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This study aimed to compare the upper and lower lips position, length, and thickness in different malocclusions, in randomly selected 180 patients' pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. The subjects were grouped sagittally by using Steiner's analysis and Wits appraisal and vertically based on Frankfort horizontal and mandibular plane (FHMP) angle and lower facial height. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare the upper and lower lip positions, thickness, and length in sagittal and vertical malocclusion and independent sample T test was applied for comparison between genders among soft tissue variables. Post-hoc Dunnett T3 was performed for comparison of lip variables in adjacent malocclusion groups. The level of significance was not less than or equal to 0.05. The anteroposterior position of the upper and lower lips with respect to E and S planes and upper and lower lip thickness varied significantly (p < 0.05) in all classes of sagittal malocclusion, whereas the anteroposterior (AP) position of the LL with respect to both planes and UL length between vertical malocclusion groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). AP position and fullness of both lips have a significant association with sagittal malocclusion, whereas the AP position of the lower lip's and the length of upper lip is significantly associated with vertical malocclusion.

Introduction: Fixed orthodontic retainers are very important for treatment stability; however, adverse effects on the health of periodontium can be caused as a result of deposition of plaque and calculus., Objectives: To compare and determine the effects of two mandibular fixed lingual retainers on the periodontal status, and to test the null hypothesis that there would be no significant difference on the periodontium health between the patients using fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) or multistranded wire (MSW) fixed retainers., Methods: A total of 60 subjects were recruited, out of which 6 were excluded and 2 dropped out during the study. Hence, 52 subjects with mean age of 21.5 ± 3.6 years were included in the study. The sample was composed by 8 males (15.4%) and 44 females (84.6%). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 received fiber-reinforced composite retainer, while Group 2 received multistranded wire retainer. After insertion, plaque index, calculus index, gingival index and bleeding on probing were compared, after three months (T1), six months (T2), nine months (T3) and twelve months (T4), using Mann-Whitney test with p-value ≤ 0.05 as significant., Results: It could be seen that the health of periodontium deteriorated with the passage of time from T1 to T4 in both group of retainers. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (p> 0.05)., Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there was no significant difference on the health of periodontium between the patients with FRC and MSW fixed retainers, hence, the null hypothesis was accepted.

Objective: To assess the frequency of maxillary ectopic canine both buccally and palatally displaced with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis., Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from April 8 to June 29, 2019, at the Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, and Dow Dental College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised orthodontic patients diagnosed with maxillary ectopic canine eruption. Root resorption and agenesis were diagnosed on panoramic films. Root resorption was further confirmed by periapical radiographs. Data was analysed using SPSS 21., Results: Of the 98 subjects, 86(87.8%) had buccally displaced canines of which 38(44.2%) were associated with root resorption, while 12(12.2%) patients had palatally displaced canines of which 10(83.3%) had root resorption (p=0.011). Overall, 30(30.6%) lateral incisors were resorbed, 7(7.1%) both central and lateral incisors, 5(5.1%) premolars, and 6(6.1%) both lateral incisors and premolars were resorbed. Agenesis was detected in 10 (10.2%) subjects (p=0.62)., Conclusions: There was found to be no association of maxillary ectopic canines with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis.

Background: Bonded retainers are widely used as they are esthetically pleasing, easily acceptable, provide greater stability, compliance free and causes no soft tissue irritation and speech problems. Though, fracture and bond failure are their shortcomings. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the number of bond failures and type of failure pattern between two types of mandibular canine-canine bonded retainers., Methods: Total 60 subjects were recruited initially and were assessed for eligibility, out of which 6 were excluded and 2 were lost to follow up. They were randomly divided into two groups. Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) retainers were inserted in group 1 subjects while group 2 subjects received multistranded stainless steel (MSW) retainers. The subjects were recalled after every 3 months over a period of 1 year. Bond failure rate and failure pattern based on adhesive remnant index were evaluated at each visit. The bond failure rate and failure pattern were compared between the two retainers by using Chi-square test., Results: The bond failure rates were 42.94% for FRC retainer and 31.41% for MSW retainer. Hence, total number of bond failures in both retainers were 37.17%. The difference of bond failure between two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.012). Type "0" failure pattern was detected commonly with both types of retainers (p <  0.001)., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that multistranded stainless steel wire retainer is a superior option to be used for fixed lingual retention in mandibular arch as it exhibited lower bond failure as compared to fiber reinforced composite retainer. Adhesive failure is the most common type of bond failure observed with both types of fixed retainers., Trial Registration: ID NCT03881813 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ); March 19, 2019, retrospective registration.

Objective: To compare and evaluate the relapse tendency of two types of fixed lingual retainers using Little's irregularity index for a follow-up of one year., Study Design: Randomised clinical trial., Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences and Dow Dental College in Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, from November 2017 to March 2019., Methodology: A total of 54 patients were recruited and divided into two groups by random allocation. Subjects who have completed fixed appliance (MBT) orthodontic treatment and non extraction cases with moderate crowding in the lower arch were included. Subjects with caries, restoration, fracture or missing lower anterior teeth were excluded. Group 1 received fiber reinforced composite (FRC) retainers and group 2 received multistranded stainless steel (MSW) retainers. They were recalled after every three months interval for one year. Relapse tendency of retainers using Little's irregularity index was evaluated at each visit., Results: Comparison of relapse tendency between two retainers showed statistically significant results (p<0.05). The mean difference of CPD between two retainers at T0 was found to be 0.09 mm (p=0.01). At T1, it was determined to be 0.3 mm (p=0.022), and at T2 it was found to be 0.3 mm (p=0.008). At T3 and T4, it was found to be 0.5 mm (p<0.001) and 0.5 mm (p=0.002), respectively. All mean differences were statistically significant., Conclusion: Fiber-reinforced retainers are more effective in preventing the mandibular incisor relapse. The results of the study also suggest that the irregularity of the dentition increases with the passage of time.