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In present work the effect of various temperatures on germination and seedling growth were determined, using primed seeds of hybrid variety of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. NUN 5024). The hydro (distilled water) and halo (using different concentrations of Mg(NO3)2 ranging from 5 to 10 mM) primed seeds of tomato were placed under different (ranging from 10 to 40°C) temperatures during germination in plant growth chamber and various parameters of seedling growth were studied. Maximum germination percentage, total seedling, and separately root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weight of seedlings, studied up to 10 days were represented by 7.5 mM Mg(NO3)2-primed seeds at 40°C. While the study continued only with 40°C treated sets up to 25 days in net house under natural conditions, maximum plant height, number of branches and green leaves, leaf area/plant, plant fresh and dry weights, root number/plant, root length, root fresh and dry weight, super oxide dismutase activity (SOD) and protein content were noted in 7.5 mM Mg(NO3)2-primed seeds in respect to all other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, and its exact aetiology is not defined clearly. The free radicals produced in large amount in RA are associated with alteration in molecular structure resulting in glycation of proteins. As a result of glycation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) produced. In this study, collagen type II suspension was injected into Wistar rats to make RA model of rats. Simultaneously, hesperidin 50 mg kg−1 body weight was orally administrated to the rats for 21 days. X‐rays of the rat hind paws were analyzed and found to be significantly effective against bone loss after treatment with hesperindin. Nε‐(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and pentosidine (PTD) concentrations in collagen‐induced RA plasma were determined as 565.29 ± 30.15 and 37.23 ± 1.02 ng ml−1, respectively, while CML and PTD in IgG were 6.63 ± 0.44 ng mg−1 IgG and 425.33 ± 37.26 ng g−1 IgG, respectively. After treatment with hesperidin, the elevated levels of CML in plasma and in IgG were significantly (p < 0.001) lowered to 450.95 ± 15.05 mg ml−1 and 5.23 ± 0.27 ng mg−1 IgG, respectively. Similarly, concentrations of PTD in plasma and IgG of rats treated with hesperidin were 28.46 ± 1.20 ng ml−1 and 359.35 ± 31.11 ng g−1 IgG, respectively. Thus, after treatment with drug, plasma CML and IgG PTD levels were restored as 93% and 16%, respectively, through free radical scavenging activity of hesperidin resulting in alleviation of RA disease by decreasing the AGEs concentrations. Therefore, use of hesperidin may be useful to alleviate severity of RA disease. Significance statement: Collagen type II suspension was used to make a rheumatoid arthritis model of rat.Hesperidin treatment was effective against bone loss.Hesperidin effectively reduced the concentrations of advanced glycation end products like Nε‐(carboxymethyl)lysine and pentosidine.Treatment with hesperidin resulted in the alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis disease through free radical scavenging and antiglycation activities.Hesperidin may be useful to alleviate the severity of rheumatoid arthritis disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]