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Studies published over the last four decades provide the basis for a systematic review of the impact of mentoring in higher education (HE) on student career development. We review 73 papers published between 1986 and 2023 and develop a framework to examine the relationships between mentoring approaches and career development outcomes. Here, we distinguish between different student populations (female students, under-represented groups). Notwithstanding an overall positive verdict on mentoring's career development potential, with particular emphasis on career choice and transitioning behaviour, the results are not always positive, and many nuances in the data are evident. At a time of increased concern about student transitions into the labour market, practical implications can be derived which may strengthen mentoring's benefits, e.g. the value of peer mentoring for female students, and cultural proximity of mentors for under-represented minority students pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers. Key research recommendations include:(1) developing novel impact indicators related to emotion such as career inspiration and passion; (2) examining under-researched impact indicators related to non-traditional student careers (e.g. entrepreneurial intentions), and employment and socioeconomic impact indicators; and (3) investigating the role of context and mentoring content and delivery modalities, in helping to explain inconsistent findings across the reviewed papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A systematic review assessed multiparametric ultrasound [mpUS] modalities in diagnosing prostate cancer via radical prostatectomy specimens. Between 2012 and 2023, eleven studies evaluated grayscale TRUS, SWE, CEUS, and mpUS. Sensitivity ranged from 37.7% to 55% for grayscale TRUS, 55% to 88.1% for SWE, 59% to 81% for CEUS, and 74% for mpUS, with specificities ranging accordingly. Notably, sensitivity for clinically significant prostate cancer was 55%, 73%, 70%, and 74%, respectively, with varying specificities. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 [QUADAS-2] was used to evaluate bias and applicability. The review underscores the significance of mpUS modalities in prostate cancer diagnosis, highlighting their varying sensitivity and specificity in detecting both overall and clinically significant prostate cancer lesions. Background: Prostate cancer is a prevalent cancer among men. Multiparametric ultrasound [mpUS] is a diagnostic instrument that uses various types of ultrasounds to diagnose it. This systematic review aims to evaluate the performance of different parametric ultrasounds in diagnosing prostate cancer by associating with radical prostatectomy specimens. Methodology: A review was performed on various ultrasound parameters using five databases. Systematic review tools were utilized to eliminate duplicates and identify relevant results. Reviewers used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Results [QUADAS-2] to evaluate the bias and applicability of the study outcomes. Result: Between 2012 and 2023, eleven studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of the different ultrasound parametric procedures in detecting prostate cancer using grayscale TRUS, SWE, CEUS, and mpUS. The high sensitivity of these procedures was found at 55%, 88.6%, 81%, and 74%, respectively. The specificity of these procedures was found to be 93.4%, 97%, 88%, and 59%, respectively. This high sensitivity and specificity may be associated with the large lesion size. The studies revealed that the sensitivity of these procedures in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer was 55%, 73%, 70%, and 74%, respectively, while the specificity was 61%, 78.2%, 62%, and 59%, respectively. Conclusions: The mpUS procedure provides high sensitivity and specificity in PCa detection, especially for clinically significant prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping and morphology tailoring in metal sulfides up to nanoscale plays a vital role for better performance in various applications. Herein hydrothermally synthesized Co-doped nickel sulfide (NiS 2) nanostructures have been transformed from nano-rods to nano-sheets up to optimal doping concentration of 3 %. The phase changes, morphological modifications and elemental investigations have been analyzed by SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, EDS, XRD and FTIR. The morphology transitions revealed that NiCo 3 S exhibited sophisticated morphology of flower like structures formed by nano-sheet patterns. NiCo 3 S electrode possesses an auspicious capacitance of 1242 Fg_1 at 1 Ag_1 within potential window range of 0.1–0.8 V. In accordance with GCD study, CV and EIS study confirmed that NiCo 3 S is more electroactive and less resistive showing excellent stability up to 92 % after 5000 cycles. The power law (b = 0.71) showed the capacitive nature of the NiCo 3 S. The capacitive and diffusive behavior calculated by Dunn's relationship confirmed the pseudocapacitive charge storage behavior of NiCo 3 S electrode making this a potential candidate for electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel recoverable photocatalyst g-C3N4 nanorods have been synthesised by using melamine and adopting the hydrothermal method. Graphitic carbon nitride has been characterised by a wide range of characterisation techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, PL and FTIR. Their effect on degradation of organic dyes, methylene blue (MB), methylene orange (MO) and Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) have been studied along with factors of pH 0–5 and pH 8–14. Remarkably, g-C3N4 could degrade 99% of MO, 97% of MB and 99.9% of Rh-B with pH 0–5, and 97.7% of MO, 98% of MB and 99.5% Rh-B with pH 8–12, respectively. This catalyst has superior dye degradation efficiency (99.9% and 99.5%) for Rh-B for both the factors pH 0–5 and pH 8–12. The trapping experiment results portrayed that the superoxide radical anion (•O2−) and holes (h+) have played major role for the degradation of Rh-B, MB and MO dyes. Based on the trapping experiment results, a tentative photocatalytic mechanism has also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphitic carbon nitride has been synthesized by eco-friendly method using millet seeds. The thermal puffing effect had turned millet into puffed millet and formed adjacent nanosheets nanostructure. High surface area of g-CN was achieved by using KOH through activation process and nanosheets are in the range of 150–250 nm. CV measurement demonstrated that it has capacitance of 250F/g with high stability and cyclic retention (92.2 %) which are crucial for supercapacitors. The degradation of methyl orange exhibited good photocatalytic performance (efficiency >90 %). This depicts that both "puffing effect" and chemical activation process could change biomaterials into functional materials for practical application. [Display omitted] • G-CN has been synthesized by eco-friendly thermal puffing effect of millet seeds. • Nanosheets like structure with size 150–250 nm have been achieved. • CV measurement has capacitance of 250F/g with good stability for supercapacitors. • g-CN nanosheets have excellent cyclic stability with retention 92.2 % after 5000 cycles. • Nanosheets exhibited tremendous photocatalytic performance having efficiency >90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in energy consumption has severely rehabilitated human life urging to develop reliable and environmental friendly energy storage devices. Target oriented, systematic approach has been adopted to synthesis La doped CeO 2 nanostructures with percentage as La x Ce 1-x O 2 (X = 0,1,3,5,7) for potential super capacitors applications. Morphological doping impact on H 2 production, electrochemical and optical properties are thoroughly investigated. XRD studies revealed the crystalline phase purity and attained approximately 35 nm average crystallite size. The SEM images exposed that primary morphology nano-particles has been tuned into nanorods by increasing the La concentration in CeO 2 with size range 40∼60 nm. CV graphs depicted that the prepared electrodes obey the pseudo capacitive faradaic reactions behavior in nature. Maximum capacitance (925 F g-1) has been achieved by La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 which is better than numerous reported materials. The La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 also exhibited excellent GCD stability with 87.8% retention exhibiting it suitability for supercapacitor applications. Furthermore, the La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 showed the significantly higher H 2 (9 μmol h−1g−1) production rate as compared to undoped CeO 2 and La 0·01 Ce 0·99 O 2, La 0·03 Ce 0·97 O 2 samples. This higher production is attributed to the recombination rate and have strong substantial correlation with optical characteristics. [Display omitted] • La doped CeO 2 nanorods successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. • Specific capacitance 925 F g-1 has been achieved for La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 nanorods. • More than 87% cyclic stability was achieved for La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 nanorods. • The La 0·05 Ce 0·95 O 2 showed the significantly H 2 production rate (9 μmol h−1 g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon is an essential therapeutic plant of the Rutaceae family having a variety of vital phytochemicals. The TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesised by the green synthesis method from lemon peel extract for the first time. Hydrolysed extract of lemon peel contains hesperidin flavanol that releases aglycone to act as a capping and reducing agent. The Synthesised samples are characterised through X-rays diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet and visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy techniques. The SEM results depict that the prepared specimen is purely comprised of the agglomerated structures. A close study from TEM exhibits the spherical shape of the particles with the particle size ranges from 80 to 140 nm and anatase form according to the XRD. The Tauc plot prepared from the UV–Vis spectrum shows a bandgap of 3.08 eV. Photocatalytic response of the prepared TiO2 for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) is also studied. The results showed that synthesised particles possess more than 70% photocatalytic activity which is more efficient as compared to commercial TiO2 particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, pristine and Sn–Co(OH) 2 nanorods are prepared via hydrothermal method and pseudocapacitive properties are evaluated. The synthesized nanostructures are characterized by various sophisticated techniques including x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The SEM analysis discloses the structural modification of Co(OH) 2 from nanoparticles to nanorods. Additionally, the presence of Sn in Co(OH) 2 significantly influence the electrochemical active surface area which enhances the electrochemical properties as measured through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SnCo-4 sample indicates high surface area (93.1 m2/g), superior performance with specific capacitance of 1441.8 F/g at 1 A/g and remarkable stability of 84.3 % retention after 5000 GCD cycles. The pseudocapacitive nature (b = 0.799) is observed to increases with scan rate (i.e. 59.1 % at 75 mV/s). This higher performance is mainly due to greater charge transportation and conductivity associated with nanorod morphology and Sn ion. These parameters disclosed that the prepared samples have great potential to be used against energy crisis. • Pristine and Sn–Co(OH) 2 nanostructures have been reported for the first time. • Sn Doping played a vital role in structural modification of Co(OH) 2 i.e. nanoparticles to nanorods. • Nanorods with low dimensions (∼50 nm) exhibited excellent C s 1441.8 F/g at 1 A/g current density. • Remarkable 84.3 % retention after 5000 GCD cycles showing its magnificent stability. • Power law proved (b = 0.799) that Sn–Co(OH) 2 nanorods are extremely suitable for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel dandelion assemblies of W-doped Co(OH) 2 nanostructures have been synthesized. • 5 % W-Co(OH) 2 exhibited amazing Faradaic redox reactions owing numerous active cites. • Specific capacitance (1051 Fg−1) of 5 % W-Co(OH) 2 increased twice of the undoped Co(OH) 2. • Tremendous cyclic stability with 92 % charge retention after 5000 cycles. • Power law (b = 0.71) exhibited the capacitive nature of dandelion assemblies for supercapacitors. Globally increasing energy demands and the drastic climate changes are pursuing cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage option i.e. supercapacitors. Tungsten (W) doping in Co(OH) 2 has played an effective role in morphology changes along with improving its super capacitive properties. The 5 % W-doped Co(OH) 2 revealed perfectly dandelion assemblies having size range 3–4 µm and emerging wires with ∼10 nm diameter. These dandelion assemblies exhibited pseudocapacitive behavior and excellent specific capacitance 1000 Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 1051 Fg−1 at 5mVs−1 which is more than twice as compared to pristine Co(OH) 2. Power law (b = 0.71) exhibited capacitive nature of 5 % W-doped Co(OH) 2. High cyclic stability with 92 % charge retention have been achieved for 5000 cycles. This improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the high surface area with numerous active sites, amazing Faradaic redox reactions and excellent charge transfer rate. Hence, 5 % W-Co(OH) 2 dandelion assemblies are promising electrode materials for efficient supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste and debris have caused substantial environmental pollution globally in the past decades, and they have been accumulated in hundreds of terrestrial and aquatic avian species. Birds are susceptible and vulnerable to external environments; therefore, they could be used to estimate the negative effects of environmental pollution. In this review, we summarize the effects of macroplastics, microplastics, and plastic-derived additives and plastic-absorbed chemicals on birds. First, macroplastics and microplastics accumulate in different tissues of various aquatic and terrestrial birds, suggesting that birds could suffer from the macroplastics and microplastics-associated contaminants in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Second, the detrimental effects of macroplastics and microplastics, and their derived additives and absorbed chemicals on the individual survival, growth and development, reproductive output, and physiology, are summarized in different birds, as well as the known toxicological mechanisms of plastics in laboratory model mammals. Finally, we identify that human commensal birds, long-life-span birds, and model bird species could be utilized to different research objectives to evaluate plastic pollution burden and toxicological effects of chronic plastic exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy crisis and water pollution are two serious threats to modern society. To overcome these problems a novel 3D-CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO photocatalyst was prepared by using a hydrothermal method. Various techniques including XRD, SEM, UV-vis, BET and PL were used to analyze the crystallinity, morphology, structure, surface area and optical properties of the synthesized materials. The efficacy of the synthesized photocatalysts were evaluated by degrading the norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and by producing hydrogen gas through photocatalytic water splitting. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was due to the 3D structure of the material and synergy of the multicomponent system which also increased the separation of charge carriers. The Bi 2 WO 6 has degraded the norfloxacin 55.21%, and 61.5% sulfamethoxazole in 90 min. The hybrid composite CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO achieved the degradation rates of 85% for norfloxacin and 84% for sulfamethoxazole in the presence of LED light for 90 min which is much higher than the pure composite. Similarly, hydrogen evolution by using Bi 2 WO 6 was 41/mmol/h−1g−1 and CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO produced 387.9/mmol/h−1g−1 hydrogen. The prepared hybrid photocatalyst showed excellent photocatalytic activity and hydrogen production efficiency in a short period of time. So, the 3D-CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO hybrid photocatalyst can be used in further photocatalytic applications. • Heterogeneous CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO photocatalysts were fabricated for photocatalytic activity. • The efficacy of photocatalysts were evaluated by degrading the norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and to generate hydrogen. • Optimal sample exhibited excellent degradation and hydrogen production efficiency. • CTF@Bi 2 WO 6 /ZnO showed higher stability and durability even after 4 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, pure NiO and vanadium-doped NiO microstructures have been synthesized by adopting a hydrothermal route at a fix temperature of 150 °C. To know the effect of vanadium doping on the structure and morphology of synthesized materials, various characterization techniques were used. Different morphology and shapes have been observed in the SEM analysis which shows that vanadium doping influences the structure of prepared samples. The size of the microstructures decreases with the increase of V doping in NiO. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the presence of Ni, O, and V in pure and doped samples. XRD analysis described that NiO has a cubic structure. Photoluminescence (PL) results showed few defect-related peaks along with band edge emission, which are crucial for light-emitting diodes. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) studies reveal that these doped NiO particles exhibit ferromagnetic behaviors at room temperature which could be used efficiently in spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time of growing interest in graduate entrepreneurship, this study focuses on the role of mentoring in developing students' entrepreneurial careers in the Early Years of University (EYU). An integrated conceptual framework is presented that combines mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development (entrepreneurial intentions and nascent behaviour). Data from 18 student mentees who expressed an interest in starting their own businesses, and who were mentored by alumni entrepreneurs of a British University were analysed. Findings support the applicability of our framework in addressing the multi-faceted nature of the mentoring functions, which include a range of knowledge development and socio-emotional functions such as entrepreneurial career development, specialist business knowledge, role-model presence and emotional support. The results contribute to understanding mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development in the EYU. Implications for the design of entrepreneurial mentoring programmes and avenues for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the spatiotemporal rainfall variability over the semimountainous Soan River Basin (SRB) of sub-Himalayan Pothwar region, Pakistan. The temporal rainfall trend analysis of sixteen rain gauges was performed on annual basis with long-term (1981–2016) data. The results depicted that there is substantial year-to-year and season-to-season variability in rainfall patterns, and rainfall patterns are generally erratic in nature. The results highlight that most of the highland rainfall stations showed decreasing trends on annual basis. The central and lowland stations of the study area recorded an increasing trend of rainfall except for Talagang station. The average annual rainfall of the study area ranges between 492 mm and 1710 mm in lowland and high-altitude areas, respectively. Of the whole year's rainfall, about 70 to 75% fall during the monsoon season. The rainfall spatial distribution maps obtained using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, through the GIS software, revealed the major rainfall range within the study area. There is a lack of water during postmonsoon months (November–February) and great differences in rainfall amounts between the mountainous areas and the lowlands. There is a need for the rational management of mountainous areas using mini and check dams to increase water production and stream regulation for lowland areas water availability. The spatiotemporal rainfall variability is crucial for better water resource management schemes in the study area of Pothwar region, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pristine and Mo-doped (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 %) NiO regular nanoparticles have been synthesized successfully. • Drastic reduction in band gap occurs from 3.5 eV to 2.9 eV at 3 wt% Mo occurs owing to average crystallite size decrease from 67 nm to 44 nm. • The sample containing 3 wt% Mo doped NiO showed highest efficiency (90% degradation) for MB dye, whereas with RhB dye it shows 98% degradation. • The PL analysis revealed that the Molybdenum substitution in NiO host lattice specifically reduces the recombination rate with an improved photo-efficiency. • The reaction kinetics examination showed pseudo-first-order kinetics with an improved rate constant. Semiconductor materials are in leading role for elimination of organic pollutants in water with an effective tuning of bandgap and improving their photocatalytic activity. Pristine and Mo-doped (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 %) NiO nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol–gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles were examined by XRD, SEM, EDS, UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit spherical morphology and their crystallite size decreases with an increase in Mo concentration. The average crystallite size decreases from 67 nm to 44 nm and the drastic reduction in band gap occurs from 3.5 eV to 2.9 eV at 3 wt% Mo doping. The photocatalytic activity against Rhodamine-B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) showed that the Molybdenum doping improves the performance of NiO photocatalyst. The PL analysis revealed that the Molybdenum substitution in NiO host lattice specifically reduces the recombination rate with an improved photo-efficiency. The reaction kinetics examination showed pseudo-first-order kinetics with an improved rate constant. The sample containing 3 wt% Mo doped NiO showed highest efficiency among all the prepared samples. The sample with 3 wt% doping shows 90% degradation after 90 min when using against MB dye, whereas with RhB dye it shows 98% degradation in 120 min. The retention of high performance after five consecutive cycles confirms the reusability of synthesized nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities can lead to several devastating effects on the environment. The pollutants, which include the discharge of effluents, runoffs in the form of different lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, can harm exposed fauna and flora. The aquatic environment is the ultimate destination for many pollutants which negatively affect aquatic biodiversity and even can cause a species to become extinct. A pollutant can directly affect the behavior of an animal, disrupt cellular systems, and impair the immune system. This harm can be reduced and even mitigated by adopting proper approaches for the conservation of the target biota. Among aquatic organisms, cetaceans, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise, Irrawaddy dolphin, Ganges River dolphin, Amazon River dolphin, and Indus River dolphin, are at a higher risk of extinction because of lack of knowledge and research, and thus insufficient information with respect to their conservation status, management, and policies. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mass mortalities of cetaceans. This article reviews the limited research reported on stress and pneumonia induced by pollution, stress-induced pneumonia and immunosuppression, pneumonia-caused mass mortalities of aquatic mammals, and vaccination in wildlife with a specific focus on aquatic mammals, the role of genomics in vaccine development and vaccination, and the major challenges in vaccine development for biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand of composite materials with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitors is emerging. With the aim to improve the electrochemical performance, g-C 3 N 4 , TiS 2 and TiS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach. The structure and surface morphology of the synthesized materials were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical performance of TiS 2 and TiS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composites were studies by using three electrode system in 2 M KOH electrolyte. The TiS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 micro-composite showed the higher specific capacitance (546 F/g) as compared to TiS 2 (292 F/g) and g-C 3 N 4 (200–300 F/g) due to smaller size, additional active sites and strong synergic effect. More than 87% of the capacitance was retained after 2500 cycles, demonstrating the splendid cyclic stability of the composite. The improved specific capacitance and long cyclic stability of TiS 2 /g-C 3 N 4 micro-composites shows that this composite material is promising for supercapacitor electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic approach has been introduced to synthesize Cd–Zn co-doped NiO nanostructures with different ratios such as Cd 0.07 Zn 0.03 NiO, Cd 0.05 Zn 0.05 NiO, Cd 0.03 Zn 0.07 NiO and Cd 0.01 Zn 0.09 NiO for supercapacitor applications. The XRD studies has confirmed the phase purity with average crystallite size of 40 nm. The SEM characterization has shown that the morphology of nanostructures was tuned from particles to nano-rods structure with increasing the at. % concentration of Zn doping. Optical properties revealed that band gap and recombination rate have strong co-relation with specific capacitance. The CV results have confirmed the pseudocapacitive nature of the as prepared nanostructures and maximum specific capacitance (1485.19 Fg-1) was measured for Cd 0.03 Zn 0.07 NiO which is superior than numerous reported values of NiO. The GCD results of Cd 0.03 Zn 0.07 NiO performed at 1 A/g scan rate, exhibited excellent charging-discharging ability with high cyclic retention of 82.8%. High capacitance and superior stability of Cd 0.03 Zn 0.07 NiO material indicate it as a potential candidate for supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residue mineralization affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during crop residue management in crop production. C and N mineralization dynamics of rice and wheat residues incorporated with and without mineral N under two moisture conditions were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mineral N was applied @ 0.015 g/Kg (»30 Kg/ha), whereas soil moisture was maintained at high (» - 15 KPa, near field capacity) and at low (» - 500 KPa)moisture levels during course of study. Periodic determinations on CO2 - C and N mineralized were performed over a period of 120 days. The highest peaks for CO2 - C occurred during first week of the study which then reduced gradually until it attained an equilibrium. High moisture level enhanced CO2 - C flux by 14% than low moisture level. Combined application of crop residues and mineral N released 17% more CO2 - C than crop residue treatments without mineral N.In residue applied treatments, immobilization was 40% higher at high moisture level than that at low moisture level. Application of rice and wheat residues in combination with mineral N caused both immobilizations followed by mineralization phases at both moisture levels. At high moisture level, maximum immobilization occurred during initial 15 days, while at low moisture level it continued till about 30 days. After day15, mineralization started which continued to increase during remaining period of study at high moisture and at low moisture mineralization initiated from day 60 onward. Mineralization in rice residue was faster than that in wheat residues. Immobilization of N continued progressively in residue alone treated soils at both moisture levels during study period. In residue treated soils, increase in soil moisture increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water stable aggregates (WSA) significantly by 14% and 55% over control respectively. Combined application of crop residues and mineral N increased SOC by 43% and WSA by 59%. This study indicated that incorporation of crop residues along with addition of mineral N in the presence of optimum moisture promoted its faster decomposition with a quicker mineral N release, more organic matter build up and soil structure improvement than crop residues incorporated without mineral N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli is an important agricultural crop, cultivated all over the world. It has high nutritional value and mostly used as a spice in the food. Nutrients are applied to the crop plants in different farms to improve its production and nutritional value. This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Tarnab, Peshawar during summer 2016. Two factors i.e. Chilli varieties (Magma and High fly) and humic acid levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g L-1) were applied in the field during experiment. The results of the experiment showed that High fly variety took minimum days to produce flowering (33 days), maximum numbers of leaves plant-1 (208.93), plant height (42.27 cm), stem diameter (1.60 cm), number of fruit plant-1 (52.53), yield plant-1 (184.61 g) and total yield (3.69 t ha-1), while maximum fruit weight (3.65 g), fruit volume (9.47 cm³) and fruit diameter (12.0 mm) were noted in variety Magma. In case of humic acid levels, maximum number of leaves plant-1 (243.67), branches plant-1 (5.50), plant height (47.33 cm), stem diameter (1.83 cm), number of fruit plant-1 (57.50), yield plant-1 (204.50 g) and total yield (3.93 t ha-1) were recorded in 50 g humic acid L-1 as a foliar spray. Whereas early flowering (33 days), fruit weight (3.81 g), fruit diameter (13.82 mm), fruit volume (11.33 cm³) were found in plants treated with 100 g humic acid L-1. It can be concluded that aerial application of humic acid at 50 g L-1 and variety High fly variety give best results under the climatic conditions of Peshawar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sponge gourd (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb) is locally known as Kalitori. It is also called angled gourd or angled loofah, belonging to genus Luffa of Cucurbitaceae family. Macro nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium play a significant role in the plant growth and development such as nitrogen support the vegetative parts of the plant and phosphorus have significant role in the development of the root and also producing the energy by forming ATP and potassium encourage carbohydrates metabolism, enzymes establishment and osmotic regulation This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during spring season (March-june) 2016. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with split plot arrangement having three replications. The sponge gourd Luffa acutangula cultivars (Jaipuri and Dharidhar) were allotted to the main plot while organic and inorganic regimes (i.e. Control, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium), FYM (Farmyard manure), FYM (half) + NPK (half), FYM (full) + NPK (half), FYM (full) + NPK (full) and FYM (half) + NPK (full) were allotted to sub plots . The results obtained from the experiment indicated that both cultivars and regimes have significant variations on growth and yield parameters of sponge gourd. In case of cultivars, minimum days to emergence (11.14 days), days to flowering (36.76 days), days to blooming (43.86 days) while maximum seed emergence (80.43 %), numbers of leaves plant-1 (45.87), leaf area (99.87 cm²), number of fruit plant-1 (7.94), fruit weight (289.20 g), fruit volume (193.84 cm³), yield plant-1 (2.42 kg) and total yield (12.09 t ha-1) were obtained by Jaipuri cultivar. While in case of manure regimes maximum vine length (465.50 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (49.13), leaf area (110.48 cm²), (14.09 cm), number of fruit plan-1 (9.25), yield plant-1 (3.35 kg), total yield (16.75 t ha-1) and minimum days to blooming (43.67 days) were recorded in the application of FYM (full) + NPK (full) while maximum fruit weight (361.28 g) and fruit volume (218.87 cm³) was noted on FYM (full) + NPK (half). From the experiment, it is concluded that FYM at the rate of 20 t ha-1 and NPK at 90: 60: 30 kg ha-1 can be used for better and higher yield of sponge gourd under the climatic conditions of Peshawar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sponge gourd (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb) is locally known as Kalitori. It is also called angled gourd or angled loofah, belonging to genus Luffa of Cucurbitaceae family. Macro nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium play a significant role in the plant growth and development such as nitrogen support the vegetative parts of the plant and phosphorus have significant role in the development of the root and also producing the energy by forming ATP and potassium encourage carbohydrates metabolism, enzymes establishment and osmotic regulation This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during spring season (March-june) 2016. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with split plot arrangement having three replications. The sponge gourd Luffa acutangula cultivars (Jaipuri and Dharidhar) were allotted to the main plot while organic and inorganic regimes (i.e. Control, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium), FYM (Farmyard manure), FYM (half) + NPK (half), FYM (full) + NPK (half), FYM (full) + NPK (full) and FYM (half) + NPK (full) were allotted to sub plots . The results obtained from the experiment indicated that both cultivars and regimes have significant variations on growth and yield parameters of sponge gourd. In case of cultivars, minimum days to emergence (11.14 days), days to flowering (36.76 days), days to blooming (43.86 days) while maximum seed emergence (80.43 %), numbers of leaves plant-1 (45.87), leaf area (99.87 cm²), number of fruit plant-1 (7.94), fruit weight (289.20 g), fruit volume (193.84 cm³), yield plant-1 (2.42 kg) and total yield (12.09 t ha-1) were obtained by Jaipuri cultivar. While in case of manure regimes maximum vine length (465.50 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (49.13), leaf area (110.48 cm²), (14.09 cm), number of fruit plan-1 (9.25), yield plant-1 (3.35 kg), total yield (16.75 t ha-1) and minimum days to blooming (43.67 days) were recorded in the application of FYM (full) + NPK (full) while maximum fruit weight (361.28 g) and fruit volume (218.87 cm³) was noted on FYM (full) + NPK (half). From the experiment, it is concluded that FYM at the rate of 20 t ha-1 and NPK at 90: 60: 30 kg ha-1 can be used for better and higher yield of sponge gourd under the climatic conditions of Peshawar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pure TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simplistic eco-friendly green method using extract of cinnamon powder for the first time. The cinnamic acid present in the cinnamon works as the capping agent during the reaction. TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) which conformed the anatase phase TiO2 with average crystallite size 70.1 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs suggests that the particles exhibit spherical shapes and uniformly distributed over the surface with size range 70–150 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) shows the presence of oxygen and titanium peaks which confirmed the formation of TiO2 pure nanoparticles. From the UV–Vis spectroscopic studies the band gap comes out to be 3.2 eV which confirmed the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles. The optical properties have also been studied by PL that indicates the formation of oxygen vacancies and self-trapped excitons in the material. The samples showed the enhanced photocatalytic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen as a vehicular fuel has attracted extensive attention. However, the challenge of its storage extremely confined its applications. Current researchers are mostly focused on the development of porous nanomaterials having large specific surface areas for improving the gravimetric densities, which undoubtedly restrain the volumetric densities of hydrogen storage. Here, hexagonal GaN micro–sheets are reported for hydrogen storage. Compared with the porous nanostructures, the highly crystalline structure micro–sheets ensure the volumetric density of GaN. The adsorption and the insertion of the hydrogen atoms into the crystal lattice and Ga vacancies result in reversible gravimetric densities. GaN micro–sheets absorption results are comparable to porous nanomaterials and higher than many oxide and nitride materials. Furthermore, the role of Ga vacancies has been correlated with morphology and the absorption mechanism. Image 1 • Role of Gallium vacancies in GaN hexagonal micro-sheets for hydrogen storage. • Two‒dimensional (2D) diffusion model of kinetics modes best fitted on GaN micro-sheets. • Growth mechanism of two-dimensional (2D) micro-sheets is described. • Yellow band emission (Ga vacancies) at 553 nm is crucial for Hydrogen Storing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was undertaken for the evaluation of soil erosion using the semi-distributed basin scale SWAT model for four subcatchments of the Dhrabi River Catchment (DRC), which is located in the Pothwar Plateau region. Two subcatchments (catchment-25 and -31) are characterized by gullies while the other two (catchment-27 and -32) are managed with terraced landuse system. The performance of the model was satisfactory with coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.67 to 0.91 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) = 0.54 to 0.85 for both surface runoff and sediment yield during the calibration (2009-2010) and validation (2011) periods. The PUSLE factor was found to be the most sensitive parameter during model calibration. It was observed that all of the rainfall-runoff events occurred during the monsoon season (June to September). The estimated annual sediment loss ranged from 2.6 t/hm² to 31.1 t/hm² over the duration of the simulation period for the non-terraced catchments, in response to annual precipitation amounts that were between 194.8 mm to 579.3 mm. In contrast, the predicted annual sediment levels for the terraced catchments ranged from 0.52 t/hm² to 10.1 t/hm² due to similar precipitation amounts. The terraced catchments resulted in 4 to 5 times lower sediment yield as compared to non-terraced catchments. The results suggest that there is a huge potential for terraces to reduce soil erosion in the DRC specifically and Pothwar area generally, which have proven to be an efficient approach of establishing soil and water conservation structures in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Highly efficient and stable fullerene‐WO3 composites were prepared through hydrothermal method for photocatalytic applications and evolution of green hydrogen energy under visible light irradiation. The prepared nanostructures were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller, ultraviolet‐visible spectrometer, and photoluminescence spectroscopy to investigate morphological, structural, elemental composition, surface area, and optical properties of prepared samples. The presence of fullerene in WO3 could tune the morphology, crystallographic structure, and optical properties of the as‐prepared nanostructures. The highest photocatalytic activity was achieved at 4% fullerene contents; however, further increase in doping contents may lead to lower photocatalytic performance. The improved photocatalytic performance was attributed to 3 factors, namely, (1) higher surface area, (2) extended visible light region, and (3) inhibited recombination losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, visible light driven graphene-WO 3 (WG) photocatalysts have been synthesized through facile hydrothermal process for H 2 evolution through water splitting under visible light illumination. For comparison, neodymium-WO 3 nanostructure was also prepared. The as-synthesized composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, EDX, XPS, UV–vis absorption spectra and Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that WG-7 composite (7% graphene content into WO 3 ) had excellent photocatalytic performance (rate of H 2 evolution 288/µmol h −1 g −1 ) towards hydrogen production when compared to pristine WO 3 . It was also confirmed by optical analysis that incorporation of graphene into WO 3 and Nd-WO 3 photocatalysts prevented the electron-hole recombination and boosts the reduction reactions for H 2 evolution. PL emission spectra confirmed the effective charge-separation in graphene incorporated WO 3 composite. It was demonstrated that photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production increases with increasing doping content of graphene upto 7 at%. However, further increase in incorporated content above optimal level has decreased the photocatalytic performance of the composite. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of WG composites could be attributed to extended visible light absorption, high surface area and efficient charge-separation due to synergistic effects between graphene and WO 3 . This study gives a new perspective on the fabrication of novel photocatalyst for environmental and energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not be optimal, we explored the possibility of improving the HIV Env antibody response to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines by recruiting T helper cells induced by commonly used licensed vaccines to provide help for Envspecific B cells. B cells specific for the surface protein of a VLP can internalize the entire VLP and thus present peptides derived from the surface and core proteins on their major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. This allows T helper cells specific for the core protein to provide intrastructural help for B cells recognizing the surface protein. Consistently, priming mice with an adjuvanted Gag protein vaccine enhanced the HIV Env antibody response to subsequent booster immunizations with HIV VLPs. To harness T helper cells induced by the licensed Tetanolpur vaccines, HIV VLPs that contained T helper cell epitopes of tetanus toxoid were generated. Tetanol-immunized mice raised stronger antibody responses to immunizations with VLPs containing tetanus toxoid T helper cell epitopes but not to VLPs lacking these epitopes. Depending on the priming immunization, the IgG subtype response to HIV Env after the VLP immunization could also be modified. Thus, harnessing T helper cells induced by other vaccines appears to be a promising approach to improve the HIV Env antibody response to VLP vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The inspiring applications of the metal oxide nanoparticles are capturing the interest of researchers worldwide. Different physical and chemical methods are being adapted to synthesize these nanoparticles. The green synthesis is a fruitful emerging process that is environment friendly and low-cost as well. During the last decade, a plenty of work on green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles had been practiced. In this review, a compact data on the green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles from the plant extracts is summarized. This review will also mention the amendable features for the qualitative and quantitative enhancement in the product and the reliable application perspectives.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human, no studies are available regarding changes in kisspeptin1 receptor (KISS1R) sensitivity during pubertal transition. In this study, healthy boys were classified into 5 Tanner stages of puberty (n=5/stage). Human kisspeptin-10 was administered to boys at each Tanner stage and to adult men (n=5) as an IV bolus for comparison. Serial blood samples were collected for 30 min pre- and 120 min post-kisspeptin injection periods at 30 min interval for measuring plasma LH and testosterone levels. There was insignificant effect of kisspeptin on LH and testosterone levels in boys of Tanner stages I–III. At Tanner stage IV, the effect of kisspeptin on plasma LH was insignificant. However, a paired t-test on a log-transformed data showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in mean peak post-kisspeptin testosterone level. In Tanner stage V, a significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in mean post-kisspeptin peak LH level as compared to the mean basal LH value. Post-kisspeptin plasma testosterone levels were also significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to the pre-kisspeptin level in Tanner stage V. Our data suggest that sensitivity of KISS1R on GnRH neurons with reference to LH stimulation in boys develops during the later part of puberty reaching to adult level at Tanner stage V. This trial is registered with WHO International Clinical Trial Registration ID NCT03286517. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a variety of well defined, highly symmetrical, and nanostructures of WO3 based materials were successfully synthesized through facile hydrothermal method at different reaction time 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h respectively. The as synthesized samples were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, UV-Vis, and PL to investigate the morphology, purity and elemental composition of material, structural properties, surface area and optical properties respectively. SEM reveals that morphology of nanostructured materials have been significantly affected by varying the hydrothermal duration. XRD peaks show the monoclinic and hexagonal phase for a different reaction time, whereas EDX confirmed the purity of material. UV-Vis and PL confirmed the band edge position and high degradation rate. The as-prepared nanostructures also showed a very high specific surface area and proved an exceptional ability to eliminate organic pollutants. Experimental results showed that the efficient photocatalytic activity of methylene blue can be attributed to the carefully controlled hierarchical WO3 structures by modulating the surface morphology confirmed by PL and photocatalytic activity test as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation is an ambitious and cost effective technique used for decontamination and sanitization of the waste polluted water of environment. Hydrothermal method is used to synthesis the carbon coupled WO3 nanoparticles with different concentrations of carbon (0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) from precursor Na2WO4·2H2O with glucose and nitric acid. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, UV-Vis, and PL to study morphology, and particle size, composition, structural and optical properties, respectively. SEM revealed that morphology of the carbon coupled WO3 nanoparticles becomes spherical by increasing amount of coupled carbon atoms. The average grain size of the carbon doped nanoparticles is found to be 15-20 nm. Furthermore, size of nanoparticles affect the band gap of synthesized nanoparticles as well. It has also been observed that carbon coupled WO3 nanoparticles effectively take part in photo degradation due to reduction of electron-hole recombination rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in wastewater using visible light illumination is a green technology which requires efficient visible-light driven active catalytic material. For this, we have reported a novel visible light active Eu/WO 3 system with variation in europium contents (0, 2%, 4% and 6% Eu), which demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of various organic dyes including methylene blue (MB), methyl orange ((MO) and rhodamine B (RhB). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used for the characterization of nanostructures. The results showed that Eu has effective role in modifying the structural, morphological and optical properties of WO 3 photocatalyst. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance of WO 3 was improved due to incorporation of Eu. From results, it was seen that photocatalytic activity increases with increasing Eu concentration upto 4%, however, further increase in Eu concentration (6%) has decreased the performance under these condition for all dyes. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency could be attributed to suppressed recombination of charge carriers and enhanced visible light absorption and increased BET surface area due to Eu doping into WO 3 photocatalyst. The as-synthesized nanostructures will be considered as a promising photocatalytic materials for the future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on entrepreneurship education (EE) theory, this article examines the role of learning and inspiration in developing students' entrepreneurial intentions in the First Year in Higher Education. This addresses the paucity of research on early university experiences of EE and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Using a longitudinal survey of business students at a British university, the authors identify four scenarios related to the participation/non-participation in EE and subsequent increase or decrease of entrepreneurial intentions. A sub-set of those surveyed are interviewed (n = 49) to better understand how their university experience has influenced their entrepreneurial intentions. Findings suggest that the influence of EE is variable, in some cases even leading to a decrease in entrepreneurial intentions. The results contribute to theories of EE and intentions in the early stages of higher education. The authors discuss implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this study were to compare the serum chemistry and hematology values of wild and semi-natural free-ranging Yangtze Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis) populations and to ascertain how these values change with the different environmental condition. For this study, samples were collected from 81 YFPs, 35 living in the wild and 46 living in a semi-natural reserve. Each population was divided into 8 life history categories; Male Calf, Female Calf, Juvenile Male, Juvenile Female, Adult Male, Pregnant, Lactating and Pregnant plus Lactating. Statistically significant differences in the various parameters were observed in the same life history categories for both populations. Generally, Lipid Profile, Hepatic Enzymes, Creatine Kinase, Red Blood Cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Neutrophils were significantly higher in the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow population while, Creatinine, Phosphate, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Bilirubin and Lymphocytes were significantly higher in the Poyang Lake YFPs. Across the groups in the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow population, a significant decrease in serum Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcium, while a significant increase in the Neutrophils and Platelets was observed. Similarly, in the Poyang Lake, Alkaline Phosphatase levels in the Female Calves group, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Lactating group, basophil counts in Pregnant plus Lactating group, lymphocytes counts in Juvenile Females group and Globulin and Total Protein levels in Pregnant group were significantly higher. This study in health assessments can help us to understand the effect of sex, age, reproductive status and environmental conditions on the well-being of Yangtze Finless Porpoises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High quality square shaped GaN nano-rods are successfully synthesized by a novel method of precursors pretreatment with aqueous NH 3 via CVD method at 1300 °C. The pre-treatment effect significantly enhanced the conductivities, carrier concentrations and mobilities in GaN nanorods. GaN nanowires have also been synthesized at 1300 °C without treating precursors with aqueous NH 3. Diameter of the nanorods and nanowires are measured in the range of 100-200 nm whereas length is in tenth of microns. Room temperature PL analysis of GaN nanowires displayed a high intensity near-band-edge emission at 370 nm with week blue emission. The GaN square nanorods exhibited the yellow band emission at 565 nm vanishing the weak blue emission along with the near-band-edge emission at 369 nm indicating their potential applications in optoelectronics. The carrier concentrations (N d) are calculated to be 3.65–5.25 × 1016 cm−3 and 2.25∼5.88 × 1018 cm−3 for nanowires and nanorods respectively. The electron mobilities (μ) calculated for the GaN nanowires were in the range of 200∼300 cm2/Vs where as for the nanorods were 154∼625 cm2/Vs. The high quality GaN nanorods building blocks with high conductivities, career densities and mobilities will be a tremendous breakthrough in low voltage operating nano-devices. • Square shaped GaN NRs pre-treated with aqueous NH 3 have been synthesized. • N d for pre-treated square shape GaN NRs was 2.25∼5.88 × 1018cm−3. • Strong PL emission peak at 369 nm was measured for pre-treated NRs. • Yellow peak at 565 nm was observed attributed to Ga vacancies in NRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is home to three of the world's largest mountain ranges in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), where the majority of Pakistan's water resources are located: the Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush. This work estimated the (snow+glacier) and rainfall runoff from one of the major tributaries, the Gilgit River, nestled within the UIB of Pakistan. The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) derived by the cryospheric data from the MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) was employed to predict the daily discharges of the Gilgit. The SRM was successfully calibrated, and the simulation was undertaken from 2005 to 2010, with a coefficient of model efficiency ranging from 0.84-0.94. The average contributions of (snow+glacier) and rainfall to the stream flows of the Gilgit from 2001-10 were 78.35% and 21.65%, respectively, derived from the SRM. The representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 were used to investigate the effects of the changes in temperature on climate of the Gilgit catchment. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the air temperature of Gilgit will increase by 3°C, whereas the increase in precipitation will be minor. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario (overshooting scenario), air temperature will increase by 10.7°C, whereas precipitation will decrease between 2010 and the end of the 21st century in the Gilgit catchment. The application of the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 mean temperature scenarios in the SRM suggested that with increases in mean temperature of 3.02ºC and 10.7ºC, respectively, the average annual runoff in the Gilgit will increase by 67.03 and 177.5%, respectively, compared with the observed runoff by the end of the 21st century. This increased surface runoff from snow/glacier melt can potentially be utilized by planning new storage areas at appropriate locations to harness additional water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is home to three of the world's largest mountain ranges in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), where the majority of Pakistan's water resources are located: the Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush. This work estimated the (snow+glacier) and rainfall runoff from one of the major tributaries, the Gilgit River, nestled within the UIB of Pakistan. The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) derived by the cryospheric data from the MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) was employed to predict the daily discharges of the Gilgit. The SRM was successfully calibrated, and the simulation was undertaken from 2005 to 2010, with a coefficient of model efficiency ranging from 0.84-0.94. The average contributions of (snow+glacier) and rainfall to the stream flows of the Gilgit from 2001-10 were 78.35% and 21.65%, respectively, derived from the SRM. The representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 were used to investigate the effects of the changes in temperature on climate of the Gilgit catchment. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the air temperature of Gilgit will increase by 3°C, whereas the increase in precipitation will be minor. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario (overshooting scenario), air temperature will increase by 10.7°C, whereas precipitation will decrease between 2010 and the end of the 21st century in the Gilgit catchment. The application of the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 mean temperature scenarios in the SRM suggested that with increases in mean temperature of 3.02°C and 10.7°C, respectively, the average annual runoff in the Gilgit will increase by 67.03 and 177.5%, respectively, compared with the observed runoff by the end of the 21st century. This increased surface runoff from snow/glacier melt can potentially be utilized by planning new storage areas at appropriate locations to harness additional water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of the optical and electrical characteristics is essential to get advanced performance from one dimensional (1D) material. Here, we report the first synthesis of a single crystalline Te-doped CdS nanowires (NWs) by a chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) method. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that Te concentration plays an important role in tuning emission color from orange to infrared (IR). Decrease in bandgap and PL intensity with increase in Te concentration was observed as compared to undoped CdS NWs. Red and IR emissions were found at 736.5 and 881 nm for doping concentration >6.06%. To our best knowledge, IR emission band has been observed for the first time in CdS NWs. Red-shift of LO phonon mode and its overtone in Raman spectra, and lifetime of red and IR emissions are longer than bandgap of host indicating the doping effect of CdS NWs. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the Te-doped CdS NWs further confirms the presence of Te in the CdS NWs. Output characteristics confirm enhanced output current I ds with the increase in doping concentration. A possible growth mechanism was proposed. Doping technique offers to develop high-quality, a very stable, effective, and easily-applicable way to enhance the performance of one dimensional optoelectronic devices and solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent era, due to tremendous advancement in industrialization, pollution and other anthropogenic activities have created a serious scenario for biota survival. It has been reported that present biota is entering a “sixth” mass extinction, because of chronic exposure to anthropogenic activities. Various ex situ and in situ measures have been adopted for conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animal species; however, these have been limited due to various discrepancies associated with them. Current advancement in molecular technologies, especially, genomics, is playing a very crucial role in biodiversity conservation. Advance genomics helps in identifying the segments of genome responsible for adaptation. It can also improve our understanding about microevolution through a better understanding of selection, mutation, assertive matting, and recombination. Advance genomics helps in identifying genes that are essential for fitness and ultimately for developing modern and fast monitoring tools for endangered biodiversity. This review article focuses on the applications of advanced genomics mainly demographic, adaptive genetic variations, inbreeding, hybridization and introgression, and disease susceptibilities, in the conservation of threatened biota. In short, it provides the fundamentals for novice readers and advancement in genomics for the experts working for the conservation of endangered plant and animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1–7 wt % Mo-doped NiO nanostructures are fabricated by using facile hydrothermal route. • Novel Mo-doped NiO nanowires (MoNi-5 NWs) have shown optimized electrochemical behavior. • First time as prepared Mo-doped NiO nanowires have shown a highest specific capacitance (1096.64F/g) and an excellent charge retention (80.95 %). • A good capacitance retention (79.7 % even after 3000 CV cycles) and ideal coulombic efficiency (92.20 %) is also delivered by these novel nanowires. To cope with energy crises occurred owe to over-consumption in the domain of industrial and domestic, researchers are focusing to design some efficient energy storage devices specially supercapacitors. Here, Mo-doped NiO nanowires based electrode material for supercapacitors have been fabricated. XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, BET and XPS studies revealed the successful growth and doping of molybdenum in nickel oxide. Their corresponding CV studies revealed that among the 1-7 wt% Mo-doped NiO nanomaterials, the 5 wt% Mo-doped NiO nanomaterial showed highest value of CV (1096.64 Fg−1). GCD studies showed an excellent change retention (80.95 %) and EIS exhibited highly conductive nature. The capacitance of 5 wt% Mo-doped NiO sample is 874.02 Fg−1 after 3000 cycles, which is 79.7% retention and coulombic efficiency at the end of 3000th cycle is 92.20%. On the basis of these above-mentioned abilities, this best sample is proposed to be used for practically application for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envelope curves developed by plotting the largest flood peaks versus the catchment area can be used in estimating peak flood discharges. This study, therefore, provides a basic understanding of the relationship between the basin area and the peak flood. Envelope curve developed for Indus and Jhelum River basins is obtained by using the recent data as well, can be used for the estimation of peak flood discharge that has occurred in the specific region within these catchments and compared with the curve for Danube River basin. This work is also helpful for the improvement of flood frequency analysis at high return periods. Purpose of this work is deriving an upper bounds and to use them in the distribution function. By this approach, the estimation of discharge for higher return periods seems to provide more realistic discharge estimation for higher return periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs in all races and cultures, and population-related differences in frequency may provide etiological clues. The present study was designed to explore the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in Pakistan, the world's sixth most populous country, for which no published prevalence data are available. Methods: We conducted a three-phase door-to-door survey in two districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, to assess the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in a sample of 4,000 individuals aged 50 years and above. Results: We identified 14 cases of Parkinsonism, eleven with a diagnosis of idiopathic PD. The overall prevalence estimates were 1.7/100 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-2.46) for Parkinsonism and 1.28/100 (95% CI: 0.6-1.94) for PD in persons aged 65 years and above. The age-standardized prevalence of PD (aged 65 years and above), normalized to the USA population in 2000, was 1.33/100, which is similar to that observed in other human populations. Of the total 14 cases, five were newly diagnosed and four had a family history of PD. Conclusion: The estimated prevalence rates in Pakistan are similar to those observed in other human populations. The frequency of familial Parkinsonism is also equivalent to previous estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women empowerment has remained a long standing issue for practitioners and policy makers at all levels even in the present modern known era of modernization. The basic objective of this study is to assess gender equality in the top sphere of the SAARC key governmental institutions from the recruitment and selection perspective. This study has used secondary data collected from the official websites of the governments and its affiliated key institutions. The unique feature of this study is that it analyzes gender inequality phenomena form the recruitment and selection perspective. An extensive gap has been identified between male and female top executives serving in key government institutions, which is not only a serious challenge for the global gender equality policy but also a serious question on government gender selection polices in the region. The notion of male dominance clearly prevails in the current scenario of the gender representation in government institutions, which remains a serious challenge for the gender equality. It has been concluded that a special focus is needed to prioritize the selection mechanism for females in top power structure of these governments especially in SAARC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily rainfall data of Gujjar khan for a period of 30 years (1961-1990) were collected from Pakistan meteorological department (PMD), Lahore. Annual maximum one day precipitation was sorted from the precipitation data to compute the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for 1-day duration. The Hershfield technique and Gumble distribution of extreme values were used for the estimation of 1-day probable maximum precipitation based on frequency factor. The frequency factor was used to compute for 1-day PMP values in the study area. The PMP for Gujjar khan was estimated to be 357.39 mm and the ratio of the 1-day PMP to highest 1-day precipitation was 1.19. The maximum 1-day precipitation for different return periods 2, 5 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years were also estimated. The estimated maximum rainfall and PMP values could be useful in designing of soil and water conservation practices, design of small dams in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily rainfall data of Gujjar khan for a period of 30 years (1961-1990) were collected from Pakistan meteorological department (PMD), Lahore. Annual maximum one day precipitation was sorted from the precipitation data to compute the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for 1-day duration. The Hershfield technique and Gumble distribution of extreme values were used for the estimation of 1-day probable maximum precipitation based on frequency factor. The frequency factor was used to compute for 1-day PMP values in the study area. The PMP for Gujjar khan was estimated to be 357.39 mm and the ratio of the 1-day PMP to highest 1-day precipitation was 1.19. The maximum 1-day precipitation for different return periods 2, 5 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years were also estimated. The estimated maximum rainfall and PMP values could be useful in designing of soil and water conservation practices, design of small dams in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic objective of this study was to analyze the enforcement of the international conventions particularly (CEDAW) 1979 and UN Beijing Platform 1995 which stresses gender equality in all the decision making levels across the globe and discuss them in the light of earlier findings related to selection mechanism. Data was collected from the official websites of the G8 pulse China and Australia, the advanced and most powerful countries of the international comity. This study has identified that gender equality in the top public management institution a major issue for the implementation of international conventions of equal gender in all decision making levels. It has been concluded that the major cause of the gender inequality in the top governmental management is the selection mechanism that reflects poor will of the most effective world's powerful government to formulate such public policies that may encourage and promote gender selection both at regional and international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explain our use of photodynamic diagnostic ureterorenoscopy, we provide a detailed description of the choice of photosensitiser, equipment needed, a safety profile, and pointers on our technique. Technique: Patients are given oral 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) as a photosensitiser 3-4 h pre-operatively, and by using a Xenon blue light source, an eyepiece which blocks light below 450 nm which is fitted onto the ureterorenoscope, we are able to conduct a thorough photodiagnosis of the upper urinary tract. Conclusion: Our technique of photodynamic diagnostic ureterorenoscopy has shown that the sensitivity, specificity and detection rates of upper urinary tract lesions can be significantly increased with the use of oral 5-ALA. Therefore, we provide a detailed explanation of the use of oral 5-ALA photosensitiser, indications and contraindications of the technique in addition to equipment used and potential complications of the procedures. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study determinants of neonatal mortality among newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care unit Adama, Ethiopia: A case-control study I read with interest the publication entitled "Study Determinants of Neonatal Mortality among Newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Adama, Ethiopia." Study determinants of neonatal mortality among newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care unit Adama, Ethiopia; A case control study. [Extracted from the article]