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Sveučilišni udžbenik namijenjen za područje veterinarske kliničke imunologije.

Mycoplasma bovis was first isolated from milk of cows with mastitis in USA. Throughout the years, its significance has also been proved in arthritis, pneumonia, otitis and conjunctivitis in calves. In recent years, M. bovis has been frequently isolated from nasal cavities and/or pneumonic lungs of calves in many countries in North America, Europe, and Asia. The first isolation of M. bovis in Croatia was in year 2002 during the first outbreak of mycoplasma bovine mastitis recorded in the country. Since then milk from cows with history of mastitis from selected large milk farms has been monitored for mycoplasma and M. bovis has been recovered from 209 out of 1764 milk samples examined. Unfortunately the significance of M. bovis in calf pneumonia in Croatia is poorly appreciated, as demonstrated by the low numbers of clinical samples submitted to the Institute for diagnostic investigation. In a preliminary investigation to confirm the contribution of M. bovis to calf pneumonia in Croatia, four farms on which calves from various sources were raised and which had experienced continuous problems with chronic pneumonia were selected for study. Sixty six nasal swabs from 4 farms were collected and examined for the presence of M. bovis using enrichment and capture sandwich ELISA, culture in Hayflick broth and culture on mycoplasma agar. After isolation on solid agar and identification by sELISA, 20 isolates were randomly selected and tested by PCR. M. bovis was detected in 39 out of 74 (52, 7 %) nasal swabs from all 4 farms and 5 out of 11 (45, 5 %) lung samples from 4 farms by enrichment and capture sELISA. All samples positive in sELISA yielded growth of mycoplasma colonies on mycoplasma agar plates. All 20 selected isolates that were previously identified by ELISA were confirmed as M. bovis by PCR.

This paper presents our observations during the second outbreak of bovine mastitis in Croatia. On a farm with approximately 700 dairy cows in different stages of lactation a significant increase in severe clinical mastitis cases resistant to antibiotic therapy was observed. The animals were of Friesian Holstein breed and some had been purchased from Western Europe. The acute form of mastitis was characterised by a rapid decrease in milk production, and a rapid spread of infection from affected to adjacent quarters. The animals were unsuccessfully treated with different antibiotics for several months. Combinations of tetracycline, neomycin and bacitracin ; penicillin G, dihydrostreptomycin, novobiocin and neomycin ; clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cephalosporines ; and lincomycin were used. To investigate a possible role of mycoplasma as a causative agent of a large number of mastitis cases, 421 udder secretions were microbiologically examined. Mycoplasma colonies of typical appearance were cultured from 77 milk samples. Mycoplasmas were identified directly from milk samples by antigen capture ELISA test and polymerase chain reaction for routine identification of M. bovis. All isolated mycoplasmas were identified as Mycoplasma bovis. Mastitic bovine milk originated from a large number of farms in Croatia has been routinely cultured for mycoplasma on appropriate media at Department of Microbiology and Infectious diseases for the last 30 years. On this basis, it is likely that mycoplasma mastitis in Croatia was brought into into the country with the imported animals. As bovine mycoplasma mastitis might be a major udder health problem in dairy cattle there is an urgent necessity of coordinated action of veterinary diagnostic laboratories and veterinary authorities in identifying the distribution and control of this infection in Croatia.

Bacteriological examination of an abscess found between blubber and musculature of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) found dead on 30th March 2002 in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia was performed and an aerotolerant, nontoxogenic Clostridium tertium was isolated in pure culture. National Collections of Industrial Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB Ltd.), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, confirmed the results. The sequencing results showed it to be C. tertium with 100% similarity. The strain was named Clostridium tertium strain Zagreb, acceded to the culture collection and assigned the accession number NCIMB 13970. This is the first record of C. tertium in marine mammals.

Ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, cefipime ceftazidime and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid were tested by the E-test against 84 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Ceftazidim was the most active agent with 100% of isolates having a MIC ≤ 8 mg/L (range 0.38 – 6). Ciprofloxacin and ticarcillin-clavulanic had similar activity 76% and 73% were inhibited by a MIC ≤ 1 mg/L (range 0.064 -1) and a MIC ≤ 64 mg/L (range 4 -64) respectively. Cefipime inhibited 50% of tested strains with a MIC ≤ 8 mg/L of (range 0.75 – 8). Gentamicin was the least active with 42% of P. aeruginosa isolates having a MIC ≤ 4 (range 0.125 – 16). Interpretative criteria for enrofloxacin are provide by the CLSI veterinary guidelines (M31-A2, 2002) and refer to the specific animal being treated. The CLSI guidelines state that for canine and feline Gram negative enteritic bacilli and other susceptible microorganisms, the breakpoints are S≤ 0.5, F= 1-2 and R ≥ 4, where F indicates the availability of FDA-approved labeling and those microorganisms should be considered susceptible if dosing modifications found in the package insert are applied. According to CLSI none of 84 tested strains were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 57% (48 strains) were resistant with a MIC range 3 – 32 mg/L and 43% (36 strains) having a MIC range 0.75 – 3mg/L, were ranged as category F.

Clinical characteristics of mastitis supported by the results of microbiological examination, definitely confirm our supposition that a great number of animals housed on farm resisting antibiotic therapy are infected with M. bovis. This is the first finding of mycoplasmal mastitis caused by this M. bovis in Croatia. During last 30 years (Naglić, 2005) the great number of bovine milk originated from large and small farms was on appropriate media unsuccessfully examined for mycoplasmal. Infection in Bacteriological laboratory of our Department. It is obviously that infection with M. bovis was imported in recent years with imported cows from abroad. As bovine mycoplasmal mastitis might be a major udder health problem in dairy cattle there is an urgent necessity of coordinated action of veterinary diagnostic laboratories and veterinary authorities in identifying the distribution and control of this infection in Croatia.

Izvješće se odnosi na opis prvog nalaza bakterije Mycobacterium africanum iz pećinara-Procavia capensis u svijetu.

U radu su iznijeti podaci stručne i znanstvene literature o etiologiji i proširenosti mikoplazmoznog mastitisa u krava koji uzrokuje vrsta Mycoplasma bovis. Opisani su klinički znakovi, način dijagnostike i iskorjenjivanja te bolesti koja se ističe nemogućnošću liječenja. Bolest je u nas etiološki ustanovljena u velikog broja životinja na jednoj farmi krava muzara.

Opisani su mikrobi koji uzrokuju infekcijske bolesti u životinja, s napomenom o njihovom značenju u humanoj medicini.

istražena je učestalost mastitisa i nalaz pojedinih bakterija u mlijeku 257 krava. Infekcije uzrokvane bakterijama ustanovljene su u 127 (49, 4%) krava. Supklinički oblik mastitis bio je prisutan u 36, 2% inficiranih životinja, akutni kataralni mastitis 1, 1%, a akutni parenhimski mastitis ustanovljen je u 0, 2% mliječnih krava. Od izdvojenih bakterija najčešća vrsta bili su koagulaza-negativni stafilokoki, zatim Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus disgalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, D grupa po Lancefieldovoj, E. coli, Vrste roda Enterobacter, P. aeruginosa i Bacillus sp.

Antimicrobials are used in animals as growth promoters (in subterapeutic doses), for disease prevention (after commingling of animals from differnt farms) or therapeuticaly (for treatment of infection). Extensive studies over the years have shown that imprudent use of antimicrobials resulted with an increase of prevalence and distribution of multiple antimicrobial resistant infection in animals, with possible impact on human health. The aim of our study was to determine the extent in which enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolates are resistant to a different range of antimicrobial agents, in comparison to the resistance among non-toxigenic Escherichia coli strains. The 115 E. coli strains isolated from piglets were tested for their ability to produce enterotoxins (termolabile -LT or/and termostabile - ST) and vero toxin (VT) by the OXOID test kits, and for their sensitivity to 17 antimicrobials agents by disc diffusion method. Of the 115 E. coli strains used in this study, 99 (86.1 %) were enterotoxigenic or/and verotoxigenic, and 16 (13.9 %) were non-toxigenic. All of tested strains demonstrated multiple resistance, and there was no significant difference in the antimicrobial sensitivity between toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates.

Nakon uvoza ovaca iz Australije 1995 godine u domaćih se ovaca u okolici Zagreba pojavila bolest koja se očitovala promjenama na očima. Bakteriološkim pretragama izdvojena je bakterija Branhamella ovis i vrste Mycoplasma conjunctivae iz ovaca koje su bile u doticaju s ovcama uvezenim iz Australije kao i iz australskih ovaca.

The paper describes and outbreak of Salmonellosis in chinchilla caused by Salmonella enteritidis and S. sofia.

U radu su prikazani podaci iz suvremene znanstvene literature o uzročniku Coxiella burnetii i bolesti koju uzrokuje.

The model vaccine prepared as w/o/w enchanched serological response within the range of immunodiffusion titer 1:2 and 1:4 (mean value ID titer 1:3). As opposed to this, adsorbate vaccine enchanced production of significanly lower titer of antibodies (ID titer 1.1) and water suspension yielded no visible precipitation line.

Prikazana je klasifikacija mikroorganizama svrstnih u rod Chlamydia, njihov uzgoj, postupci identifikacije te značenje za zdravlje ljudi i životinja.

Opisan je uzročnik proliferativne enteropatije svinja, postupci dijagnosticiranja bolesti kao i njezino značenje

Fifteen strains were identified as members of Mollicutes (primers MW 28/29). No strains were found to belong to MmmSC (SC3NEST1-L/R)The examined were identified as MmmLC/Mmcapri. No strains were found to belong to MmmSC (SC3NEST1-L/R.

To determine in vitro sensitivity to selected antimicrobial agents, during seven years, strains of Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa were collected from clinical specimens. From 1993 through 2000 from 5344 examined clinical specimens total of 155 strains belonging to this species were isolated. The majority of strains (123 strains) originated from ear discharge of dogs with otitis externa, and the other strains were isolated from pathologically changed organs of dead animals, milk samples, urine, faeces and wounds. The strains were tested for susceptibility by disk-diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar against seven agents of known antipseudomonas activity, i.e. imipenem, pipemidic acid, carbenicillin, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, amikacin, and gentamicin. Imipenem was the most active of tested compounds, with 151 strains ( 97.4%) sensitive, one strain (0.6%) partial sensitive and three strains (1.9%) were resistant. Against cephalosporin cefoperazon (third generation) 140 strains (90.3%) showed sensitivity, eight were partial sensitive (5.2%) and seven (4.5%) were resistant. Aminoglycoside amikacin was active against 134 isolates (86.5%), nine of them were partial sensitive (5.8%), and 12 (7.7%) were resistant. Ceftazidime was active against 132 strains (85.2%), eight strains (5.2%) were partial sensitive and 15 were resistant (9.7%). To aminoglycoside gentamicin 129 strains (83.2%) were sensitive, nine (5.8%) were partial sensitive and 17 (10.6%) were resistant. Against carbenicillin 118 strains (76.1%) were sensitive, nine (5.8%) were partial sensitive and 28 strains (18.1%) were resistant. Significant difference in antipseudomonas activity to all antimicrobial agents was observed in pipemidic acid. Out of 155 tested strains, 62 were resistant (40.0%), 11 were partial sensitive (7.1%) and 82 strains (52.9%) were sensitive. Susceptibility tests showed that the majority of strains were sensitive to specific antipseudomonas agents, except the less active pipemidic acid.

Listeriosis is an infectious disease of domestic and wild animals coused by Listeria monocytogenes, and is transferable to humans. There are two clinical forms of listeriosis: septicemic and encephalitic. This paper deals with two cases of listeriosis in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger), originating form a farm in the County of Međimurje in Croatia, and were pathomorphologically and bacteriologically examinated. This particular breed consisted of 64 chinchillas, 34 of which have died due tue same symptoms. History reveals that animals had suffered loss of appetite, and abortion occurred about 5 days before dead. Gross lesions included general anaemia and cachexia. Whithis-grays nodules the size of millet grain or little larger were noticed along the capsule of liver, serosa of colon and in mesenterial lymph nodes. Numerous vaiably-sized granulomas in liver, intestines, lymph nodes and kidneys, with no special pattern, were observed histopathologically. They consisted of necritic cells with somewhat more granulocytes in the center and scattered individual giagantocytes. Bacteriological examination of liver specimens revealed Listeria monocytogenes in pure culture in both cases. This is the first description of listeriosis in chinchillas in Croatia.

The most of 9 tested antimicrobial agents showed considerable in vitro effectiveness against tested M. conjunctivae isolates. The most effective were enrofloxacin, tiamulin, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, followed by tylosin and gentamicin. The highest resistance was recorded with chloramphenicol, neomycin, and streptomycin Until now only a limited number of reports on sensitivity testing of M. conjunctivae isolates are available. Remarkable in vitro sensitivity of our M. conjunctivae isolates to tetracyclines was verified by good results obtained by topic and systemic administration of these drugs during the first outbreak of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Croatia. It can be concluded from our study that enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tetracyclines and tylosin are promising for the local and/or systemic treatment of IKC in small ruminants. Taking into account the broader antibacterial activity and possibilities of incorporation in ophthalmic preparations, tetracyclines may be preferred.

A specific PCR assay based on unique sequences of the rrs genes (16S rRNA)of Mycoplasma conjunctivae was developed for direct detection and identification of this pathogen from clinical material. DNA from eye swabs was amplified after a simple lysis step by either a single PCR with the M. conjunctivae specific primer pair McoR1 and McoF1, or by a nested PCR with the Mycoplasma genus specific primer pair MOLIGEN1-L and16UNI-R in the first step and McoR1 and McoF1 in the second step. The specificity of the primer pair McoR1 and McoF1 was verified with purified DNA from the type strain, from 17 field isolates of M. conjunctivae and from several Mollicutes which are phylogenetically related to M. conjunctivae or which can be isolated from the same host animals. This method identified mycoplasma ioslates from goat, sheep, ibex and chamois originating from different countries as M. conjunctivae. No cross amplifications with other mycoplasmas which a related to M. conjunctivae were observed. Eye swab samples containing known numbers of M. conjunctivae cells were analysed after direct lysis of the material. The detection level was estimated to be 20 cells per swab when nested PCR procedure was used and 2 x 105 by the single PCR method. In an experimental infection model of sheep, the nested PCR method for detection of M. conjunctivae gave results which were comparable to mycoplasmal culture. These are the implications for diagnostic purposes: M. conjunctivae isolates can be identified by the one step PCR method, whereas for detection and identification of M. conjunctivae in clinical material the two-step method should be used (higher sensitivity).

Conected with the previously report on an outbreak of OIKC in Croatia, further investigation in epidemiology and microbiology was carried out. M. conjunctivae was not isolated from the animals derived from previously infected flocks. However many of the examined animals with a mild conjunctivitis were infected with B. ovis.

Tyzzerova bolest je akutna, često smrtonosna bakterijska infekcija od koje pretežno oboljevaju laboratorijske životinje, sporadično ždrebad, a rijetko ostale domaće i divlje životinje. Bolest uzrokuje bakterija Clostridium piliforme. Obično se očituje multiplim nekrozama u jetri i enteritisom Raširena je po cijelom svijetu.

Connected with the import of several thousand sheep from Australia and N Zealand in Croatia during 1995 a great number of native sheep that have been in contact with the imported animals acquired a severe ocular disease closely resembling OIKC. M. conjunctivae was isolated from 44 per cent and B. ovis from 56 per cent of microbiologically examined conjunctival swabs. For many resons most of the farmers ekiminated imported animals from their flocks and only sporadic cases of OIKC were recognised in 1996. By the end of 1997 all inspected flocks were clinacally free from OIKC. At this time conjunctival swabs were taken for microbiological examination from 63 animals originated from 6 previously infected flocks, and from 28 animals derivad from the flocks with no history of OIKC. The age of animals varied from several months to five years. All examined animlas were free from M. conjunctivae infection. Two Acheloplasma strains and two glucose- and arginin-negative mycoplasma isolates were ascertained in one flocks. B. ovis was cultured from 42, 9 per cent of examined animals from the flocks with previous history of OIKC. Heavy growth of B. ovis was generally associated with mild conjunctivitis. Independently of clinical signs of conjunctivitis this bacteria was isolated in a small number of colonies from the conjunctivas of only one animal derived from the flocks with no history of OIKC.

In the production of tetanus antitoxin healthy animals are immunized with the toxin produced by C. tetani, and the obtained hyperimmune serum or plasma is then purified. In present work flocculation test was applied to test 20 samples of tetanus anitoxin of unknown potency. Standard test toxin was used as antigen. Precipitation of immunocomplex occurred after incubation at 52 C degree, when the toxin and antitoxin reached aamost equivalent volumens. During titration unlike antitoxin, the amount of antigen was constant. In the test tubes with consecutive serial dilutions of antitoxin its leveles raised, but never to exceed one tenth of the levels in the middle of the range. Estimated error was below 5 per cent. Obtained values of in vitro flocculation test corresponded to the assumed values in iu/ml.

U posljednjih petnaestak godina iz ljudi i različitih životinja izdvojeno je dvadesetak vrsta helikobaktera, od kojih neke još nisu potpuno istražene i konačno razvrstane. Za neke se vrste može pretpostaviti da su patogene za ljude i životinje izazivajući u njih upale pojedinih dijelova želičano-crijevnog sustava i/ili jetre. S epidemiološkog motrišta osobitu pozornost zaslužuju nalazi vrste H. pylori u životinja, poglavito kućnih ljubimaca, koja u ljudi uzrokuje aktivni kronični gastritis i peptički vrijed, a povezuje se i s pojavom želučanog adenokarcinoma i limfoma želučane sluznice.

Streptoccocus suis is responsible for a wide variety of infection in domestic pigs.It has been associated with meningitis, bronchopneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, abortion and septicaemia.(Clifton-Hadley and Alexander 1988)In the most of the countries. including Croatia, where epidemiological studies have been reported, S. suis capsular type 2 appears to be the most frequently isolated type(Clifton-Hadley and Alexander 1988, Touil and others 1988) S., suis capsular type 3 has been isolated mainly from the lungs (bronchopneumonia) and less often from meninges/brain, heart and other tissue of diseased domestic pigs(ouil and others 1988)This study presents a case of streptococcal pneumonia in a young wild boar (Sus scrofa) . In a hunting -ground area of 10,000 hectares near by Zagred about 20 herds of wild boar and domestic pigs co-exist.A three month old boar died in a small herd which consisted of eight animals.The carcasae was very emaciated and dirty. The eyes were stuck together with a purulent dischrage and the conjuctivae were extremely pale.At necropsy lobar fibrinous , partialy hemorrhagic pneumonia was found together with serofibrinous pleuritis and pericarditis. The lungs, spleen and liver were submitted for bacterioligical examination.All the organs were inoculated onto horse blood agar.After 24 hours incubation at 37 C in aerobic conditions, large numbers of alpha-haemolytic streptococci were recovered from the lungs along with a coimparable number of colonies of E. coli.Altough E. coli is a common bacteria and has been formerly isolated together with S., suis.(Higgins and others 1997). is not easy to verify its role in this particular case.There were bacteria no recovered from the spleen.The alpha -haemolytic bacteria was identified biochemically according to the method described by Vecht and others (1985) as Streoptococcus suis and was sent for serotyping.The isolated strain was confirmed as a S suis capsular 3. This is believed to the first report of of S. suis from an animal other than domestic animals in Croatia and also the first report of the isolation of capsular type 3 in wild boar. The authors would like to thank Dr J Henrichsen, Statens Serum institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, for serotyping

Susceptibility of epidemiologically unrelated clinical canine and feline isolates of S. intermedius were routinelly tested by agar diffusion method over a period two years. The strains were tested against 13 known antistaphylococcal agents irrespectivelly of their clinical applicability for the treatment of infections caused by S. intermedius.

U posljednjih petnaestak godina iz ljudi i različitih životinja izdvojeno je dvadesetak vrsta helikobaktera, od kojih neke još nisu potpuno istražene i konačno razvrstane. Za neke se vrste može pretpostaviti da su patogene za ljude i životinje izazivajući u njih upale pojedinih dijelova želičano-crijevnog sustava i/ili jetre. S epidemiološkog motrišta osobitu pozornost zaslužuju nalazi vrste H. pylori u životinja, poglavito kućnih ljubimaca, koja u ljudi uzrokuje aktivni kronični gastritis i peptički vrijed, a povezuje se i s pojavom želučanog adenokarcinoma i limfoma želučane sluznice.

The present study was the first in Croatia which employed ELISA to establish the presence of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 2 and 4-7 in the sera of breeding swine. A total of 782 sera were tested. The sera had been taken from 345 gilts (aged 6 months), 334 sows (over 12 months of age) and 103 boars (aged 6-12 months). Sera samples, taken from the animals kept at nine large pig breeding farms were examined for the presence of antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 2. The results showed that infection with this serovar existed at seven of nine farms. The percentage of serologically positive gilts for serovar 2 at the seven infected farms ranged between 61% and 91%, of serologically positive sows from 26% to 61% and boars from 9% to 50%. Sera from farm 7, 8 and 9 were also examined for the presence of antibodies against serovar 4-7 ; findings were positive. The percentage of serologically positive gilts for A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 4-7 at these farms ranged from 78% to 91%, of sows from 74% to 78% and boars from 20% to 50%. ELISA was shown to be reliable method in the serological diagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia in breeding swine of various age, on a farm level.

Epizootical and clinical observations during an outbreak of ocular disease in sheep were indicative in ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical diagnosis was cinfirmed by numerous isolation of mycoplasmas and Branhamella ovis. All investigations clearly indicated that the epizootic of OIKC in native sheep was related to the import of infected animals. Introduction of imported sheep and rams into the floks and direct contact with them were mostly responsible for the appearance of the disease in native sheep. From the glucose-fermenting arginin-negative strains, 10 out of 12 isolates were identified by PCR as M. conjunctivae. It therefore can be assumed that the majority of the other isolates with the same characteristics morphological and physiological properties also belonged to this species.The finding of M. conjunctivae in a large number of animals from the affected native floks, especially in those untreated with antibiotics, and the absence of infection in the healthy native floks supported the hypothesis that mycoplasmas were the primary cause of ovine keratoconjunctivitis. Although Branhamella ovis could not be assumed as primary etiological agens of OIKC as shown by others, its incidence rate their close relation with the disease.

At the begining of 1995. approximately 6 000 sheep from Australia and New Zealand were imported in Croatia as donation and distributed to private farmers all over the country. During the spring and summer of the same year a great number of native seep thate were in conctat with imported animals developed the signs of an ocular disease closely resembling to ovine keratoconjunctivitis. This disease has not been yet etiologically diagnosed in Croatia. Microbiological examination of conjunctical smears revealed a great number of animals infected with glucose-fementing mycoplasmas and Branchamella ovis. The infection with Chlamydia psittaci was not establishesd in any examined case. At the time of sampling the imported animals did not reveal clear-cut signs of disease, but were frequently found infected with mycoplasma and branhamella. Besides the results of microbiological investigation of epizootia, an outline of literature data on infectious ovine keratokonjunctivitis was given in the paper.

Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (CAR bacillus) is an unclassified, gram-negative microorganism pertaining to the group of gliding and flexing filamentous bacteria. It is named for its unique ability of colonization the cilia of respiratory tract epithelium in infected animals. The bacterium grows only in chicken embryo allantoic fluid, cell culture or cell culture medium supplemented with fetal calf serum. Histologic sections of tracheal mucosal scraping prepared with silver impregnation technique can be used as rapid way to identify the CAR bacillus. Natural infections with this bacterium are known in laboratory and wild rats, mice, rabbits, Mystromys albicaudatus, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. In experimental infections with the agent typical pulmonary lesions of chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice were produced. There is a possibility that CAR bacillus impairs the normal mucociliary activity and predisposes the animal to infection with other pathogens.

In the paper recent scientific literature data on bacteria from the genera Listeria, Erysipelothrix anf Renibacterium are reviwed. Beside basic microbiological description, special care is paid to the role of these bacteria in animal and human pathology.

Epizoothiological, clinical and microbiological observations of epizootic of caprine mycoplasmosis in Croatia were described.

opisani si rezultati osjetljivosti in vitro bakterijskih sojeva izdvojenih iz životinja prema određenim antimikrobnim lijekovima

On a large pig farm with a known history of necrotic enteritis 12 pregnant gilts were vaccinated s.c. 7 and 2 weeks before expected farrowing with a commercial bacterin-toxoid preparation of a toxogenic strains C. perfringens type C and D (Dizevak-Pliva, Zagreb). At the farrowing the titers of beta-antitoxins in serum samples from vaccinated gilts ranged from 9.0 to 26.0 IU/mL with a mean value of 14.16 IU/mL. Colostral titers varied from 12.0 IU/mL with a mean of 16.12 IU/mL. On the second day of life the mean serum titres between litters differed greatly from 4.75 to 24.0 IU/mL. By the age of 7 days the average serum titers were commonly lower and varied between the litters from 2.25 to 15.0 IU/ml, with a low of 1.5 to a high of 16.0 IU/ml in single animals. Ten (8.47 percentage) out of a total of 118 piglets from vaccinated gilts died during the first 7 days of life but the losses were not caused by C. perfringens infection. In unvaccinated control animals 18 (15.9 percent) of 113 piglets died, eleven of them with clinical and pathoanatomical signs of necrotic enteritis. The affected piglets predominantly succumbed in the first 4 days of life. These data indicate that the investigated bacterin-toxoid can succesfully used in immunoprophylaxis of necrotic enteritis in piglets.

In two separate herds of fattening calves a sudden-onset outbreak of ocular disease with profuse lacrimation occurred. The disease resembled the early stage of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis but after a few days the clinical signs of bronchopneumonia appeared. From conjunctival swabs Mycoplasma (M.) bovigenitalium, M. bovirhinis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus were isolated.Moraxella bovis infection was not established. In one of the herds M. bovigenitalium was also found in the pneumonic lungs of dead calves. In one herd M. bovoculi was isolated from a cow with chronic keratoconjunctivitis, housed together with affected calves. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from ocular swabs of six bulls originating from a Reproductive Centre with temporary occurrence of unilateral serous conjunctivitis resistant to antibiotic therapy.

Radi potpunije tipizacije, sojevi bakterije Sallmonella abortusequi obrađeni su pomoću SDS-elektroforeze u gelu.Rezultati dobiveni SDS-elektroforezom u gelu potvrdili su rezultate serološke tipizacije.

In the control of fowl mycoplasmoses various antimicrobials have been used. Of these, tetracycline antibiotics, tylosin, tyamulin, linco-spectin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin are therapeutics of choise in current poultry praxis. Exept general view in sensitivity of avian mycoplasmas to various antimicrobials, in this paper the principles of their selection and use in the prophylaxis and therapy of mycoplasmoses caused by single avian pathogens are presented.

In several articles under common title Fowl Mycoplasmoses an outline of scientific achievements on ethiopathogenesis of these diseases in fowl and other avian species is given. Except epidemiology, clinical and pathoanatomical findings, diagnostics procedures of mycoplasmoses are described. Immunoprophylaxis, as well as the use of antibiotics in treatment and prevention of these diseases is presented. Eradication of mycoplasmal infections in intensive fowl production is also described.

U radu je opisan nalaz pioseptikemije u ždrebeta koju je uzrokovala bakterija Actinobacillus equuli. Ždrijebe je dostavljeno u Zavod za opću patologiju i patološku morfologiju na patomorfološku pretragu. Budući da bolest ždrebadi, a i sam postupak postavljanja etiološke dijagnoze nisu u Hrvatskoj potanje opisani, smatrali smo korisnim prikazati rezultate patomorfoloških i bakterioloških istraživanja uzroka uginuća ždrebeta.

Today, the complex technology of goat and sheep production is based on the modern knowledge of all breeding procedures, selection of breed, controlled reproduction and prevention and therapy of various diseases. This kind of program is strictly related to well educated veterinary surgeons only. In this paper different models of cost benefit sheep production are described especially according to the technology and reproduction. The modern prevention against different diseases are also included and explained on the model of family farms.

With the import of sheep from Australia in April 1995., in six sheep farms in Jastrebarsko area (Croatia), contagious keratoconjunctivitis started to spread among domestic sheep (pramenka cross-beed) and in few Australian imported sheep (Corriedale). In sheep which came into contact with Australian sheep, the disease was manifested on the both eyes by serous ocular discharge, marked hyperaemia and then vascularisation extending from the periphery of the cornea until the whole cornea became involved, blepharospasm, and in severe cases corneal ulceration. From 13 conjunctival swabs of clinical cases and three conjunctival swabs from healthy Australian sheep, Branchamella ovis was isolated in 11 cases, and Mycoplasma conjunctivae in eight. Treatment with topical (Oksitetraciklin ung., Pliva) and sistemic tetracycline (Geomycin retard, Pliva) was generaly effective. In mild cases treatment showed to be effective in 1-2 days, but in severe cases the therapy had to be applied at least 3-4 or 4-6 days. The reccurence occured three times in 15 days, and after that the disease was stopped.