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Clubroot is one of the most important diseases for many important cruciferous vegetables and oilseed crops worldwide. Different clubroot resistance (CR) loci have been identified from only limited species in Brassica, making it difficult to compare and utilize these loci. European fodder turnip ECD04 is considered one of the most valuable resources for CR breeding. To explore the genetic and evolutionary basis of CR in ECD04, we sequenced the genome of ECD04 using de novo assembly and identified 978 candidate R genes. Subsequently, the 28 published CR loci were physically mapped to 15 loci in the ECD04 genome, including 62 candidate CR genes. Among them, two CR genes, CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4, were functionally validated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4 originated from a common ancestor before the whole-genome triplication (WGT) event. In clubroot susceptible Brassica species, CR-gene homologues were affected by transposable element (TE) insertion, resulting in the loss of CR function. It can be concluded that the current functional CR genes in Brassica rapa and non-functional CR genes in other Brassica species were derived from a common ancestral gene before WGT. Finally, a hypothesis for CR gene evolution is proposed for further discussion.

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It is widely accepted fact that Globalization is affecting all institutions such as education, politics, religion, health, and economy. The effects are reciprocal among different nations of the world but there is the imbalance in the flow between rich and poor Nations. The current study carried out to understand the Cultural Imperialism through Globalization in Higher Education of Pakistan from the perspective of the post-graduate students of Universities. The focus of the study was University of Karachi and NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. The qualitative approach was used for conducting this study. The purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the respondents. Total 20 Postgraduate (MS/M.Phil and Ph.D.) students of Social Sciences and Humanities were interviewed through the open-ended questions. The Data were collected by Face to Face In-depth Interviews. The data were analyzed with the help of theories such as Power, Governmentality by Michel Foucault and Cultural Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci. The findings suggested that the Globalization is greatly disseminating the cultural Imperialism through Higher Education in Pakistan.

Gender became the attention of contemporary scholarships when women were found in domestic issues as well as gender inequality in terms of job opportunities, education, health, political participation etc. Many studies have been carried out regarding women issues and provided policies and laws to provide opportunities for women to contribute in the society. So, gender presentation in school textbooks is newly emerging field of study in the academia. The present study focuses on women presentation in school textbooks of Balochistan. The English Books for Class I, to V were taken as sample for present study. These books were selected through purposive sampling. All conversations, texts and images related to women misrepresentation were taken from selected books. These data were analysed by the help of Michal Foucault’s theory of power/Knowledge and Discourse Analysis and also Cultural Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci. The findings of the present study suggest that textbooks of Balochistan are clearly misrepresenting women and promoting the male hegemony. The women are shown in domestic works and teaching jobs which are considered soft works. On the other hand, men are shown in school administrations, public domains, ownerships and in those jobs which need more power and energy. So, it is clear that schools textbooks promote the gender biased approach because men are shown in powerful, prestigious, well reputed and respectable jobs and women are shown in less respected and less valued positions.

Salt stress is considered one of the main abiotic factors to limit crop growth and productivity by affecting morpho-physiological and biochemical processes. Genetically, a number of salt tolerant Brassica varieties have been developed and introduced, but breeding of such varieties is time consuming. Therefore, current focus is on transgenic technology, which plays an important role in the development of salt tolerant varieties. Various salt tolerant genes have been characterized and incorporated into Brassica. Therefore, such genetic transformation of Brassica species is a significant step for improvement of crops, as well as conferring salt stress resistance qualities to Brassica species. Complete genome sequencing has made the task of genetically transforming Brassica species easier, by identifying desired candidate genes. The present review discusses relevant information about the principles which should be employed to develop transgenic Brassica species, and also will recommend tools for improved tolerance to salinity.

Language plays a vital role for the shaping of the social structure of a society. Similarly, proverbs are the significant part of any language being used in a day to day communication. These proverbs are transformed and transferred from generation to generation in according to the social events and conditions. The current study carried out on representation of women in Balochi language proverbs. The purpose of this study was to critically analyze the gender representation of women in Balochi language Proverbs. In present study purposive sampling technique is used to collect data. The data were collected from four books on Balochi proverbs among them 15 proverbs are critically analyzed. All those proverbs which represented women are taken and analyzed. Moreover, the Hegemonic masculinity, hegemony and social constructionism theories are used to analyze the data. The findings of this study suggests that women are represented in a gendered way depicting her role as dependency, submissiveness, marginalized and lack agency whereas men have been portrayed as powerful, brave, ruler and holds greater autonomy over economic, social, religious and political domain.

PbBa8.1 and CRb are two clubroot-resistant genes that are important for canola breeding in China. Previously, we combined these resistant genes and developed a pyramid-based, homozygous recurrent inbred line (618R), the results of which showed strong resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae field isolates, however, the genetic mechanisms of resistance were unclear. In the present work, we conducted comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis between 618R and its parental lines (305R and 409R) in order to uncover the transcriptomic response of the superior defense mechanisms of 618R and to determine how these two different resistant genes coordinate with each other. Here, we elucidated that the number and expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 618R are significantly higher than in the parental lines, and PbBa8.1 shares more DEGs and plays a dominant role in the pyramided line. The common DEGs among the lines largely exhibit non-additive expression patterns and enrichment in resistance pathways. Among the enriched pathways, plant&ndash, pathogen interaction, plant hormone signaling transduction, and secondary metabolites are the key observation. However, the expressions of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be crucial regulatory components in defense response. Our findings provide comprehensive transcriptomic insight into understanding the interactions of resistance gene pyramids in single lines and can facilitate the breeding of improved resistance in Brassica napus.

Brassica napus is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and Plasmodiophora brassicae is a serious threat causing yield reduction. CRb and PbBa8.1 resistance genes are known to be highly effective against P. brassicae race 4. Here, we combined two clubroot resistance (CR) genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and developed CR homozygous lines. The CR parental and pyramided lines were crossed with genetically male sterile (GMS) plants to generate heterozygous lines. In order to confirm their differences on resistance, the parental and generated lines were inoculated with 9 P. brassicae field isolates in the greenhouse and resistant test also evaluated in different naturally infested fields. The CR pyramiding lines exhibited high levels of resistance to the most isolates than line containing any single resistance gene; comparatively, the homozygous lines demonstrated a higher resistance than the heterozygous. The genetic variation among P. brassicae isolates was analyzed through simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker and significant divergences were recorded among the 9 tested field isolates and the result was consistent with data acquired from the greenhouse and natural field experiments. This study will certainly provide a novel molecular strategy for the breeding of the durable CR B. napus varieties in future breeding programs.