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This study suggests a strategy for calculating the fuzzy analytical solutions to a two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-order heat problem including a diffusion variable connected externally. We propose Sawi residual power series scheme (SRPSS) which is the amalgamation of Sawi transform and residual power series scheme under the Caputo fractional differential operator. We demonstrate three different examples to derive the fuzzy fractional series solution which is characterized by its rapid convergence and easy finding of the unknown coefficients using the concept of limit at infinity. The most significant aspect of this scheme is that it derives the results without time effort compared with the traditional residual power series approach. Our findings confirm that the SRPSS is a robust and valuable method for approximating the solution of fuzzy fractional problems. Furthermore, we provide 2D and 3D symbolic representations to present the physical behavior of fuzzy fractional problems under the lower and upper bounded solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a refined approach for obtaining the analytical solution of the nonlinear shock wave model incorporating fractal derivatives. The Fractal Yang Variational Iteration Strategy (FYVIS) is utilized to obtain the approximate solution of a fractal model in the form of a series under Caputo fractional operator. The suggested method is the composition of the fractal Yang transform and the variational iteration approach. By using the two-scale fractal theory, we transform the fractal model into its traditional problem and then apply the yang transform to generate a recurrence relation. The variational iteration approach is now suitable to handle this recurrence relation without imposing any hypotheses or restrictions on variables. The derived results by the proposed scheme are shown in terms of series solution. Numerical calculations verify the accuracy and consistency of the suggested approach, demonstrating its excellent performance. The dynamic behavior of fractal components is explored by evaluating absolute errors and presenting two-dimensional diagrams across the fractal domain. This investigation underscores that the suggested technique offers an efficient and user-friendly solution for solving the nonlinear shock wave model involving fractal derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with Williamson hybrid nanofluid (HNF), considering the influence of bioconvection as well as a chemical reaction on a stretched surface. We observe no investigation on bioconvection Williamson HNFs flow in the literature, which is a novel contribution to the literature. The recent study seeks to enhance the heat transfer rate by investigating inclined magnetic field, along with the interplay of bioconvection and chemical reactions. The employed hybrid nanoparticles consist of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and copper (Cu) suspended in base fluid (water). The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are changed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through an appropriate similarity transformation. These ODEs are subsequently analyzed employing the MATLAB bvp4c approach numerically. This study presents comprehensive insights into the behavior of distinct parameters, conveyed through phase portraits of temperature, velocity, nanoparticle concentration, as well as microorganism density profiles. The results showed that the momentum profile was inversely affected by increasing Williamson parameter, magnetic force, and inclination angle, while the temperature was boosted with advanced magnetic field, radiation parameter as well as Brownian motion parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the analytical study of one dimensional time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation arising in quantum mechanics. In present research, we establish an idea of the Sumudu transform residual power series method (ST-RPSM) to generate the numerical solution of nonlinear Schrödinger models with the fractional derivatives. The proposed idea is the composition of Sumudu transform (ST) and the residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are taken in Caputo sense. The proposed technique is unique since it requires no assumptions or variable constraints. The ST-RPSM obtains its results through a series of successive iterations, and the resulting form rapidly converges to the exact solution. The results obtained via ST-RPSM show that this scheme is authentic, effective, and simple for nonlinear fractional models. Some graphical structures are displayed at different levels of fractional orders using Mathematica Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an innovative and attractive analytical strategy to examine the numerical solution for the time-fractional Schrödinger equation (SE) in the sense of Caputo fractional operator. In this research, we present the Elzaki transform residual power series method (ET-RPSM), which combines the Elzaki transform (ET) with the residual power series method (RPSM). This strategy has the advantage of requiring only the premise of limiting at zero for determining the coefficients of the series, and it uses symbolic computation software to perform the least number of calculations. The results obtained through the considered method are in the form of a series solution and converge rapidly. These outcomes closely match the precise results and are discussed through graphical structures to express the physical representation of the considered equation. The results showed that the suggested strategy is a straightforward, suitable, and practical tool for solving and comprehending a wide range of nonlinear physical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have created cryptography algorithms that encrypt data using a public or private key to secure it from intruders. It is insufficient to protect the data by using such a key. No research article has identified an algorithm capable of protecting both the data and the associated key, nor has any mechanism been developed to determine whether access to the data is permissible or impermissible based on the authentication of the key. This paper presents a WEDEx-Kerberotic Framework for data protection, in which a user-defined key is firstly converted to a cipher key using the "Secure Words on Joining Key (SWJK)" algorithm. Subsequently, a WEDEx-Kerberotic encryption mechanism is created to protect the data by encrypting it with the cipher key. The first reason for making the WEDEx-Kerberotic Framework is to convert the user-defined key into a key that has nothing to do with the original key, and the length of the cipher key is much shorter than the original key. The second reason is that each ciphertext and key value are interlinked. When an intruder utilizes the snatching mechanism to obtain data, the attacker obtains data or a key unrelated to the original data. No matter how efficient the algorithm is, an attacker cannot access the data when these methods and algorithms are used to protect it. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared to the previous approaches to determine the uniqueness of the algorithm and assess its superiority to the previous algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine multiple perspectives on soliton solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional Boussinesq model by applying the unified Riccati equation expansion (UREE) approach. The Boussinesq model examines wave propagation in shallow water, which is derived from the fluid dynamics of a dynamical system. The UREE approach allows us to derive a range of distinct solutions, such as single, periodic, dark, and rational wave solutions. Furthermore, we present the bifurcation, chaotic, and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model. We use planar dynamical system theory to analyze the structure and characteristics of the system’s phase portraits. The current study depends on a dynamic structure that has novel and unexplored results for this model. In addition, we display the behaviors of associated physical models in 3-dimensional, density, and 2-dimensional graphical structures. Our findings demonstrate that the UREE technique is a valuable mathematical tool in engineering and applied mathematics for studying wave propagation in nonlinear evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mathematical chemistry, the algebraic polynomial serves as essential for calculating the most accurate expressions of distance-based, degree-distance-based, and degree-based topological indices. The chemical reactivity of molecules, which includes their tendency to engage in particular chemical processes or go through particular reactions, can be predicted using topological indices. Considerable effort has been put into examining the many topological descriptors of simple graphs using ring structures and well-known groups instead of nonassociative algebras, quasigroups, and loops. Both finite quasigroups and loops are the generalizations of groups. In this article, we calculate topological descriptors and some well-known polynomials, M -polynomial, Hosoya's polynomial, Schultz's polynomial, and modified Schultz polynomial of finite relatively prime graphs of most orders connected with two classes of quasigroups and go through their graphical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate the analytical solution of a two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-ordered heat equation that includes an external diffusion source factor. We develop the Sawi homotopy perturbation transform scheme (SHPTS) by merging the Sawi transform and the homotopy perturbation scheme. The fractional derivatives are examined in Caputo sense. The novelty and innovation of this study originate from the fact that this technique has never been tested for two-dimensional fuzzy fractional ordered heat problems. We presented two distinguished examples to validate our scheme, and the solutions are in fuzzy form. We also exhibit contour and surface plots for the lower and upper bound solutions of two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-ordered heat problems. The results show that this approach works quite well for resolving fuzzy fractional situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physical domains, Beta derivatives are necessary to comprehend wave propagation across various nonlinear models. In this research work, the modified Sardar sub-equation approach is employed to find the soliton solutions of (1+1)-dimensional time-fractional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger model with Beta fractional derivative. These models are fundamental in real-world applications such as control systems, processing of signals, and fiber optic networks. By using this strategy, we are able to obtain various unique optical solutions, including combo, dark, bright, periodic, singular, and rational wave solutions. In addition, We address the sensitivity analysis of the proposed model to investigate the truth that it is extremely sensitive. These studies are novel and have not been performed before in relation to the nonlinear dynamic features of these solutions. We show these behaviors in 2-D, contour 3-D structures across the associated physical characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach offers useful results for producing solutions of nonlinear fractional models in application of mathematics and wave propagation in fiber optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road-object detection, recognition, and tracking are vital tasks that must be performed reliably and accurately by self-driving car systems in order to achieve the automation/autonomy goal. Other vehicles are one of the main objects that the egocar must accurately detect and track on the road. However, deep-learning approaches proved their effectiveness at the expense of very demanding computational power and low throughput. They must be deployed on expensive CPUs and GPUs. Thus, in this work, a lightweight vehicle detection and tracking technique (LWVDT) is suggested to fit low-cost CPUs without sacrificing robustness, speed, or comprehension. The LWVDT is suitable for deployment in both advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) functions and autonomous-car subsystems. The implementation is a sequence of computer-vision techniques fused together and merged with machine-learning procedures to strengthen each other and streamline execution. The algorithm details and their execution are revealed in detail. The LWVDT processes raw RGB camera pictures to generate vehicle boundary boxes and tracks them from frame to frame. The performance of the proposed pipeline is assessed using real road camera images and video recordings under different circumstances and lighting/shading conditions. Moreover, it is also tested against the well-known KITTI database, achieving an average accuracy of 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to system security, necessitating effective automatic detection methods. Current techniques face challenges such as dependency issues, language bias, and coarse detection granularity. This study presents a novel deep learning-based vulnerability detection system for Java code. Leveraging hybrid feature extraction through graph and sequence-based techniques enhances semantic and syntactic understanding. The system utilizes control flow graphs (CFG), abstract syntax trees (AST), program dependencies (PD), and greedy longest-match first vectorization for graph representation. A hybrid neural network (GCN-RFEMLP) and the pre-trained CodeBERT model extract features, feeding them into a quantum convolutional neural network with self-attentive pooling. The system addresses issues like long-term information dependency and coarse detection granularity, employing intermediate code representation and inter-procedural slice code. To mitigate language bias, a benchmark software assurance reference dataset is employed. Evaluations demonstrate the system's superiority, achieving 99.2% accuracy in detecting vulnerabilities, outperforming benchmark methods. The proposed approach comprehensively addresses vulnerabilities, including improper input validation, missing authorizations, buffer overflow, cross-site scripting, and SQL injection attacks listed by common weakness enumeration (CWE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Helmholtz equation plays a crucial role in the study of wave propagation, underwater acoustics, and the behavior of waves in the ocean environment. The Helmholtz equation is also used to describe propagation through ocean waves, such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves. This paper presents the Elzaki transform residual power series method (E T-RPSM) for the analytical treatment of fractional-order Helmholtz equation. To develop this scheme, we combine Elzaki transform (E T) with residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. The E T is capable of handling the fractional order and turning the problem into a recurrence form, which is the novelty of our paper. We implement RPSM in such a way that this recurrence relation generates the results in the form of an iterative series. Two numerical applications are considered to demonstrate the efficiency and authenticity of this scheme. The obtained series are determined very quickly and converge to the exact solution only after a few iterations. Graphical plots and absolute error are shown to observe the authenticity of this suggested approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-free electrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable alternatives to expensive metal electrocatalysts. Herein, two metal-free heteroatom doped electro catalysts PCF-800 (carbon doped with fluorine) and PCFN-800 (carbon co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine) have been derived from the pyrolysis of ZnTFBDC and ZnTFBDC(1,10phen) accordingly. Both showed stunning performance for HER and OER in comparison with commercially available multiwall Nano carbon tubes. The graphitic and pyridinic carbon sites are generated in PCF-800 and PCFN-800 during the thermal polymerization process. These catalytic sites are responsible for excellent activity in terms of overpotential and Tafel slopes for HER process. Synthesized catalysts showed HER activities that are comparable to commercially available 20%Pt/C. PCFN-800 showed stability for about 30 h with a little decrease in current. Moreover, the mechanistic approach for HER and OER theoretical work was done and it has been found that the ΔG *H value for PCFN-800 is 0.51 eV that is less than 0.71 eV for N-doped carbon material for HER process. [Display omitted] • Fluorine and Nitrogen doped nanostructured hierarchical carbon is derived from Zn polymer. • High surface area with a wide range of porosity and catalytic active sites are found in derived carbon. • N and F co-doping of carbon produced excellent HER/OER catalytic activity. • Good Stability of electrode is found in alkaline media. • Mechanistic studies by DFT validate the contribution of F-coordination toward improved bifunctional catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are vital in modern material science, offering unique properties for gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery due to their highly porous and customizable structures. Chemical graph theory emerges as a critical tool, providing a mathematical model to represent the molecular structure of these frameworks. Topological indices/molecular descriptors are mathematical formulations applied to molecular models, enabling the analysis of physicochemical properties and circumventing costly lab experiments. These descriptors are crucial for quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationship studies in mathematical chemistry. In this paper, we study the different molecular descriptors of tetracyanobenzene metal–organic framework. We also give numerical comparison of computed molecular descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan where 40% of total camel population is present. People in Balochistan mostly use camel for milking, meat, draught and irrigation purposes to meet their socio-economic needs. Though the camel is a resistant animal, it may get affected by parasitic infections leading to reduced performance. The knowledge regarding occurrence of hemoparasites in camels is still unrevealed, especially in Balochistan. To this end, 384 blood samples were collected from camels from five districts of Zhob division through simple random sampling method. Samples were subjected to microscopic examination which showed 7.55% and 7.03% prevalence of Babesia and Theileria spp., respectively. Furthermore, the 18S rRNA gene of these parasites was amplified through PCR which showed prevalence rate of 25% and 21.35% in case of Babesia and Theileria spp., respectively. Sequence analysis of amplicons confirmed these parasites as B. caballi and T. annulata, Phylogeny of these parasites showed that they were included in a separate clade. Among different factors, the prevalence of these parasites was higher in female animals (Babesia (B)=27.30%, Theileria (T)=23.75%) and the animals with >5 year of age (B=27.27%, T=22.52%). Furthermore, the prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pregnant camels as compared to lactating and dry animals. Results of this study provide a systematic epidemiological data on the occurrence of Babesia and Theileria spp. in camel population in Balochistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circinaria russus sp. nov. is described based on morpho–anatomical and phylogenetic analysis. The novel species is characterized by its reddish brown thallus, absence of marginal lobes, taller hymenium 175–190 µm, and larger ascospores 22–32 × 15–20 than the similar taxon Circinaria tortuosa. A phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS nrDNA sequencing and ML analysis, supported the separation of the novel species. Complete description and a comparative analysis with related Circinaria species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit bars are prepared by combining different ingredients which are wholesome and nutrient rich. The current study was designed to develop roselle–fig (different proportions) fruit bars and further investigate their physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the prepared fruit bars were scrutinized for microbial and sensory characteristics to assess the appropriateness of ingredients during storage (up to 90 days). It was observed that there was gradual increase in moisture content with the passage of time, while ash, fat, fiber, and protein contents did not change significantly during storage. The pH and total soluble solid contents of these fruit bars during storage were 3.54–4.07 and 1.71–1.86 Brix, respectively. According to the mean values for sensory evaluation, T2 was preferred over other treatments. The bars received an acceptable sensory evaluation, demonstrating that they were suitable for 90 days of storage. Phytochemical quantities significantly increased in subsequent treatments, but decreased during storage in all the treatments. Similar trend was observed regarding total antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The mineral contents increased significantly among the treatments. The microbial analysis of fruit bars exposed that the fruit were microbiologically safe. Hence, on the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the developed roselle–fig fruit bar would be acceptable and nutritious regarding physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes are sprayed with an array of agro-chemicals to eliminate the danger of damaging pests that demands a strategic post-harvest storage. Modified atmospheric storage (MAS) using treatments T0 at 10 °C and 'T0 at 20 °C, both with 0 % carbon dioxide while T1 at 10 °C and T2 at 20 °C, both with 10% carbon dioxide, were applied for 3 doses (recommended dose, double than recommended and triple dose) of pesticides on two varieties of grapes under field conditions. Samples were taken at 0th day, 3rd day, 7th day, 15th day, 20th day, 25thday, 30th day and 33rd day intervals from MAS and were extracted using acetonitrile (ACN) and cleaned up by florisil adsorbent column. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with diode array detector, ODS-Hypersil C-18 column was used to separate and quantify the pesticides by employing ACN-MeOH mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 mL min−1 in gradient mode. Mathematical model (Yt = Y0e−kt) was applied on average of all doses, which fitted best to the first order kinetics. Half-lives (HLs-50% of residues decayed) and DT90 (90% of residues decayed) values were also calculated. Regarding HLs of acetamiprid, best treatments were T1 and T2 where T1 (7.51) and T2 (4.02) presented good decay at low temperature when CO2 was used in combination and also reported good shelf stability of grapes. Likewise, the trend was witnessed from cymoxanil and difenconazole pesticides and grape varieties. Moreover, black grape variety indicated more degradation of residues as compared to perlette, which could be attributed to its acidity, composition and anatomical structure. Hence, MAS is a practicable approach not only to enhance the shelf life of produce but also for dissipation of field applied agro-chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to use entropy analysis to analyze the unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow in a second-grade fuzzy hybrid Al 2 O 3 - Cu/SA nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking/stretching surface. The model for hybridization of the mixture of alumina Al 2 O 3 and copper (Cu) nanoparticles in the sodium alginate (SA) base fluid under heat source/sink, nonlinear thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation. The fundamental partial differential equations (PDEs) are simplified using an appropriate similarity conversion to generate the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The analytical computation occurs in the MATHEMATICA program implementing the homotopy analysis method (HAM). In terms of code validity, our results are preferable to previous findings. The features of several parameters against the velocity, surface friction coefficient, entropy, temperature, and Nusselt number are described through graphs. According to our findings, the rise in the Brinkman and Reynolds numbers enhanced the total entropy of the system. Furthermore, the nanoparticle volume fraction and viscus dissipation magnifies the fluid temperature while retards the flow profile throughout the domain. Fluid velocity declined due to the Lorentz force using magnetic impact applications. The imprecision of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid volume fractions was modelled as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN) [0%, 1%, 2%] for comparison. The double parametric approach was applied to deal with the fuzziness of the associated fuzzy parameters. The nonlinear ODEs convert into fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and use HAM for the fuzzy solution. From our observation, the hybrid nanofluid displays the maximum heat transfer compared to nanofluids. This important contribution will support industrial growth, particularly in the processing and manufacturing sectors. The percentage increase in skin friction factor is 18.3 and 15.0 when α and β take input in the ranges of 0 ≤ α ≤ 0.8 and 0 ≤ β ≤ 1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to present a powerful approach for the approximate results of multi-dimensional diffusion problems with time-fractional derivatives. The fractional order is considered in the view of the Caputo fractional derivative. In this analysis, we develop the idea of the Yang homotopy perturbation transform method (YHPTM), which is the combination of the Yang transform (YT) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). This robust scheme generates the solution in a series form that converges to the exact results after a few iterations. We show the graphical visuals in two-dimensional and three-dimensional to provide the accuracy of our developed scheme. Furthermore, we compute the graphical error to demonstrate the close-form analytical solution in the comparison of the exact solution. The obtained findings are promising and suitable for the solution of multi-dimensional diffusion problems with time-fractional derivatives. The main advantage is that our developed scheme does not require assumptions or restrictions on variables that ruin the actual problem. This scheme plays a significant role in finding the solution and overcoming the restriction of variables that may cause difficulty in modeling the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thin needle is viewed as a revolutionary object since it has a thinner thickness than a boundary layer. As a consequence, scientific and engineering applications for instance electrical equipment, hot wire anemometers and geothermal power generation are significantly impacted by the flow deformed by a thin moving needle. MHD Eyring–Powell fluid flow over a thin needle perceiving heat source, chemical reaction and nonlinear thermal radiation is the subject of the current investigation. In addition, the present study utilizes the Buongiorno model to examine the special effects of the fluid's Brownian and thermophoretic forces. The solution of the dimensionless form of ODEs is produced by applying exact renovations to the given problem, which is determined by the structure of PDEs. The bvp4c algorithm, based on the finite difference approach is utilized to numerically solve such modified ODEs. For validation, the results obtained indicate good agreement when compared to the literature. Finally, a detailed graphical analysis of key parameters is shown and explained while keeping in mind the physical significance of flow parameters. The results show that as magnetic and fluid parameter values improve, the velocity gradient falls. Increasing heat source and radiation parameters optimises heat transfer rate. The augmentation of the Lewis number and chemical reaction accelerates the rate of mass transfer on the surface. Brownian motion and thermophoresis provide enhanced thermal performance for the fluid temperature. Growing the thermophoresis parameter from 0.1 to 0.3 upsurges the Nusselt number by 5.47% and the Sherwood number by 12.26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlighted with improved long-term thermal and environmental stability, all-inorganic metal halide perovskites exhibit tunable physical properties, cost-effective synthesis, and satisfactory optoelectronic performance, attracting increasing research interest worldwide. However, a less explored feature of these materials is their strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC), which is the hidden force influencing not only band structure but also properties including magnetoresistance, spin lifetime, and singlet-triplet splitting. This review provides an overview of the fundamental aspects and the latest progress of the SOC and debate regarding Rashba effects in all-inorganic metal halide perovskites, providing critical insight into the physical phenomena and potential applications. Meanwhile, crystal structures and photophysics of all-inorganic perovskite are discussed in the context of SOC, along with the related experimental and characterization techniques. Furthermore, a recent understanding of the band topology in the all-inorganic halide perovskites is introduced to push the boundary even further for the novel applications of all-inorganic halide perovskites. Finally, an outlook is given on the potential directions of breakthroughs via leveraging the SOC in halide perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays are a pervasive challenge in the global construction industry, requiring more consideration to address project failure. This research proposes an improved methodology for analysing delays in the construction industry. Through a literature review, a set of 85 delay factors was identified and classified into five categories aligned with the various project phases: initiation, design, procurement, execution, and closeout. A method based on the Z-number theory was developed for the evaluation and prioritization of delay factors in the context of Pakistan. This approach incorporates expert judgment, confidence level, and experience to enhance the reliability of the evaluation. The research findings underscore the substantial influence of several critical factors on project delays. Specifically, factors such as cost inflation, contractor financial issues, inadequate project supervision and management, adverse weather conditions, insufficient skilled labour, delays in government document approvals, and unforeseen cost escalations during construction emerged as the foremost contributors to project delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we suggest a modification for the residual power series method that is used to solve fractional-order Helmholtz equations, which is called the Shehu-transform residual power series method (S T-RPSM). This scheme uses a combination of the Shehu transform (S T) and the residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are taken with respect to Caputo order. The novelty of this approach is that it does not restrict the fractional order and reduces the need for heavy computational work. The results were obtained using an iterative series that led to an exact solution. The 3D graphical plots for different values of fractional orders are shown to compare S T-RPSM results with exact solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial's Cu and Al 2 O 3 are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the χ - cut parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims to optimize nonlinear thermal flow for Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell fuzzy Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a Riga wedge in the context of boundary slip. Three types of nanomaterials, Al 2 O 3 , Cu and TiO 2 have been mixed into the basic fluid known as engine oil. Thermal properties with the effects of porous surface and nonlinear convection have been established for the particular combination Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO. Applying a set of appropriate variables, the set of equations that evaluated the energy and flow equations was transferred to the dimensionless form. For numerical computing, the MATLAB software's bvp4c function is used. The graphical display is used to demonstrate the influence of several influential parameters. It has been observed that flow rate decay with expansion in porosity parameter and nanoparticles volumetric fractions. In contrast, it rises with wedge angle, Grashof numbers, Darcy-Forchheimer, nonlinear Grashof numbers, and Maxwell fluid parameter. Thermal profiles increase with progress in the heat source, nanoparticles volumetric fractions, viscous dissipation, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The percentage increases in drag force for ternary hybrid nanofluid are 13.2 and 8.44 when the Modified Hartmann number takes input in the range 0.1 ≤ Mh ≤ 0.3 and wedge angle parameters 0.1 ≤ m ≤ 0.3 . For fuzzy analysis, dimensionless ODEs transformed into fuzzy differential equations and employed symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The TFN makes a triangular membership function (M.F.) that describes the fuzziness and comparison. This study compared nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary nanofluids through triangular M.F. The boundary layer flow caused by a wedge surface plays a crucial role in heat exchanger systems and geothermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A topological index is a numerical parameter that represents the molecular structure of a compound based on its graph‐theoretical properties. It provides a means to describe the structure‐activity relationship, as well as the physicochemical properties of the compound. Topological indices are used in various scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, and computer science, to study and predict the behavior of molecules. In this study, we concentrate on the calculation of M‐polynomials and entropy for the allotropic form of carbon, diamond. Algebraic operations are applied to these polynomials to obtain degree‐dependent topological invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims to optimize nonlinear thermal flow for Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell fuzzy Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a Riga wedge in the context of boundary slip. Three types of nanomaterials, Al 2 O 3 , Cu and TiO 2 have been mixed into the basic fluid known as engine oil. Thermal properties with the effects of porous surface and nonlinear convection have been established for the particular combination Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO. Applying a set of appropriate variables, the set of equations that evaluated the energy and flow equations was transferred to the dimensionless form. For numerical computing, the MATLAB software's bvp4c function is used. The graphical display is used to demonstrate the influence of several influential parameters. It has been observed that flow rate decay with expansion in porosity parameter and nanoparticles volumetric fractions. In contrast, it rises with wedge angle, Grashof numbers, Darcy-Forchheimer, nonlinear Grashof numbers, and Maxwell fluid parameter. Thermal profiles increase with progress in the heat source, nanoparticles volumetric fractions, viscous dissipation, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The percentage increases in drag force for ternary hybrid nanofluid are 13.2 and 8.44 when the Modified Hartmann number takes input in the range 0.1 ≤ Mh ≤ 0.3 and wedge angle parameters 0.1 ≤ m ≤ 0.3 . For fuzzy analysis, dimensionless ODEs transformed into fuzzy differential equations and employed symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The TFN makes a triangular membership function (M.F.) that describes the fuzziness and comparison. This study compared nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary nanofluids through triangular M.F. The boundary layer flow caused by a wedge surface plays a crucial role in heat exchanger systems and geothermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices at the farm level is essential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and creating sustainable food systems. This study explored the nexus of women’s empowerment in agriculture and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Pakistan. A face-to-face survey using multistage simple random and purposive sampling techniques was used to collect the data from 384 Pakistani women farmers. A partial least-squares structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that empowering women in agricultural asset control (β = 0.38, p < 0.01) positively influences the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices on farms. Similarly, women’s empowerment in decision-making (β = 0.41, p < 0.01) also significantly affects the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, women’s empowerment in legal rights (β = 0.14, p < 0.01), productivity and skills (β = 0.15, p < 0.01), and information and communication technology (β = 0.19, p = 0.02) significantly increases farm-level adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor segmentation in medical imaging is a critical task for diagnosis and treatment while preserving patient data privacy and security. Traditional centralized approaches often encounter obstacles in data sharing due to privacy regulations and security concerns, hindering the development of advanced AI-based medical imaging applications. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes the utilization of federated learning. The proposed framework enables collaborative learning by training the segmentation model on distributed data from multiple medical institutions without sharing raw data. Leveraging the U-Net-based model architecture, renowned for its exceptional performance in semantic segmentation tasks, this study emphasizes the scalability of the proposed approach for large-scale deployment in medical imaging applications. The experimental results showcase the remarkable effectiveness of federated learning, significantly improving specificity to 0.96 and the dice coefficient to 0.89 with the increase in clients from 50 to 100. Furthermore, the proposed approach outperforms existing convolutional neural network (CNN)- and recurrent neural network (RNN)-based methods, achieving higher accuracy, enhanced performance, and increased efficiency. The findings of this research contribute to advancing the field of medical image segmentation while upholding data privacy and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of philosophy of law is called jurisprudence. The evolution of jurisprudence manifests the interests of society, culture and religion. All jurisprudential systems of the world fit to this assertion and possess different characteristics. If one system is based on collective interests of society, the other depicts the individuality in its essence. Some jurisprudential systems aim at worldly pleasure and luxuries while the others just focus on the Hereafter. In contrast, Islam is a balanced religion that focuses on the benefits of both individuals and society and the benefits of the world and the Hereafter. Every commandment of Allah Almighty is based on Maṣlaḥah either expressed or implied. Islamic jurists have maintained the same spirit in the derivation of aḥkām. This paper aims to explore the work of Mufti Amjad 'Alī A'ẓamī in order to highlight the salient features of his work in accordance with Maṣāliḥ 'Ibād. It also throws light on his efforts to maintain the pace of Islamic jurisprudence with the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond the concerns associated with marginalised groups' underrepresentation, we posited that socio-demographic aspects and associated stigma provoke gendered social exclusion among older adults. Although these linkages have been frequently acknowledged, concrete evidence remains complicated. In a sample of 384 older adults from various administrative zones of the Lahore metropolitan, we examined that gendered social exclusion is typically connected with socio-demographic stereotypes. Statistics revealed that 72.3% of older adults reported social exclusion. Homemakers and non-workers were more prone to experience social exclusion than employed respondents. Findings further discovered that the social exclusion rates were more significant among older women (93.1%) than older men (47.5%). Among older women, those involved in some employment, having a personal income, living in higher-income households and joint families with their children or peers, and having access to a private car were less possibly socially excluded. The substantial gender aspect of social exclusion appears to be provoked by a gender-based socio-cultural context, limiting older women's participation in daily socio-economic pursuits. Finally, possible consequences of increased social exclusion among older women and strategies to cater to this emerging issue are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression stockings/socks are one of the most essential materials to treat vascular disorders in veins. However, the comfort of wearing such stockings over prolonged period of time is a major problem. There is limited research in the area of comfort optimization while retaining the compressional performance. The current work is carried out with an aim to determine the optimum level of the input factors e.g., knitting structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density for achieving desired stretch recovery percentage and thermo-physiological comfort properties of compression socks used in treatment of vascular disorders. Their optimum combination was determined by using Taguchi based techniques for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution i.e., TOPIS. In this study, thickness, areal density, air permeability, thermal resistance, over all moisture management capacity (OMMC), stretch and recovery % were optimized simultaneously by using Taguchi-TOPSIS method. The results showed that linear density of plaiting and main yarn has significant influence on all the comfort related properties for compression stockings/socks. The optimum sample had linear density 20 denier for Lycra covered by 70 denier of nylon 66 in the plaiting yarn. It also suggested 120 denier nylon 66 in the main yarn knitted into a plain single jersey structure. The percentage contribution of the factors i.e., structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density was obtained by using ANOVA which are 7%, 31% and 42% respectively. It is worth mentioning that in case of compression stockings, the main yarn linear density has more significant effect on comfort properties as compared to other independent parameters. The results were verified by experiment, and the accuracy was relatively high (maximum error 8.533%). This study helped to select suitable knit structure with the change of linear densities of plaiting yarn and main yarn for comfortable compression stocking/sock and will fulfill the potential requirement for treatment of venous/vascular disorders. The novel methodology involving TOPSIS method helped in analyzing the cumulative contribution of the input parameters to achieve optimum compression as well as comfort performance. This modern approach is based on contemporary scientific principles and statistical approximations. This study may provide benchmark solutions to complex problems involving multiple interdependent criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A topological index is a number used in QSAR and QSPR research to assess the structural properties of a graph. The Sadhana and PI, polynomial-based topological indices, have been intensively explored in the study of chemical graph theory since a few years ago. These indices are computed using their related polynomials, however, in this study, we use an instantaneous and revolutionary approach to compute these indices for hexagonal boron nitride graphs and carbon nanotube structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial's Cu and Al 2 O 3 are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the χ - cut parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The prime aim of this effort is to investigate the steady, incompressible flow of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Prandtl Eyring fuzzy hybrid ( Al 2 O 3 +Cu/SA ) nanofluid through a wedge surface when viscous dissipation, nonlinear thermal radiation, and fuzzy volume fraction are presented. The flow phenomena of a hybrid nanofluid are investigated for the two-dimensional fluid flow with the inclusion of copper ( Cu ) and alumina ( Al 2 O 3 ) particles added into sodium alginate (SA). By employing a dimensionless similarity transformation, the presented model’s nonlinear governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are redefined into a set of dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved utilizing numerical methods named built-in MATAB BVP4C (Finite Difference Method). Also, nanoparticle volume fractions are said to be triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN). σ -cut has control over the TFNs and triangular membership function. The importance of physical factors is emphasized through tables and graphs. The findings of the present investigation indicate that compared to Prandtl Eyring fluid, hybrid nanofluid transmits heat at a faster rate. Thermal distribution is improved by the solid volume fraction percentage. As thermal radiation and second fluid parameter levels rise, heat transfer rate also accelerated. The triangular fuzzy membership analysis specifies that fuzzy temperature rises more quickly for hybrid nanofluids when compared with simple nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is critical for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of therapeutic outcomes. Thus, this research introduces a novel hybrid approach that combines handcrafted features with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to enhance the performance of brain tumor segmentation. In this study, handcrafted features were extracted from MRI scans that included intensity-based, texture-based, and shape-based features. In parallel, a unique CNN architecture was developed and trained to detect the features from the data automatically. The proposed hybrid method was combined with the handcrafted features and the features identified by CNN in different pathways to a new CNN. In this study, the Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge dataset was used to measure the performance using a variety of assessment measures, for instance, segmentation accuracy, dice score, sensitivity, and specificity. The achieved results showed that our proposed approach outperformed the traditional handcrafted feature-based and individual CNN-based methods used for brain tumor segmentation. In addition, the incorporation of handcrafted features enhanced the performance of CNN, yielding a more robust and generalizable solution. This research has significant potential for real-world clinical applications where precise and efficient brain tumor segmentation is essential. Future research directions include investigating alternative feature fusion techniques and incorporating additional imaging modalities to further improve the proposed method's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an idea of a new iterative procedure (NIP) to examine the approximate solution of the nonlinear fractional Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson (DSW) equation. We first use Mohand transform (MT) to the problem and obtain a recurrence relation without any assumption or restrictive variable. This relation is now very easy to handle and suitable for the study of the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). We observe that HPM produces the iterations in the form of convergence series that becomes very close to the precise solution. The fractional derivative is considered in the Caputo sense. We also demonstrate the graphical solution to show that NIP is a very simple, straightforward, and efficient tool for nonlinear problems of fractional derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we describe the kinetics associated with the rac-Me2Si[2-Me-4-Ph-Ind]2ZrCl2 (Cat-1)/borate/TIBA catalyzed copolymerization of E/dienes (isoprene (IP), butadiene (BD), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and vinyl norbornene (VNB)), and E/diene/1-hexene (1H) terpolymerization by using thiophenecarbonyl chloride (TPCC) that was used in Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) and metallocene-catalyzed polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) and E/P polymerizations. In both types of polymerizations, a higher amount of dienes was incorporated when VNB (2.70 mole %) and VCH (1.56 mole %) were added as comonomer, but IP and BD were incorporated with the moderated rate (0.6-1.1 mole %) with higher activities (3.45x106gm/mmolMt·h). The active center [Zr]/[C*] fraction is higher (61%) than previously reported PE polymerizations, especially in the case of E/IP, E/BD and E/IP/1H but lower than E/P (87%) copolymerization. Significantly, IP and BD activated the inactive catalytic sites that were dormant in the PE. The propagation rate constant (kpE) with IP was higher (kp564 Lmol-1s-1), while kpE with VNB (kp379 Lmol-1s-1) and VCH (kp304 Lmol-1s-1), which were lower than PE. This difference is built because of the diffusion barrier in the system. Compared to E/diene copolymers, kpE values in E/diene/1H terpolymerizations for IP, VCH, and VNB are higher and stable except ENB and determine that 1H prevents the insertion of dienes and reduces the crystalline properties resultant moderate kpE. Even though the E/BD copolymers decreased butadiene content of over 2 mol% resulted in better crystalline characteristics, lower diffusion barriers, and a higher kpE value. In concept, IP and BD are linear and readily available for coordination. While VCH, ENB and VNB are cyclic and bulky, metallocene in contact ion pairs cannot accept ENB, VNB, and VCH for coordination and subsequently act as dormant in the polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1966 Gallai asked the following question: Do all longest paths (cycles) of a connected graph contain a common vertex? After a positive answer to Gallai's question, another question has been raised, Is there any family of graphs without Gallai's property? Menke found one such family, the square lattices. Embedding methods hold the promise to transform not just the way calculations are performed, but to significantly reduce computational costs and often used in quantum mechanics and material sciences. In this paper, we prove the existence of graphs with the empty intersection of their longest cycles as subgraphs of Archimedean lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the modified form of the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), and the Yang transform is adopted to simplify the solving process for the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KS) problem with fractal derivatives. This scheme is established by combining the two-scale fractal scheme and Yang transform, which is very helpful to evaluate the approximate solution of the fractal KS problem. Initially, we transfer the fractal problem into its partners using the two-scale fractal approach, and then we use the Yang transform ( T) to obtain the recurrent relation. Second, the HPM is then introduced to deal with the nonlinear elements of the fractal model. The numerical example demonstrates how the suggested technique is incredibly straightforward and precise for nonlinear fractal models. In addition, the graphical error of the proposed fractal model is compared with the calculated results of our suggested approach and the exact results. This graphical error displays the strength and authenticity of our proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current analysis, we developed a significant approach for deriving the approximate solution of the Newell-Whitehead-Segel model with Caputo derivatives. This scheme is developed based on Sumudu transform and the residual power series method (RPSM) that generates the solution in the form of a series. First, we apply the Sumudu transform to decompose the fractional order and obtain a recurrence relation. Secondly, we utilize the RPSM to the recalescence relation and then we can derive the series solution with successive iterations using the initial conditions. We observe that this approach demonstrates a high accuracy and validity to the proposed fractional model. In our developed scheme, we do not face any huge calculation and restriction of elements that diverse the significance of the results. In addition, we display 2D and 3D graphical visuals to show the physical nature of the fractional model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a new fractional analytical scheme (NFAS) is developed to obtain the approximate results of fourth-order parabolic fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). The fractional derivatives are considered in the Caputo sense. In this scheme, we show that a Taylor series destructs the recurrence relation and minimizes the heavy computational work. This approach presents the results in the sense of convergent series. In addition, we provide the convergence theorem that shows the authenticity of this scheme. The proposed strategy is very simple and straightforward for obtaining the series solution of the fractional models. We take some differential problems of fractional orders to present the robustness and effectiveness of this developed scheme. The significance of NFAS is also shown by graphical and tabular expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Any component of the urinary system can get infected with bacteria, which is known as a urinary tract infection (UTI). It is one of the most common bacterial diseases in children. The study's objectives included identifying the clinical symptoms of UTI in children between the ages of one month and fifteen, as well as the bacteria responsible for the illness and their sensitivity to various medicines. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the CMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January to June of 2022. Our analysis comprised 137 strongly suspected instances of UTI in children (1 month to 15 years old). Results: A total of 137 urine samples from paediatric patients suspected of having UTI were obtained in which the 93 samples (67.88%) generated significant bacteria. The two most common clinical symptoms of UTI patients in our research were fever and dysuria. E. coli was the most prevalent isolate in cases with paediatric UTI. Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole were the medications that were most effective against E. coli and Klebsiella, respectively. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of identifying the clinical symptoms, bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), and their drug sensitivity patterns in children. The findings emphasize the need for early detection through urine culture sensitivity tests and provide valuable insights for clinicians to effectively manage UTI cases in children, including selecting appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, symmetry is all around us. The symmetry framework represents integer partial differential equations and their fractional order in the sense of Caputo derivatives. This article suggests a semi-analytical approach based on Aboodh transform (A T) and the homotopy perturbation scheme (HPS) for achieving the approximate solution of time-fractional porous media and heat transfer equations. The A T converts the fractional problems into simple ones and obtains the recurrence relation without any discretization or assumption. This nonlinear recurrence relation can be decomposed via the use of the HPS to obtain the iterations in terms of series solutions. The initial conditions play an important role in determining the successive iterations and yields towards the exact solution. We provide some numerical applications to analyze the accuracy of this proposed scheme and show that the performance of our scheme has strong agreement with the exact results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed traits are very important agronomic traits that contribute significantly into crop yield and are considered useful indicators to monitor the inheritance of quantitative traits influenced by genotype and environmental conditions. To investıgate genomic regions useful for breeding high-yielding and highly nutritious common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, a mini core collection of Turkish common bean germplasm was screened under five environments and two locations for seed traits (seed width, seed yield/plant (SYP), and hundred seed weight). The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) across the environments revealed significant effects of genotypes and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) for all studied traits except hundred seed weight (HSW), where G × E was found nonsignificant. During this study, mean seed width, SYP, and HSW were 7.038 mm, 21.815 g, and 42.1 g, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant and positive correlation (p = 0.01) of seed width with SYP and HSW. At the provinces level, minimum and maximum HSW was reflected by Elazığ and Bolu provinces, respectively. Studied germplasm was grouped into two populations in constellation analysis based on their HSW. A total of 7900 DArTseq markers identified through genotyping by sequencing (GBS) were used for the investigation of marker-trait association. DArT-3373385 marker present on chromosome Pv08 showed a significant association for seed width. DArT-8215545 marker showed a significant association for SYP and this marker was also present on chromosome Pv08. A total of four DArTseq markers were determined to be associated with HSW, and DArT-3372052 contributed maximum (11.32%) to phenotypic variations. We believe that the reported genomic regions will be helpful for future marker-assisted breeding regarding yield-related traits in common bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba bean is protein-enriched legume crop consumed in the form of pods, and cooked seeds and is a part of the traditional food of many Mediterranean countries. It shows variations in its phenotypes, especially in seed size and color. Therefore, it is very important to investigate faba bean genotypes having less cooking time. Keeping this in view, a total of 399 faba bean accessions including three commercial varieties were obtained from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and Aegean Agricultural Research Institute National Gene Bank for the investigation of cooking traits variations. The field experiments were conducted according to the augmented block design in three provinces (Sivas, Adana, and İzmir) of Türkiye for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). A good range of variations was observed for all studied traits and the mean cooking time was 114.16 min. İzmir10 had better cooking properties due to its shorter cooking time than other cultivars and landraces. Higher values of the swelling index revealed the higher swelling ability of Balıkesir74. Correlation analysis was performed and swelling capacity showed significant and positive correlations with swelling index and hydration capacity at a significance level of p = 0.05. As this germplasm was collected from 45 provinces, the landrace from Şanlıurfa reflected minimum cooking time and maximum swelling capacity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and the 1st five PCs accounted for a total of 100.00% variations. Biplot analysis resulted in a total of 63.02% variations and the studied germplasm was divided based on cooking time, hydration capacity, and swelling capacity. İzmir10 showed minimum cooking time, it should be also used as a candidate parent to develop faba bean cultivars requiring lesser cooking time to save time and energy. We believe that the results presented herein will be very helpful for the faba bean breeding community interested in quality and cooking traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Given the potential impact of climate change on the distributions of endemic species, it is critical to implement species recovery and habitat management measures to protect threatened species. This study used MaxEnt modeling to assess the species' habitat suitability in varying climate scenarios in the Western Himalayas and identified ten influential drivers. Our field-based observations of Tragopan melanocephalus show that the species typically lives at elevations between 1850 and 3800 m, which is consistent with the species' reported affinity for extremely high elevations between 1500 and 4000 m above sea level. Our findings reveal that areas with high and moderate suitability for the species are patchily distributed throughout the Western Himalayas, ranging from northeastern Pakistan to central Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Moreover, there are continuous strips of highly suitable habitats along the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, in the Kashmir region, and in the Annapurna region of Uttarakhand. The study observed that the Western Tragopan's habitat suitability may increase under future climate change scenarios, but additional research is needed to avert population collapses and identify other potential drivers of local extinction occurrences. To support increased biodiversity and lower risks under current and anticipated future climatic conditions, it is advised that the suitable areas identified be designated as nature reserves. According to the study's findings, a more effective wildlife management strategy might significantly help with the reintroduction of the Tragopan melanocephalus population into its suitable habitats in western Himalaya, thereby advancing the global objectives set for the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration targets (2021–2030). The impact of a changing climate, particularly global warming, often harms the distribution of pheasants, particularly those with limited endemic ranges. To effectively create plans of action aimed at conserving species facing threats such as the Western Tragopan, (Tragopan melanocephalus; Gray, 1829; Galliformes, found in the western Himalayas), it is crucial to understand how future distributions may be affected by anticipated climate change. This study utilized MaxEnt modeling to assess how suitable the habitat of the targeted species is likely to be under different climate scenarios. While similar studies have been conducted regionally, there has been no research on this particular endemic animal species found in the western Himalayas throughout the entire distribution range. The study utilized a total of 200 occurrence points; 19 bioclimatic, four anthropogenic, three topographic, and a vegetation variable were also used. To determine the most fitting model, species distribution modeling (SDM) was employed, and the MaxEnt calibration and optimization techniques were utilized. Data for projected climate scenarios of the 2050s and 2070s were obtained from SSPs 245 and SSPs 585. Among all the variables analyzed; aspect, precipitation of coldest quarter, mean diurnal range, enhanced vegetation index, precipitation of driest month, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, human footprint, precipitation of driest quarter, and temperature annual range were recognized as the most influential drivers, in that order. The predicted scenarios had high accuracy values (AUC-ROC > 0.9). Based on the feedback provided by the inhabitants, it was observed that the livability of the selected species could potentially rise (between 3.7 to 13%) in all projected scenarios of climate change, because this species is relocating towards the northern regions of the elevation gradient, which is farther from the residential areas, and their habitats are shrinking. The suitable habitats of the Tragopan melanocephalus in the Himalayan region will move significantly by 725 m upwards, because of predicted climate change. However, the fact that the species is considered extinct in most areas and only found in small patches suggests that further research is required to avert a further population decline and delineate the reasons leading to the regional extinction of the species. The results of this study can serve as a foundation for devising conservation strategies for Tragopan melanocephalus under the changing climate and provide a framework for subsequent surveillance efforts aimed at protecting the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]