Search

Abstract Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemical compounds used in food packaging, so it can migrate from the packaging into food. Also, environmental pollution of this compound is high due to its high use. Therefore, it may enter food chains through the environment. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is one of the common mycotoxins in milk. Its presence has been reported worldwide. Infant formula is an alternative to human milk. The main ingredient of this product is cow’s milk. Aims This study aimed to investigate the levels and risk assessment of BPA and aflatoxin M1 in infant formula. Methods Samples were purchased from 7 leading brands of infant formula in pharmacies. The samples were extracted according to common protocols and then injected into HPLC and analyzed with a fluorescence detector for both contaminants. Results BPA wasn’t detected in infant formula samples, but the presence of AFM1was confirmed in 11% of the samples. Of course, there is no risk in this regard with the risk assessment. Conclusion Infant formula samples are not of concern for infants in terms of BPA and aflatoxin M1. However, continuous monitoring is recommended for this product.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics, which has risks for human health. This study aimed to investigate BPA contents in canned fruit and vegetable samples using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, health risks were assessed for Iranian adults and children using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean concentration of BPA in canned samples of lentils, apricots, cherries, pineapples, eggplant stew, and green peas was 21.87, 4.52, 3.92, 1.86, 1.67 and 1.62 µg/kg, respectively. The level of BPA in the samples was within the standard level. The pH value in canned fruits varied from 3.6 to 4.7 (mean = 4.15) and in canned vegetables from 4.3 to 5.9 (mean = 5.21). The mean sugar content was 41.42% (ranged 38–48%), and the mean fat value was 24.234% (ranged 24.7–48%). The 95th percentile EDI values of BPA in canned fruit for adults and children were 6.12E-08, and 2.16E-07 mg/kg bw/day; and in canned vegetables were 1.78E-07, and 6.26E-07 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 95th percentile THQ values in canned fruit for adults and children were 1.48E-06 and 5.24E-06, and in canned vegetables were 3.56E-06 and 1.27E-05, respectively, and HQ was less than 1. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the contents of BPA in canned fruits and vegetables do not pose a safety concern for consumers in Iran.

The goal of present work is to examine the efficiency of aminated-chitosan/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (AmCs/NiFe2O4 NPs) produced for removing Ponceau 4R (P4R) from fruit juice through an adsorption process. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques. The modeling of results was done using least squares (LS) and Radial basis function-artificial neural network (RBF-ANN). The optimum removal of P4R (91.43 %) was obtained at the following optimum conditions: pH 4.47, adsorbent dosage 0.047 g/L, contact time approximately 57.78 min, and initial concentration P4R 26.89 mg/L. The highest adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 208.33 mg g−1. The P4R adsorption mostly followed the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order isotherm kinetic models. Both LS-based models and RBF-ANN provided good predictions for independent variables. The dye elimination efficacy for juice samples were approximately 90.34 %. Therefore, based on the obtained results, it can be claimed that the prepared AmCs/NiFe2O4 NPs can be used to remove P4R.

Exposure to xenoestrogens through food is a significant concern. These compounds have estrogen-like activity and lead to cell proliferation. In this study, MCF-7 cells were utilized for bioassay tests and evaluation of cell proliferation of extracts prepared from canned tuna fish. First, a pre-screening using the MTT test was done with the solid and liquid parts of the canned tuna fish. It was observed that the proliferation of cells in the solid part of canned tuna cans actually occurs in tuna meat. Therefore, this portion of canned tuna fish was selected for further studies. The binding affinity with ERα and ERβ receptors was determined through RT-qPCR, and the extract was analyzed via mass spectrometry to identify estrogenic components. The study revealed an increased cell proliferation rate upon treatment with the canned tuna fish extract. 17β-estradiol was considered as positive control. The cell proliferation rate ranged from 27 % to 36.6 % compared to 17β-estradiol. Both ERα and ERβ receptors of MCF-7 cells were stimulated almost equally in the sample extract group. Mass spectrometry analysis identified bisphenol A(BPA) and other estrogenic compounds such as phytoestrogens, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, natural and synthetic estrogen hormones. Our findings emphasize the necessity of using a combination of bioassay tests and analytical methods to carefully manage and evaluate the combined estrogenic effects of components in food samples.

Abstract This study aimed to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite composed of magnetic chitosan/molybdenum disulfide (CS/MoS2/Fe3O4) for the removal of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—pyrene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. Novelty was introduced through the innovative synthesis procedure and the utilization of magnetic properties for enhanced adsorption capabilities. Additionally, the greenness of chitosan as a sorbent component was emphasized, highlighting its biodegradability and low environmental impact compared to traditional sorbents. Factors influencing PAH adsorption, such as nanocomposite dosage, initial PAH concentration, pH, and contact time, were systematically investigated and optimized. The results revealed that optimal removal efficiencies were attained at an initial PAH concentration of 150 mg/L, a sorbent dose of 0.045 g, pH 6.0, and a contact time of 150 min. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited superior fitting to the experimental data, indicating an equilibrium time of approximately 150 min. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model, with kf and n values exceeding 7.91 mg/g and 1.20, respectively. Remarkably, the maximum absorption capacities for phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene on the sorbent were determined as 217 mg/g, 204 mg/g, and 222 mg/g, respectively. These findings underscore the significant potential of the CS/MoS2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for efficiently removing PAHs from milk and other dairy products, thereby contributing to improved food safety and public health.

The numerous strategies have been conducted worldwide to mitigate the presence of these hazardous toxins. In this systematic study, these researches are summarized. The search of this study was done with keywords aflatoxin M1, AFM1, reduce, decrease, mitigation, prevent, prevention, and milk in databases without a time limit. A total of 49 manuscripts were carefully reviewed, and their data were extracted. Some interventions focused on modifying animal rations, aiming to reduce AFM1 in milk. Some were applied directly to the animals. In this method, which was done more than other research interventions, some toxin binders are used as feed additives. The third type of intervention consisted of measures that were taken directly on the milk itself. Among the three types of interventions, the use of toxin binders in animal feed was more practical and effective.

The objective of current research was to measure the amount of acrylamide in falafel samples by GC–MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) technique. The results presented, the average amount of acrylamide in falafel samples was 1.23 ± 0.83 mg/kg (ranged from 0.12 to 3.75 mg/kg). Also, the results showed lower temperature and frying with electric oven and low oil, reduces the average formation of acrylamide (0.73 ± 0.42 mg/kg), while frying at high temperature and frying with gas and immersion in edible oil, increases the average amount of acrylamide formation (1.72 ± 0.86 mg/kg). The highest and lowest average amount of acrylamide was observed in falafel cooked with canola oil (1.57 ± 0.96 mg/kg) and cooked with soybean oil (0.92 ± 0.32 mg/kg), respectively. Based on the MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) results, the THQ (Target Hazard Quotient) and ILCR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) related to exposure to acrylamide via commercial falafel for adults were 2.72E-2 and 2.77E-5; and for children were 9.69E-2 and 9.25E-5, respectively. Therefore, there doesn't a significant health risk from falafel consumption.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on human social and economic structures, making it one of the most significant crises of the 21st century. The production and consumption of energy sources, such as electricity, oil, and gas, have also been affected by the pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy consumption.Methods: This study presents a systematic review of the impact of the coronavirus on energy consumption. Initially, relevant keywords were selected, and a systematic search of studies was conducted in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect from 2020 to May 2022. Following screening, articles meeting the eligibility criteria were included in the study.Results: Through this systematic review, a total of 19,551 studies were identified, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria. All included studies investigated electricity consumption, while two studies focused on gas and fuel consumption, and only one study examined heating oil consumption. The most significant decreases in electricity, natural gas, and transportation fuel consumption were 55.4%, 32.4%, and 75.9%, respectively. On the other hand, heating oil consumption saw an increase of 12%.Conclusion: The results of this systematic review indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced energy consumption across various sectors, including electricity, transportation fuel, and natural gas, leading to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. However, some studies reported an increase in electricity consumption in the residential sector due to prolonged periods of staying at home and remote work during quarantine.

Abstract The present study of a novel metal–organic framework containing Fe single atoms doped on electrospun carbon nanofibers (Fe SA-MOF@CNF) based on dispersive micro solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) using HPLC–PDA for detection tartrazine in fake saffron samples was designed. The Fe SA-MOF@CNF sorbent was extensively characterized through various techniques including N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The specific area of surface of the sorbent was 577.384 m2/g. The study variables were optimized via the central composite design (CCD), which included a sorbent mass of 15 mg, a contact time of 6 min, a pH of 7.56, and a tartrazine concentration of 300 ng/ml. Under the optimum condition, the calibration curve of this method was linear in the range of 5–1000 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.992. The LOD and LOQ values were ranged 0.38–0.74 and 1.34–2.42 ng/ml, respectively. This approach revealed significant improvements, including high extraction recovery (98.64), recovery rates (98.43–102.72%), and accuracy (RSDs

Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widespread and seriously threatens public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate AFB1 in imported hazelnut samples in northwest of Iran (Eastern Azerbaijan Province) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescent Detector (HPLC-FLD). In all tested samples AFB1 was detected. The mean concentration of AFB1 was 4.20 μg/kg and ranged from 3.145 to 8.13 μg/kg. All samples contained AFB1 levels within the maximum acceptable limit except for one sample. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment of AFB1 from consuming imported hazelnuts by Iranian children and adults was evaluated based on the margin of exposure (MoE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. The MoE mean for children was 2529.76, while for adults, it was 8854.16, indicating a public health concern. The present study found that the risk of developing liver cancer among Iranian children was 0.11100736 per 100,000 people, and in the Iranian adult population was 0.0314496 cancers per 100,000 people. Since environmental conditions potentially affect aflatoxin levels in nuts, countries are advised to monitor aflatoxin contents in imported nuts, especially from countries with a conducive climate for mold growth.

This study investigate the impacts of 3D printing technology on safety indicators in plant-based burgers. Experiments were performed in the refrigerator on days 0, 5, 7, 12, and 14 and at room temperature at 0, 24, and 96 h after printing. On days 7 and 12 in the refrigerator, PTC of printed samples was significantly higher than conventional. On day 1, the printed sample had higher pH, but on the other days, the pH decreased and no significant difference was reported. TVBN showed a significant (p

Abstract Due to the characteristics of electrospun nanofibers (NFs), they are considered a suitable substrate for the adsorption and removal of heavy metals. Electrospun nanofibers are prepared based on optimized polycaprolactone (PCL, 12 wt%) and polyacrylic acid (PAA, 1 wt%) polymers loaded with graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO NPs, 1 wt%). The morphological, molecular interactions, crystallinity, thermal, hydrophobicity, and biocompatibility properties of NFs are characterized by spectroscopy (scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis), contact angle, and MTT tests. Finally, the adsorption efficacy of NFs to remove lead (Pb2+) from water and apple juice samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The average diameter for PCL, PCL/PAA, and PCL/PAA/GO NFs was 137, 500, and 216 nm, respectively. Additionally, the contact angle for PCL, PCL/PAA, and PCL/PAA/GO NFs was obtained at 74.32º, 91.98º, and 94.59º, respectively. The cytotoxicity test has shown non-toxicity for fabricated NFs against the HUVEC endothelial cell line by more than 80% survival during 72 h. Under optimum conditions including pH (= 6), temperature (25 °C), Pb concentration (25 to 50 mg/L), and time (15 to 30 min), the adsorption efficiency was generally between 80 and 97%. The adsorption isotherm model of PCL/PAA/GO NFs in the adsorption of lead metal follows the Langmuir model, and the reaction kinetics follow the pseudo-second-order. PCL/PA/GO NFs have shown adsorption of over 80% in four consecutive cycles. The adsorption efficacy of NFs to remove Pb in apple juice has reached 76%. It is appropriate and useful to use these nanofibers as a high-efficiency adsorbent in water and food systems based on an analysis of their adsorption properties and how well they work.

Abstract Analysis of food additives is highly significant in the food industry and directly related to human health. This investigation into the removal efficiency of sunset yellow as an azo dye in fruit juices using Chitosan-nickel ferrite nanoparticles (Cs@NiFe2O4 NPs). The nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The effective parameters for removing sunset yellow were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the highest removal efficiency (94.90%) was obtained for the initial dye concentration of 26.48 mg L−1 at a pH of 3.87, a reaction time of 67.62 min, and a nanoparticle dose of 0.038 g L−1. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model had a better fit for experimental data (R2 = 0.98) than the other kinetic models. The equilibrium adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 212.766 mg g−1. The dye removal efficiency achieved for industrial and traditional fruit juice samples (91.75% and 93.24%), respectively, confirmed the method's performance, feasibility, and efficiency. The dye adsorption efficiency showed no significant decrease after five recycling, indicating that the sorbent has suitable stability in practical applications. variousThe synthesized nanoparticles can be suggested as an efficient sorbent to remove the sunset yellow dye from food products.

Abstract A novel nanomagnet modified with nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) coated with hybrid chitosan (Cs–NiFe2O4) was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The resulting nanomagnets were characterized using various techniques. The size of the nanomagnetic particles was estimated to be about 40 nm based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) pattern (using the Debye–Scherrer equation). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated that the surface of Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs is flatter and smoother than the uncoated NiFe2O4 NPs. According to value stream mapping (VSM) analysis, the magnetization value of Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs (17.34 emu/g) was significantly lower than NiFe2O4 NPs (40.67 emu/g). The Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs indicated higher antibacterial properties than NiFe2O4 NPs and Cs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs against S. aureus and E. coli were 128 and 256 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activity (evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging test) for NiFe2O4 NPs and Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs at the concentration of 100 µg/mL were 35% and 42%, respectively. Consequently, the synthesized Cs–NiFe2O4 NPs can be proposed as a viable material for biomedical applications.

Background: Heavy metals are considered significant threats to public health, and they can accumulate in different parts of chickens, which are popular and affordable protein sources for the Iranian people. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the concentration of seven heavy metals, encompassing arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), in 150 samples of chicken meat, liver, and gizzard in Tehran, Iran, using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Furthermore, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with consuming these metals in chicken tissue were assessed. Results: The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the meat were 0.03, 0.008, 0.007, 0.008, 0.49, 6.15, 4.2 mg.kg−1, in the liver, 0.03, 0.058, 0.011, 0.028, 4.81, 120.02, 17.95 mg.kg−1, and in the gizzard, 0.019, 0.018, 0.0072, 0.011, 1.22, 24.25, 14.36 mg.kg−1, respectively. The highest metal contents were found in the liver. The lowest amounts of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn were found in the meat, and the minimum contents of Pb were detected in the gizzard. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values in 100 % of cases were less than one and at an acceptable level. In 54 % of cases, cancer risk (CR) values were higher than 10−4 and unacceptable. Conclusions: Chicken consumption by adults and children may pose a significant health risk, and heavy metal monitoring in other protein sources is necessary for human safety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of whey coating containing dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oil nanoliposome on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Treatments comprise: sample without coating (control), coating containing whey, coating containing whey with essential oil (whey-EO) and coating containing whey with nano EO (whey-NEO). The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and the encapsulation efficiency were ranged from 142 to 159 nm, −16.3 to −11.7 mV, 0.79 to 0.88 Mw/Mn and 45.85–70.01 %, respectively. Microbial analysis, after 21 days, the maximum and minimum of TVC (total viable counts), TPC (total psychrophilic counts) and LAB (lactic acid bacteria) counts were related to control (8.16 for TVC, 8.46 for TPC and 7.7 log CFU/g for LAB) and whey + NEO (7 for TVC, 7.3 for TPC and 6.16 log CFU/g for LAB), respectively. Also, results of pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) after 21 days were ranged from 6.3 (whey-NEO) to 7.5 (control), from 11.5(whey-NEO) to 20.9 mEq/Kg (control), from 5.23(whey-NEO) to 8.34 mg MDA/kg (control) and from 22.5 (whey-NEO) to 37 mg N/100 g (control), respectively. Finally, in all sensory evaluation items (texture, off-odor, discoloration and red color), the best result after 21 days was related to whey-NEO (score = 1). Consequently, the edible coating comprising whey and nanoliposome of EO could be effective to the maintenance of fish's microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory properties.

Background and Objective: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds with high carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. This study aims to investigate the amount of 16 of these compounds in different types of canned fish. Materials and Methods: In this research, first, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were magnetized by the MSPE method, and then the synthesized composite was used to extract PAHs from the matrix of canned fish samples. Finally, the concentration of each of these compounds was measured by GC-MS. Results: The results of this research showed that the highest average amount of total PAHs and PAH4 were 20.22±5.29 and 6.07±1.41 μg/kg, respectively. Also, the highest average amount of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) found in all samples was 1.34±0.41 μg/kg, which was lower than the existing standards (EU standard for BaP in fish is 2 μg/kg). The amount of these compounds in different types of canned fish were as follows: canned in olive oil > canned with dill > simple canned fish > canned in salt water. And finally, the amount of these compounds in brand A was higher than in other brands. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research and since the total average of each of these compounds is lower than the existing standards in different types of canned fish, it can be said that there is no danger to the consumers.

One of the most popular products made from fruit is juice, which is consumed as a snack by people of all ages due to its high content of polyphenols and vitamins. Therefore, the prevalence of adulteration in juices is very high, and ensuring the authenticity and quality of juices is a major concern for those responsible for monitoring food safety for the public. The most common frauds in fruit juices include adding water, sugar, organic acids, and other juices clouding agents and exceeding the permitted amount of sulfites. Having knowledge of the types of fraud in fruit juices and their detection methods is essential for developing more efficient detection methods. Chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), are commonly used to determine the purity of fruit juices. Among the new methods for detecting counterfeit fruit juice, the development of bio-nanosensors is particularly notable. These sensors reduce sample volume, analytical time, costs, and solvent consumption and will be discussed further in this study. Therefore, this review will explain the basic analytical approaches and chemometric tools used to assess the authenticity of fruit juice and identify any adulteration in the juice.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants containing chlorine, which can be carcinogenic to humans. The current research focused on the heart risk and determination of PCBs levels in canned foods using the modified QuEChERS (fast, easy, cheap, effective, resistant and safe) method and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. In this study, LOD (limit of detection), LOQ (limit of quantification), and recovery ranged from 0.06 to 0.32, 0.18 to 1.07 ng/g, and 97.05 to 102.5 %, respectively. In canned foods, the highest median of PCBs was PCB 52 (0.27 ± 0.20 ng/g fat) and the lowest median were PCB 28 and 138 (not detected in samples). Also, the maximum median of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180 were detected in eggplant samples (0.06 ng/g), haricot samples (0.49 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.36 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.19 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.11 ng/g) and lentiform samples (0.66 ng/g), respectively. The median PCBs levels of oral exposure were estimated to be in the range of 9.80E-07to 4.30E-05 ng/g.d for all population groups, which were meaningfully lesser than the Tolerable daily intake value. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) outcomes indicated that the rank order of PCBs in adults based on incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was Lentiform (7.05E-8) > canned fish (5.73E-8) > Eggplant (5.38E-8) > Haricot (4.33E-8) > pasta source (2.06E-8); and in children was Lentiform (3.40E-7) > canned fish (2.72E-7) > Eggplant (2.44E-7) > Haricot (2.06E-7) > pasta source (9.83E-8). The median values of the ILCR induced oral exposure for all groups were within safe limits (lower than 10−6). The heat map and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) showed significantly different contributions of PCBs profile in samples as the PCA axis scores were correlated with the type of cans. Based on the obtained outcomes, it can be concluded that the PCBs of canned food do not potential health risks to Iranian consumers.

The objective of current research was to prepare a new biodegradable coating containing chitosan (Ch) and zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) (free and Pickering emulsion (PEO) forms), in order to enhance the Salmo trutta shelf life. Our results showed, the mean of films thickness, mechanical properties (elastic modulus (EM) and tensile strength (TS) analysis) and WVP in different treatments were ranged from 0.103 ± 0.003 (for Ch) to 0.109 ± 0.003 (for Ch-PEO (2.5 %)) µm for thickness, from 3.2 ± 1.6 (for Ch) to 8.15 ± 2.3 (for Ch-EO) MPa for EM, from 1.3 ± 0.5 (for Ch-EO) to 1.6 ± 0.06 (for Ch) Mpa for TS and from 0.1 ± 0.02 (for Ch) to 0.8 ± 0.05 (for Ch-EO) (×10 − 11(g m/m2 s Pa) for WVP. In current research, the lowest and highest total viable counts (TVC) was related to Ch-PEO (1.7 log CFU/g) and control treatments (4.65 log CFU/g). The lowest and highest of pH was related to the Ch-PEO (6.45) and the control (7.1), the lowest and highest of PV (peroxide value) was related to Ch-PEO (0.34 meq/kg) and control treatment (1.37 meq/kg), the lowest and highest of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was related to Ch-PEO (0.37 mg/kg) and control treatment (2.23 mg/kg) and also the lowest and highest of TVB-N (total volatile base nitrogen) was related to Ch-PEO (17.7 mg) and control (59 mg). Also, Ch-PEO showed the best sensory properties after sixteen days. Among all the treatments in all the tests, the best maintenance property was related to the Ch-PEO, therefore, chitosan coatings containing ZM Pickering emulsion should be considered as a potential active coating in the fish industry.

The goal of research was to investigate the impact of nanoliposome and free forms of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) essential oil (EO) on sensory, chemical and microbial properties of minced camel meat during storage at 4 °C. In our investigation, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were inoculated into minced camel meat. The outcomes expressed the zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index and efficiency of encapsulation of prepared nanoliposome were −17.5 mV to −12.8 mV, 143 to 158 nm, 0.77 ± 0.05 to 0.86 ± 0.07 Mw/Mn and 50.26–67.28 %, respectively. Also, according to the microbial analysis, the MIC of EO and nanoliposome-EO (N-EO) for E.coli was 25 ± 2.5 and 25 ± 2.1 mg/mL, respectively, and for L. monocytogenes was 12.5 ± 2.1 and 12.5 ± 2.1 mg/mL, respectively, and the MBC of EO and N-EO for L. monocytogenes was 50 ± 3.1 and 50 ± 3.2 mg/mL, respectively, and for E. coli was 50 ± 2.2 and 50 ± 2.2 mg/mL, respectively. The highest of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were detected in the BHT 200 (94.7 ± 2.7 and 95.6 ± 3.2, respectively) and lowest of them were detected NEO1% (33.7 ± 12.2 and 22.37 ± 0.22, respectively). After 18 days, the minimum value of pH was identified in the N-EO 2 % group incubated with L. monocytogenes (with pH = 6.9) and E. coli (with pH = 6.87). Furthermore, after 18 days of storage, the minimum TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen) value was observed in the N-EO group (26.89 mg N/100 g) and the maximum TVB-N value was observed in the control group (33.78 mg N/100 g). Finally, the N-EO and control treatment (during the experiment) had the highest and lowest sensory evaluation score, respectively. Finally, the N-EO group got a highest sensory score, whilst the group of control got the lowest acceptance score, after 18 days of storage. Based on the outcomes obtained from this research, using nettle (Urtica dioica L.) EO (in nanoliposome form) increases the storing time of minced camel meat.

Background and Objective: The present study aimed to explore the shielding effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss on human lymphocyte DNA damage using the comet assay. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a laboratory experiment to investigate the protective effects of thyme in preventing DNA damage. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from 16 healthy volunteers. First, the cells were treated with 100 μM H2O2 and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of thyme leaves with a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL separately. Finally, the cells were incubated in a mixture of H2O2 to cause DNA damage with each of the two aqueous and alcoholic extracts at 4°C for 30 minutes. The amount of DNA migration in cells was measured using the Comet method, and DNA damage was expressed as three indicators: sequence length, percentage of DNA in the sequence, and the amount of sequence movement. Results: The results showed that the DNA damage of lymphocytes exposed to the ethanolic extract of Z. multiflora Boiss was significantly lesser than the H2O2-treated lymphocytes. In addition, tail length (µm) was 5.48±1.62 versus 22.82±6.90, tail DNA (%) was 4.56±1.55 in contrast to 16.00±4.55, and tail moment (µm) was 0.28±0.11 against 2.33±0.83 (p < 0.001). The results showed that Z.multiflora Boiss aqueous and ethanolic extracts were significantly able to scavenge DPPH radicals through a possible radical scavenging activity mechanism. Conclusion: As a result, the ethanolic extract had a better effect than the aqueous extract of Z. multiflora Boiss in preventing oxidative DNA damage to human lymphocytes.

Population growth has made it difficult to provide safe food; because various toxic substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can contaminate food products such as edible oils which have very high-rate consumption worldwide. Aims of study are to determine the concentration of PCBs in edible oil samples and to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of PCBs in them among Iranian people by Monte Calo Simulation (MCS). After finding the location of high customer hyper market in Tehran, 42 samples of 7 various types of edible oils were collected; then PCBs content of them measured using the modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction method and GC/MS technique. According to the findings the mean level of NDL-PCB in oil samples were ranged from 1.88 to 25.62 ng/g fat. Results of uncertainty analysis showed that among children the 95th percentile of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) were 7.80E-3, 5.37E-4, 5.37E-4, 2.00E-3, 1.59E-3, 13.9E-3 and 7.04E-4 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were 4.12E-2, 3.04E-3, 3.09E-3, 1.06E-2, 8.43E-3, 7.38E-3 and 3.74E-3 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. The risk evaluation showed that in all edible oils the 95th percentile of simulated ILCR were more than 10−5, so it can be threatening health among both aging groups, although, the producers don't deliberately subject the users' lives to such danger, but high consumption rate and accumulation of PCBs in body tissues are contribute to increasing carcinogenic risk. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were more than children, because the edible oil ingestion rate among adults was more than children.

The aim of this study was to assess the level of PAHs and associated health risks in different types of fish cooked with different methods, using the MSPE-GC/MS technique (magnetic solid phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs) and recovery percentages ranged from 0.1 to 0.63 μg/kg, 0.3–1.89 μg/kg, and 93.7 to 102.6%, respectively. The results showed that the mean of ƩPAHs in all samples was 20.31 ± 6.60 µg/kg. Additionally, PAH4 and BaP levels in all samples were 4.58 ± 1.40 and 1.08 ± 0.36 µg/kg, respectively, which were below the European Union (EU) standard level (12 and 2 µg/kg, respectively). The results showed that among 5 types of fish, starry sturgeon had highest average total PAHs (13.24 ± 1.84 µg/kg), while Caspian Sea sprat had the lowest average total PAHs (1.24 ± 0.8 µg/kg). In terms of cooking methods (charcoal-grilled fish, fried fish and oven-grilled fish), charcoal-grilled fish had the highest average total PAH level at 25.41 ± 7.31 µg/kg, while the lowest average total PAH was found in the raw fish sample at 16.44 ± 4.63 µg/kg. The Monte Carlo Simulation was used to determine the 95% ILCRs (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) due to ingestion of fish. The results showed that the ILCR for adults was 2.85E-9, while for children it was 1.32E-8. Therefore, based on these findings, it can be concluded that the consumption of fish cooked with different methods does not pose a risk to human health in terms of the amount of PAHs (ILCR

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) and essential oil (EO) of Anethum graveolens L. seed (forms of nanoliposome and free) on bacteriological, chemical and sensory properties of minced meat during storage. In this research, Escherichia coli (gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) were used to examine the effect of these compounds on meat. The particle sizes (z-average diameter) of prepared nanoliposomes of EO and GA were in the range of 141 to 165 nm and 146–160 nm, respectively and the efficiency of encapsulation (EE %) in the current research was 51.76–69.8% in nano EO (NEO) and 53.23–67.07% in nano gallic acid (N-GA). Also, the outcomes indicated the treatment containing nano-liposomes had a better antimicrobial effect in both of bacteria. In present study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of GA, N-GA, EO and NEO for S. aureus was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.01 and 0.62 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively, and for E. coli was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Also, the results showed MBC (The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of GA, N-GA, EO and NEO for S. aureus was 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.03, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively, and for E. coli was0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The highest and lowest of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were detected, in the Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 200 and EO1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 18 day, minimum pH and Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value were related to the N-GA2% on S. aureus with pH = 6.5 and NEO group (27 mg N/100 g), respectively. Finally, the treatment of NEO showed a higher acceptance score of sensory evaluation after 18 days. According to the outcomes of current investigation, the use of nanocapsulated EO and GA are effective (as a coating for food storage) and can increase the shelf life of minced meat.

Abstract In the present study, the magnetic NH2-MIL-101(Al)/chitosan nanocomposite (MIL/Cs@Fe3O4 NCs) was synthesized and used in the removal of azithromycin (AZT) from an aqueous solution for the first time. The as-synthesized MIL/Cs@Fe3O4 NCs was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, and VSM techniques. The effect of various key factors in the AZT adsorption process was modeled and optimized using response surface methodology based on central composite design (RSM-CCD). The low value of p-value (1.3101e−06) and RSD (1.873) parameters, along with the coefficient of determination > 0.997 implied that the developed model was well fitted with experimental data. Under the optimized conditions, including pH: 7.992, adsorbent dose: 0.279 g/L, time: 64.256 min and AZT concentration: 10.107 mg/L, removal efficiency and AZT adsorption capacity were obtained as 98.362 ± 3.24% and 238.553 mg/g, respectively. The fitting of data with the Langmuir isotherm (R2: 0.998, X2: 0.011) and Pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2: 0.999, X2: 0.013) showed that the adsorption process is monolayer and chemical in nature. ΔH° > 0, ΔS° > 0, and ∆G°

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of cinnamon and cocoa on the formation of acrylamide in cake samples and their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. The cake samples were prepared using alkaline extraction, xanthidrol derivative and micro-extraction, then injected into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify acrylamide. The maximum and minimum mean concentration of acrylamide among samples was related to the cinnamon cakes (212.28 ng/g) and the cocoa cake samples (10.14 ng/g), respectively. Acrylamide concentration for unflavored samples, cinnamon cake samples and cocoa cake samples were 61.86 ng/g, 169.38–212.28 ng/g and 10.14–44.64 ng/g, respectively. Human health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) indicated that the target hazard quotient and incremental lifetime cancer due to ingestion of acrylamide formation in cake samples for adults and children were in the acceptable limits (THQ > 1 and CR > 1E-4). In conclusion, cocoa flavor was able to decrease the concentration of acrylamide in cakes. According to the results, it is necessary to measure the amount of acrylamide in consumer cakes by regulatory organizations.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the application of procedures to minimize oxidative and microbial spoilage in marine products is economically and hygienically important. This study was performed to determine the effect of free and nanoliposome forms of poneh (Mentha pulegium L.) essential oil to increase the shelf life and improve the sensory characteristics of silver carp minced fish (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during storage time. Materials and Methods: In this study, the antibacterial properties of 1 and 2% essential oil and nanoliposomes form on the microbial population of minced silver carp fish inoculated with Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were measured. Also, chemical tests (DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, measurement of iodine peroxide (PV), pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARs)) and sensory properties of minced silver carp were evaluated during 12 days of refrigerated storage. Results: The results showed that the addition of poneh essential oil (free and nanoliposomes) according to the microbial results and the results of chemical experiments can effectively prevent microbial growth and chemical spoilage (p

Aflatoxins are secondary carcinogenic fungal metabolites derived from the toxic various Aspergillus species. These fungi can easily infect nuts and grains. A global systematic review was done to extract data on the concentration of aflatoxins in different nuts. Besides, risk assessment was conducted on data. The scientific databases were searched systematically from 2000 to 2020. Based on the results, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) had the most frequency in nut samples. The mean concentration of aflatoxin total (AFT) and AFB1 in nuts were as follows: peanut (37.85, 32.82 μg/kg), pistachio (31.42, 39.44 μg/kg), almond (3.54, 3.93 μg/kg), walnut (42.27, 22.23 μg/kg), hazelnut (17.33, 10.54 μg/kg), Brazil nut (4.61, 3.35 μg/kg), and other nuts (26.22, 7.38 μg/kg). According to country the margin of exposure (MOE) value for adult was as Argentina (21) > Congo (67) > India (117) > Bangladesh (175) > Cameroon (238) > Iran (357) > Bahrain (438) > Brazil (447) > Ghana (606) > South Africa (1017) > Egypt (1176) > USA (1505) > China (1526) > Cyprus (1588). The MOE of the consumers in some countries was considerably below the safety margin of 10,000. To conclude, nuts are highly consumed by different consumers, so it is necessary to emphasize strict control measures to prevent contamination of these foods with aflatoxins.

Background and Objective: The Pesticides used in agriculture have caused great concern due to their adverse effects on human health. In this study, the effect of rinsing, crushing, filtering, clarifying with bentonite and pasteurization on the reduction of diazinon, ethion and phosalone during Asari grape juice was investigated. Materials and Methods: Vineyard was sprayed during three growth stages before flowering, sour grape (ghooreh) and during grape ripening with phosalone, diazinon, ethion and in doses of 525, 600, 750 g of active substance per hectare, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last spraying step, the grape sample was harvested and exposed to the process of rinsing (20-30 s), crushing, filtering, clarifying and pasteurizing. Then, the pesticides residue concentration was determined after each step by GC-MS/MS. Results: The initial concentrations of diazinon, ethion and phosalone in unprocessed grape samples were 0.640, 0.716 and 0.550 mg/kg, respectively. The reduction values of diazinon during the juicing processes of rinsing, crushing, filtering, clarifying with bentonite and pasteurization, in comparison with the concentration of unprocessed grapes, were 25.72, 41.96, 74.54, 90.21 and 100% (not found), respectively; while these values were 9.78, 28.50, 69.45, 89.38 and 96.74% for ethion and 17.32, 28.47, 46.40, 80.25, 93.28% for phosalone, respectively. All processes significantly reduced insecticides residue. Conclusion: Findings showed that the processes of grape juice production could significantly decrease the diazinon, ethion and phosalone residues.

The human intestinal microbiota is a collection of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and there is a direct link between the presence of beneficial microbiota and the development of immune function, the nervous system and the host metabolic pathways. Probiotics are known to be non-pathogenic microorganisms that, if taken in sufficient amounts, can have health effects. Therefore, consumption of foods or supplements containing post-biotic compounds is one of the most important strategies to balance the microbiota and to improve the health of the host. Evidence suggests that post-biotics do not require survival compared to their parent probiotic cells and can produce health-like effects similar to probiotics. Also, the production and use of post-biotics is safer, more stable and more cost-effective. Post-biotics have biological activity, including immune modulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity. Clinical studies also confirm the efficacy of probiotics as an effective factor in improving the treatment of a wide range of diseases such as ulcerative colitis, acute infectious diarrhea, antibiotic resistant diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, necrotic enteritis, liver disorders, and gastrointestinal cancers. In this study, a review of the concept of post-biotics and classification of post-biotics has been done based on type and chemical composition and physiological activities and promising effects on prevention or improvement in treatment methods as well as delaying spoilage and increasing shelf life in food products.

Abstract The current study aims to investigate the levels of the toxic metal in agricultural products (legumes, wheat, and potato) collected in Markazi province, Iran, and human health risk by using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The levels of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in all samples were lower than the limit of detection (LOD), while the level of Cd in potato samples was lower than the maximum permisible level (MPL) of the European commission (EC). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment by direct ingestion of agricultural products was calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. The highest mean of toxic metals was observed for lead (Pb) in legume samples (562.17 μg kg− 1). Mercury (Hg) and Pb levels in all samples were higher than LOD, while Pb level in wheat samples were lower than of EC. The rank order of Hg and Pb levels in all samples based on target hazard quotient (THQ) value was wheat> potato>legume. The THQ index of Hg and Pb by the deterministic method in wheat was 1.37 and 0.454; in potato 0.139 and 0.104; in legume 0.092 and 0.41, respectively. The carcinogenic risk index was at an acceptable range. The high hazard index values were estimated and the THQ index for Hg in wheat suggests a non-negligible health risk.

Background: Today, the tendency to use biodegradable biopolymers as one of the appropriate technologies to prevent food oxidation has received much attention. Objective: The aim of the present study was to produce a new biodegradable films containing free ethanolic extracts and nanocapsules of kak kosh biabani (Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss.), in order to investigate the antioxidant properties in laboratory conditions. Methods: In this study, the effects of different films on mechanical properties, antioxidant activities, encapsulation efficiency, water vapor permeability, microstructure and morphology and color characteristics were evaluated. Results: The average particle size was 153-166 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 49.87-73.07%. Nanoliposomes with the lowest size and highest encapsulation efficiency were merged with the film samples. The results obtained from FT-IR spectra revealed new interactions between chitosan and nanoliposomes. Despite the increase in yellow color and decrease in whiteness indices, the nanoliposome composition improves the mechanical stiffness and results in reduced water vapor permeability (WVP). Conclusion: The properties of chitosan-zein films were affected by the amount of extract used, which generally improved the properties of the films and their antioxidant properties. Due to these features, this film can be used in food storage.

The determination of biogenic amines (BAs) as serious food contaminants and chemical indicators of unwanted microbial contamination or deficient processing conditions in non-alcoholic beers is of great interest for the beverage industries. In the present investigation, the combination of hollow fiber-electro-membrane extraction (HF-EME) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied for the analysis of histamine, putrescine, tyramine, cadaverine in non-alcoholic beers. EME is fundamentally based on the electrostatic attraction, diffusion and solvability of analytes in a selected acceptor phase. This membrane-based extraction technique promoted selectivity and the enrichment factor. The DLLME process reduced the volumes of organic solvents and make the coupling of HF-EME to the CG/MS conceivable. The leading variables, which have a great effect on extraction recovery, were optimized. The relative standard deviation was achieved between 4.9 and 7.0%. The recoveries were between 94% and 98%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.92–0.98 ng mL−1 and 3.03–3.23 ng mL−1, respectively. The enrichment factor was calculated in the range 36–41. The achievements revealed that putrescine and tyramine, with concentrations of 3.87 and 2.33 µg g−1, were at the highest concentration in non-alcoholic beers. This offered method with great benefits could help beverage industries to monitor the concentration of BAs in beers and control them.

Baby food is one of the most sensitive foods available, which is closely monitored for carcinogens. In this study, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were evaluated by using the method of magnetic-solid-phase-extraction and gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (MSPE/GC-MS). The recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of PAH compounds were 93.4–101.6%, 0.06–1.12, and 0.18–3.38 μg/kg, respectively. The results indicated the mean of total PAHs in all samples was 3.73 ± 0.8 μg/kg, and the mean of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 0.29 ± 0.14 μg/kg that were lower than the USA-Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level (1 μg/kg, BaP in baby foods). In addition, our results showed that mixed five cereal-based baby food had a maximum mean of ΣPAHs (5.06 ± 0.68 μg/kg) and mixed wheat and date-based baby food had a minimum mean of ΣPAHs (3.03 ± 0.41 μg/kg). The carcinogenic risk due to PAH in the tested baby foods sold in Iran was adequately low, and all examined products were safe for consumers. Therefore, it can be said that the consumption of baby foods does not pose a threat to consumers.

In this research, a simple, label-free, and ultra-sensitive fluorescent platform based on a metal–organic framework (MOF) has been developed to detect melamine in milk powder. This fluorescence sensor was fabricated from sensitized terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253 (Al) MOF using a hydrothermal method that involved combining the green emission of Tb (λem = 545 nm) with the blue emission of NH2-MIL-253(Al) MOF (λem = 430 nm) under a single excitation wavelength (λex = 335 nm). The fluorescence sensor was then used under optimized conditions (pH = 9.0; sensor concentration = 30 mg/L; response time = 30 s) to quantify melamine in milk powder. The accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility of this sensor were established compared to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The linear range and lower limit of detection (LLOD, computed with 3σ/S) of the sensor were between 40–396.45 nM (equal to 25 µg/kg–0.25 mg/kg) and 40 nM (equal to 25 µg/kg), respectively, which is much less than the maximum residual level (MRL) for the detection of melamine in infant formula (1 mg/kg) and other foods/feeds (2.5 mg/kg). Additionally, the results had good agreement with the HPLC outcomes, suggesting that the NH2-MIL-253(Al) MOF sensing probe has great precision and repeatability. To conclude, the new fluorescence sensor developed in this study can accurately and sensitively detect melamine in food samples, which may be useful for screening for adulteration of milk powders and other foods.

The synthesis of compounds with an excellent adsorption capability plays an essential role to remove contaminants such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) with potential carcinogenic characteristics from different food products. In this context, for the first time, a novel adsorbent (MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag) was synthesized by using iron (magnetic agent), and silver (catalytic and surface enhancer agent) to further approach in a magnetic SPE-GC/MS method for determining of PAEs in carbonated soft drink samples. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of MSPE-GC/MS were determined in six PAEs as a range of 10.8–22.5 and 36–75 ng/L, respectively. Also, the calibration curves of PAEs were linear (R2 = 0.9981–0.9995) over the concentration level of 10.000 ng/L and the recoveries of the six PAEs were ranging from 96.60% to 109.22% with the RSDs less than 8%. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy analyses (TEM) were utilized to characterize the produced MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag. Based on the findings, the surface of MWCNT is relatively uniform, which became coarser after loading with Fe3O4/Ag particles. Also, EDX spectrum showed the carbon (C), iron (Fe), oxygen (O), Ag and copper (Cu) are the main components of synthesized MWCNTs-Fe3O4/Ag. The successful adhesion of Fe3O4/Ag on the texture of MWCNTs using a co-precipitation method was confirmed by XRD and FT-IR assays. Additionally, excellent crystallinity and clear lattice nanocrystals fringes of prepared MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag was demonstrated by TEM analysis. Based on the obtained VSM images, the prepared sorbent (MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag) has the good magnetic performance for magnetic separation and extraction processes. It was concluded that the synthesized MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag could be used as an efficient adsorbent for determining contaminants such as PAEs in different beverage samples. Keywords: Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Iron oxide (Fe3O4), Silver (Ag), Phthalic acid esters (PAEs)

Background and purpose: Fish is an important source of protein for human and is an important part of the diet, so, studying the concentration of heavy metals in commercial fish could be helpful in evaluating the risk of fish consumption. Materials and methods: A total of 60 fish samples from four different species including anchovy, white, perch, and trout was randomly collected in fall 2016 from Rast Fish Market. After sample preparation and microwave digestion, the amount of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) method was used to estimate the health risks associated with exposure to heavy metals in fish samples. Results: The highest concentrations of heavy metals included mercury in whitefish (1.29 ± 0.23 μg/g), lead in whitefish (4.54 ± 0.75 μg/g), cadmium in salmon (0.07 ± 0.01 μg/g), arsenic in whitefish (1.36± 0.15 μg/g), nickel in whitefish (0.61 ± 0.07 μg/g), tin in whitefish (0.63 ± 0.05 μg/g), and chromium in fish perch (1.52 ± 0.04 μg/g). Non-cancer risk for all heavy metals in all the species was less than 1. Conclusion: The concentration of metals in species studied was in acceptable level, indicating no risk of toxicity. According to current results, fish consumption does not lead to adverse health effects.

Background and purpose: Organic chlorine pollutants are stable in the environment and dangerous to the health of living organisms. Among these compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be carcinogenic to humans and affect brain function, nervous system, reproductive system, and the immune system. They could enter the body through many ways including eating or drinking contaminated water and food such as chicken egg. Materials and methods: Sampling of 4 brand of chicken eggs was performed in all seasons in Tehran, Iran 2017. The mixed solvent of Hexane: Dichloromethane (same ratio) was used for extraction applying ultrasonic method. Then, the two phases were separated using concentrated sulfuric acid. They were then condensed by a rotary machine with a vacuum pump under a gentle nitrogen gas and purified using silica gel column or florisil. Finally, the concentration of each PCB was measured by the GC-MS device. Results: In all samples, the mean polychlorinated biphenyls (1.40±0.3 pg WHO-TEQ /g fat) was lower than the standard range and the highest concentration was associated with PCB 28 (mean value= 0.802 pg WHO-TEQ / g fat). One of the brands (B) had the highest average of PCBs, and the most contaminated eggs were found in winter (1.822 pgWHO-TEQ/g fat). Conclusion: In this study the average of each PCB was lower than the standard values in different types of eggs, indicating no risk to the consumers.

Background: Erectile dysfunction is a common disease that has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of individuals. Low-intensity shockwave therapy (LI-ESWT) has been considered a new method for treating patients with erectile dysfunction. Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of LI-ESWT in the treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the major databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to February 2018. In order to find more articles, the reference list of the key review articles was searched as well. The quality of the studies was evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration’s tools. The outcomes included The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Erection Hardness Score (EHS), and adverse events. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan software, version 5.3.ResultsSeven randomized clinical trials involving 519 patients met the inclusion criteria. A significant improvement was observed in IIEF (mean difference [MD] = 4.54, 95% CI 0.44 - 8.63) and EHS (risk ratio [RR] = 2.99, 95% CI 1.16 - 7.70) in the intervention groups compared to the control groups. Sub-analysis showed that shockwave therapy significantly improved IIEF at 6, 9, and 10 weeks after the treatment (P < 0.05), and the EHS was improved at 5, 6, and 9 weeks (P < 0.05). There was also a significant improvement in the intervention groups in IIEF and EHS for 1500 and 3000 pulses, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant side effects were reported. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate LI-ESWT improves erectile dysfunction in patients, and it is safe and well-tolerated by patients.

Background and purpose: Today, due to improvement and progress of human knowledge in food industry, plastic coatings such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) that has unique characteristics are widely used for food and beverage packaging such as water and doogh. Phthalate esters are used in order to improve flexibility, efficiency and sustainability of materials. Chronic exposure with such materials play a role in incidence of many diseases and cancer in human. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and concentration of phthalates in different brands of doogh. Materials and methods: In this study, we synthesized multi-walled magnetic carbon nanotubes using iron oxide. Then, the synthesized magnetic nanotubes were used for absorption and extraction of phthalate esters from doogh matrix. After sample preparation, the concentration of each phthalate esters was measured by GC-MS. Results: Concentration of phthalate esters in all samples were found to be lower than the standard levels but DEHP had the highest concentration. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the concentration of phthalate esters in different brands and storage time of doogh. Conclusion: According to these findings and low concentration of each phthalate ester compared with standard levels in different types of doogh, it has no health effect on consumers.

Background and Aims Because of unsaturated fatty acid content, trout and fish products are highly perishable. For this reason, preservatives are used to prevent or delay spoiling during storage. The aim of this study was determination of antioxidant activities of pomegranate seeds extracts on lipid quality of trout fillet stored at 2-4°C. Materials and Methods Prepared fish fillets were divided into two groups. One group was trout fillet without extract (control) and one in pomegranate seeds extracts that were stored in refrigerator for 6 days. Chemical tests such as Peroxide Value (PV), Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) and Free Fatty Acids (FFA) were used to determine perishability of trout fillet. Results The PV, TBA, TVB-N and FFA were significantly (P < 0.05) lowest in the samples treated with ethanolic extracts of pomegranate seeds as compared to control group. (PV = 2.62 meq o2/kg, TBA = 1.26 mg MDA/kg, TVB-N = 22.13 mg/100g and FFA = 1.2 percent Oleic acid). Conclusion The result of this study demonstrated that pomegranate seeds extracts were efficiency to prevent lipid oxidation in trout fillet stored at refrigerator temperature. * Corresponding Author: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health. Email: Salehia15@gmail.com

Background and purpose: Determination of heavy metals in oils is necessary to establish quality standards on a country level. This study aimed to determine of heavy metal contents (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Al) in 12 seed oil samples in Iran by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Materials and Methods: The concentrations of heavy metal were determined by wet acid digestion methods with nitric acid (65%) and 4 ml peroxide hydrogenate on same samples using ICP-OES. Results: Results showed that the average of most important toxic metals detected in apricot oil samples was as follows 721.72 μg/kg for Al 15 μg/kg for Cd, 18 μg/kg for Pb, 14 μg/kg for As and

Food-borne pathogens is a group of micro-organisms that cause food-borne illness, thus the research for finding effective drugs against this infection is necessary. The purpose of this study determines antibacterial, antioxidant activity antifungal of bee glue ethanol and aqueous extracts. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were evaluated against food-born (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae and Candida albicans) purchased from Boali hospital on by the well diffusion method. Broth serial dilution method was doing to find the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the agar dilution method to find the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts assaying by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Ethanol extract of bee glue was found the most effective against S. aureus strains (inhibition zone=27±0.87 mm) than E. coli strains (inhibition zone=5.5±0.37mm). Aqueous extract of propolis was found the most effective against S. aureus strains (inhibition zone=14.5±0.75 mm) than E. coli strains (inhibition zone=3.5±0.5mm) and C. albicans (inhibition zone=10±0.5 mm). The MIC and MBC values of the extracts ethanol and aqueous most effective against B. cereus strains were 0.3125, 0.625, 0.3125 and 1.25 mg/mL than E. coli strains 0.625, 1. 25, 2.5 and 50 mg/mL. and also for C. albicans was 0.625, 1.25, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL. IC50 ethanol and aqueous extracts of propolis were 8±0.25 and 45±1.75, respectively. This study was to assess the Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities activities of bee glue extracts in in vitro.

Background: Phthalate esters are polymeric compounds usually used as a plasticizer. These materials can enter to the human body through various ways the main way could be food packaging. Chronic contact with these materials could result cancer, including breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men as well as other endocrine problems. The objective of this study was to assess the concentration of phthalate esters in carbonated beverages. Methods: In this study, a magnetic nano-scale adsorbent, made from carbon nanotubes and Fe3O4. Deposition of Fe3O4 on the adsorbent could result in improvement of adsorption and desorption as well as extraction procedure. Then, by means of adsorbent and solvent extraction, phthalate esters were extracted from the beverage matrices and determined using GC-MS analysis. Results: amongst studied ingredients, BEP or DEHP, that have been found to be carcinogenic, had highest concentration in beverages, and also the brand of A and taste of C had the highest average concentration. Except one sample, the total amounts of these ingredients were below than international standards. Conclusion: Based on the results, consumers can use these beverages without any concern regarding phthalate esters amounts. The results also demonstrated that this synthesized adsorbent has good performance for extraction of phthalates from studied matrices.

Background and Aim: Probiotics are useful bacteria which, after being consumed, leave useful effects on human health. The present study was conducted to examine the antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus paracasei on pathogenic bacteria, especially on Staphylococcus aureus in the field of food microbiology. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from yoghurt (1×108 cfu/ml) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (1×105 cfu/ml) was assessed at two different temperatures of 25 °C and 35°C in TSB. Then, samples from cocultures and control were pour plated in Baird Parker agar and MRS agar to compute the number of S. aureus and Lactobacillus paracasei at 0, 24, 48, 72 hours after incubation. Then, enterotoxin production was evaluated by ELIZA rida screen kit. The data were investigated by ANOVA and K-square (chi-square) tests. Results: It was found that compared to controls, Lactobacillus paracasei inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and reduced the number of S. aureus cells about 3 logs in 25°C and 2 logs in 35°C. The production of A, C, and E enterotoxins was inhibited by S. aureus at a temperature of 25°C according to ELIZA rida screen test. The figure was 35°C for enterotoxins E and A. Conclusion: Probiotics can be used as a new approach for the biocontrol of S. aureus without using antibiotics.

Abstract Background and purpose:Cholera is an endemic disease in Iran and in some cases each year from around the country report. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the disease cholera among people suffering from acute diarrhea in the AranvaBidgol. Materials and Methods:In this study, patients with acute diarrhea were examined for cholera detection in the city of AranvaBidgol in summer 2011. All 294 patients with acute diarrhea referred to rectal swabs in the laboratory of health centers and in the specific microbial culture medium of thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar. Furthermore, some information about health behaviors, such as drinking water supply, status of food preservation, toilets status, drinks, and food consumption in the outdoors was collected from all participants in this study. Results:Laboratory results showed that Vibrio cholerae isolated from 21 patient stool cultures and these patients were to have cholera disease. About 23.81% of the patients were male and 76.19% were female. Fifteen patients (71.43%) were Nag form of cholera and 6 patients (28.57%) were diagnosed with Eltor form of cholera. According the completed questionnaire by patients the origin of V. cholerae has been announced consumption of raw vegetables (42.85%) and springs and subterranean water (38.59%). Conclusion:Consumption of raw vegetables and water (springs and subterranean) are the important factors for mobility to cholera and it should be more considered prevention and control program and monitoring methods about using of safe water and food.