long-lasting NLDO symptoms may be associated with worse EE-DCR surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol drug administration has a long history as an important part of the treatment for different respiratory disorders in both adult and paediatric patients. The nebulization process permits the drug delivery directly to the upper and lower airways tracts, allowing increased local effectiveness, and avoids systemic side effects. The aerosol therapy is mainly used in pneumology for lower respiratory tract disorders, a series of drugs having a proven efficacy. Few publications present the efficacy and safety of ENT nebulization, despite its worldwide utilization. Topical drug delivery to the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses via aerosols appears to be an interesting, but also a challenging alternative. The transport and deposition of drugs and aerosol particles into the sinuses is debatable due to several factors: sinuses are poorly perfused and virtually non-ventilated cavities; they are protected by the efficient particle filtration function of the nasal cavities. The review evaluates the efficacy and safety of aerosol therapy in rhinologic pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation via the left nostril is more frequent than that during intubation via the right nostril. This study evaluated the effect of the reverse bevel and tip direction of the nasotracheal tube on the incidence of epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation via the left nostril. Methods: Patients undergoing right-sided maxillofacial surgery requiring left nasotracheal intubation were randomly allocated to the control (tracheal tube in the conventional direction) or reverse (a 180° reverse direction, with the tube bevel facing the nasal septum and the leading edge (i.e., the tip) of the bevel pointing away from the nasal septum) groups (n = 37 for both). The primary outcome was the incidence of epistaxis evaluated using videolaryngoscopy. Results: The incidence of epistaxis in the reverse group was significantly lower than that in the control group (9 [24.3%] vs. 20 [54.1%], P = 0.009; relative risk: 0.45, 95% CI [0.24, 0.85], absolute risk reduction: 29.8%, number needed to treat: 3). The severity of epistaxis was significantly lower in the reverse group (P = 0.002). The first attempt nasal passage (P = 0.027) was significantly higher in the reverse group. Postoperative nasal pain was lower (P < 0.001), and patient satisfaction was higher (P < 0.001) in the reverse group. Nasotracheal tube-related complications did not occur in either group. Conclusions: The reverse bevel and tip direction of the nasotracheal tube reduced the incidence and severity of epistaxis and increased patient satisfaction among patients undergoing left nasotracheal intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the phenomenon of cavity fluctuation occurring behind a cone entering water at a constant velocity. The current simulations reveal that cavity fluctuations arise following deep pinch-off, leading to pronounced pressure oscillations in both the water and air regions. Concurrently, ripples form along the cavity surface, extending from the nose to the tail, resulting in a wavy cylindrical cavity. Notably, when the water entry Froude number is below 10, the load on the cone is predominantly due to pressure oscillations induced by cavity fluctuations, which exceed the slamming load experienced during initial water impact. The study also identifies a significant impact of an attached rod on cavity evolution. Specifically, the frequency of cavity rippling increases with the rod's radius; however, when the rod-to-cone radius ratio is less than 20%, the rod's impact on the cavity dynamics becomes negligible. A theoretical analysis, modeling the cavity as a hollow cylindrical structure, is developed to elucidate the relationship between rippling frequency and rod size. The research results demonstrate that the cavity fluctuation frequency is inversely proportional to the difference in the squared radii of the cone and rod. Furthermore, when the scaling length of the cavity at the pinch-off moment exceeds a ratio of Lp/Rc > 6, the water entry cavity can be accurately modeled as a long cylindrical cavity. The numerical results confirm that the proposed theoretical model provides reliable predictions of the impact of a solid rod on the fluctuation characteristics of the cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanistic approach is commonly implemented to predict and optimise the cutting forces in milling processes to prevent tool breakages, reduce tool wear, reduce form error, and improve surface quality. To implement this method, the cutting force coefficients (CFCs), that characterise the mechanics of the process, must be calculated. This study compares the accuracy of the predicted cutting forces for variable pitch and helix bull-nose milling tools using a rapid testing (RT) optimisation-based mechanistic CFC identification method that only requires a single angular cut with increasing radial engagement to the traditional mechanistic approach that requires several straight cuts. Along with developing a hybrid technique that combines variation in feed rate and radial engagement. The traditional radial, tangential, and axial (RTA) force model is also compared with the frictional and normal rake face (UV) force model that is independent of the local tool rake and inclination angles which is a necessary for bull nose tools. The RT and the developed hybrid CFC identification method with the UV force model predicted the average F x , F y and F z cutting forces to within 7.1 %, 4.3 %, and 3.8 % error, respectively. These methods were slightly less accurate than the traditional method, however they have significant industrial benefits because they have can be used to identify CFCs with either a single cut, or from any tool-path with chip-load variation, respectively. The RTA force model predicted the average cutting forces similarly to the UV force model, however, the UV force model had lower errors using the rapid RT testing method at the extreme corners of the experimental design space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]