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ObjectiveTo determine whether ibudilast has an effect on brain volume and new lesions in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsA randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study evaluated ibudilast at a dose of up to 100 mg over 96 weeks in primary and secondary progressive MS. In this secondary analysis of a previously reported trial, secondary and tertiary endpoints included gray matter atrophy, new or enlarging T2 lesions as measured every 24 weeks, and new T1 hypointensities at 96 weeks. Whole brain atrophy measured by structural image evaluation, using normalization, of atrophy (SIENA) was a sensitivity analysis.ResultsA total of 129 participants were assigned to ibudilast and 126 to placebo. New or enlarging T2 lesions were observed in 37.2% on ibudilast and 29.0% on placebo (p = 0.82). New T1 hypointense lesions at 96 weeks were observed in 33.3% on ibudilast and 23.5% on placebo (p = 0.11). Gray matter atrophy was reduced by 35% for those on ibudilast vs placebo (p = 0.038). Progression of whole brain atrophy by SIENA was slowed by 20% in the ibudilast group compared with placebo (p = 0.08).ConclusionIbudilast treatment was associated with a reduction in gray matter atrophy. Ibudilast treatment was not associated with a reduction in new or enlarging T2 lesions or new T1 lesions. An effect on brain volume contributes to prior data that ibudilast appears to affect markers associated with neurodegenerative processes, but not inflammatory processes.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that for people with MS, ibudilast does not significantly reduce new or enlarging T2 lesions or new T1 lesions.

ObjectiveTo assess over 3 years of follow-up the effects of maintaining or switching to ocrelizumab (OCR) therapy on clinical and MRI outcomes and safety measures in the open-label extension (OLE) phase of the pooled OPERA: I/II studies in relapsing multiple sclerosis.MethodsAfter 2 years of double-blind, controlled treatment, patients continued OCR (600 mg infusions every 24 weeks) or switched from interferon (IFN)-β-1a (44 μg 3 times weekly) to OCR when entering the OLE phase (3 years). Adjusted annualized relapse rate, time to onset of 24-week confirmed disability progression (CDP)/improvement (CDP), brain MRI activity (gadolinium-enhanced and new/enlarging T2 lesions), and percentage brain volume change were analyzed.ResultsOf patients entering the OLE phase, 88.6% completed year 5. The cumulative proportion with 24-week CDP was lower in patients who initiated OCR earlier vs patients initially receiving IFN-β-1a (16.1% vs 21.3% at year 5; p = 0.014). Patients continuing OCR maintained and those switching from IFN-β-1a to OCR attained near complete and sustained suppression of new brain MRI lesion activity from years 3-5. Over the OLE phase, patients continuing OCR exhibited less whole brain volume loss from double-blind study baseline vs those switching from IFN-β-1a (-1.87% vs -2.15% at year 5; p < 0.01). Adverse events were consistent with past reports and no new safety signals emerged with prolonged treatment.ConclusionCompared with patients switching from IFN-β-1a, earlier and continuous OCR treatment up to 5 years provided sustained benefit on clinical and MRI measures of disease progression.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that earlier and continuous treatment with OCR provided sustained benefit on clinical and MRI outcomes of disease activity and progression compared with patients switching from IFN-β-1a. The study is rated Class III because of the initial treatment randomization disclosure that occurred after inclusion in OLE.Clinical trial identifiersNCT01247324/NCT01412333.

Background and Purpose: The first randomized placebo-controlled therapeutic trial in radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), ARISE, demonstrated that treatment with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) delayed the onset of a first clinical event related to CNS demyelination and was associated with a significant reduction in new and/or newly enlarging T2-weighted hyperintense lesions. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of DMF on volumetric measures, including whole brain, thalamic, and subcortical gray matter volumes, brainstem and upper cervical spine three-dimensional (3D) volumes, and brainstem and upper cervical spine surface characteristics. Methods: Standardized 3T MRIs including 3D isotropic T1-weighted gradient echo images were acquired at baseline and end-of-study according to the ARISE study protocol. The acquired data were analyzed using Structural Image Evaluation Using Normalization of Atrophy (SIENA), FreeSurfer v7.3, and an in-house pipeline for 3D conformational metrics. Multivariate mixed models for repeated measures were used to analyze rates of change in whole brain, thalamic, subcortical gray matter, as well as change in the 3D surface curvature of the dorsal pons and dorsal medulla and 3D volume change at the medulla-upper cervical spinal cord. Results: The study population consisted of 64 RIS subjects (DMF:30, placebo:34). No significant difference was seen in whole brain, thalamic, or subcortical gray matter volumes in treated vs. untreated RIS patients. A significant difference was observed in dorsal pons curvature with the DMF group having a lower least squares mean change of − 4.46 (standard estimate (SE): 3.77) when compared to placebo [6.94 (3.71)] (p = 0.036). In individuals that experienced a first clinical event, a greater reduction in medulla–upper cervical spinal cord volume (p = 0.044) and a decrease in surface curvature was observed at the dorsal medulla (p = 0.009) but not at the dorsal pons (p = 0.443). Conclusions: The benefit of disease-modifying therapy in RIS may extend to CNS structures impacted by neurodegeneration that is below the resolution of conventional volumetric measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life expectancy of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased, yet we have noted that development of a typical Alzheimer disease dementia syndrome is uncommon. We hypothesized that Alzheimer disease pathology is uncommon in MS patients. In 100 MS patients, the rate of amyloid‐β plasma biomarker positivity was approximately half the rate in 300 non‐MS controls matched on age, sex, apolipoprotein E proteotype, and cognitive status. Interestingly, most MS patients who did have amyloid‐β pathology had features atypical for MS at diagnosis. These results support that MS is associated with reduced Alzheimer disease risk, and suggest new avenues of research. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:453–459 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere are limited treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis. Ibudilast inhibits several cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and toll-like receptor 4 and can cross the blood-brain barrier, with potential salutary effects in progressive multiple sclerosis.MethodsWe enrolled patients with primary or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in a phase 2 randomized trial of oral ibudilast (≤100 mg daily) or placebo for 96 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the rate of brain atrophy, as measured by the brain parenchymal fraction (brain size relative to the volume of the outer surface contour of the brain). Major secondary end points included the change in the pyramidal tracts on diffusion tensor imaging, the magnetization transfer ratio in normal-appearing brain tissue, the thickness of the retinal nerve-fiber layer, and cortical atrophy, all measures of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis.ResultsOf 255 patients who underwent randomization, 129 were assigned to ibudilast and 126 to placebo. A total of 53% of the patients in the ibudilast group and 52% of those in the placebo group had primary progressive disease; the others had secondary progressive disease. The rate of change in the brain parenchymal fraction was -0.0010 per year with ibudilast and -0.0019 per year with placebo (difference, 0.0009; 95% confidence interval, 0.00004 to 0.0017; P=0.04), which represents approximately 2.5 ml less brain-tissue loss with ibudilast over a period of 96 weeks. Adverse events with ibudilast included gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, and depression.ConclusionsIn a phase 2 trial involving patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, ibudilast was associated with slower progression of brain atrophy than placebo but was associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal side effects, headache, and depression. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; NN102/SPRINT-MS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01982942 .).

Background: Results of research on radiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) fatigue have been conflicting. Objective: To investigate the associations of lesion and brain compartment volumes with fatigue severity and persistence in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Methods: The Multiple Sclerosis Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions (MS PATHS) network collects standardized data during routine care of PwMS from 10 healthcare institutions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors included baseline brain parenchymal (BPF) and gray matter fractions (GMF) and T2 lesion volume (T2LV). The Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QOL) fatigue subscore was analyzed linearly and categorically using T-score cutpoints, with a period of elevated symptoms defined as T-score ⩾ mean + 0.5 SD over follow-up. Results: At baseline, of 4012 participants (average age: 45.6 ± 11.8 years; 73% female; 31% progressive MS), 2058 (51%) had no fatigue, 629 (16%) had mild fatigue, and 1325 (33%) had moderate-to-severe fatigue. One SD greater baseline BPF and GMF were associated with 0.83 (p < 0.001) and 0.38 (p = 0.02) lower values in the baseline Neuro-QOL fatigue T-score. A 1 SD lower log of total T2LV was associated with a 0.49 (p < 0.001) lower baseline fatigue T-score. Higher BPF and lower T2LV at baseline were associated with lower odds of subsequent periods of elevated fatigue. Conclusion: Baseline lesion burden and lower generalized whole-brain volumes were associated with MS fatigue in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in a large, real-world cohort of PwMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors can interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). There is clinical interest surrounding use of ozanimod with SSRIs/SNRIs because the major metabolites of ozanimod are weak inhibitors of MAO-B in vitro. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) potentially related to serotonin accumulation (SA) during concomitant ozanimod and SSRI/SNRI use by performing analyses of data from an open-label, oral ozanimod 0.92 mg trial (DAYBREAK; NCT02576717). Methods: SA narrow (serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and hyperthermia malignant) and broad (terms potentially associated with SA) MedDRA v24.0 searches were performed using TEAE data from participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis who entered DAYBREAK from phase 3 studies (cutoff February 1, 2022). Incidences of TEAEs matching terms from each search were stratified by SSRI/SNRI use. Results: Of 2257 DAYBREAK participants, 274 (12.1%) used an SSRI/SNRI. No participants had TEAEs matching the SA narrow search terms. There was no significant difference in the percentage of participants with ⩾1 TEAE matching the SA broad search for those on versus off SSRIs/SNRIs (on: 12.4%, n = 34/274; off: 15.6%, n = 310/1982, nominal p = 0.1630). Conclusion: MedDRA searches showed no increase in TEAEs potentially associated with SA with concomitant SSRI/SNRI and ozanimod use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) represents the earliest detectable pre‐clinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study evaluated the impact of therapeutic intervention in preventing first symptom manifestation at this stage in the disease spectrum. Methods: We conducted a multi‐center, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study involving people with RIS. Individuals without clinical symptoms typical of MS but with incidental brain MRI anomalies consistent with central nervous system (CNS) demyelination were included. Within 12 MS centers in the United States, participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to oral dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 240 mg twice daily or placebo. The primary endpoint was the time to onset of clinical symptoms attributable to a CNS demyelinating event within a follow‐up period of 96 weeks. An intention‐to‐treat analysis was applied to all participating individuals in the primary and safety investigations. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02739542 (ARISE). Results: Participants from 12 centers were recruited from March 9, 2016, to October 31, 2019, with 44 people randomized to dimethyl fumarate and 43 to placebo. Following DMF treatment, the risk of a first clinical demyelinating event during the 96‐week study period was highly reduced in the unadjusted Cox proportional‐hazards regression model (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05–0.63, p = 0.007). More moderate adverse reactions were present in the DMF (34 [32%]) than placebo groups (19 [21%]) but severe events were similar (DMF, 3 [5%]; placebo, 4 [9%]). Interpretation: This is the first randomized clinical trial demonstrating the benefit of a disease‐modifying therapy in preventing a first acute clinical event in people with RIS. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:604–614 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluation of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), measured using high‐throughput assays on widely accessible platforms in large, real‐world MS populations, is a critical step for sNfL to be utilized in clinical practice. Methods: Multiple Sclerosis Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions (MS PATHS) is a network of healthcare institutions in the United States and Europe collecting standardized clinical/imaging data and biospecimens during routine clinic visits. sNfL was measured in 6974 MS and 201 healthy control (HC) participants, using a high‐throughput, scalable immunoassay. Results: Elevated sNfL levels for age (sNfL‐E) were found in 1238 MS participants (17.8%). Factors associated with sNfL‐E included male sex, younger age, progressive disease subtype, diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, and active smoking. Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower odds of elevated sNfL. Active treatment with disease‐modifying therapy was associated with lower odds of sNfL‐E. MS participants with sNfL‐E exhibited worse neurological function (patient‐reported disability, walking speed, manual dexterity, and cognitive processing speed), lower brain parenchymal fraction, and higher T2 lesion volume. Longitudinal analyses revealed accelerated short‐term rates of whole brain atrophy in sNfL‐E participants and higher odds of new T2 lesion development, although both MS participants with or without sNfL‐E exhibited faster rates of whole brain atrophy compared to HC. Findings were consistent in analyses examining age‐normative sNfL Z‐scores as a continuous variable. Interpretation: Elevated sNfL is associated with clinical disability, inflammatory disease activity, and whole brain atrophy in MS, but interpretation needs to account for comorbidities including impaired renal function, diabetes, and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]