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The principle of evolution applies to every creature in the world and permits us to understand the various stages through which progress is achieved. The emancipation of the human race portrays an evolutionary process through which the human intellect is uplifted above and beyond the realms of ignorance and naivety. It is a project of enlightenment, and just like any other project, the results we obtain are directly derived from the actions that precede them. In fact, we only achieve the objects of our desires. Our quest for a proper understanding of the human race goes through the various domains that characterize our educational systems around the world. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Economics etc., all permit us to perceive the human intellect from different perspectives. But it would appear that technological evolution, which has also played a key role in the emergence of the human society, has not been properly appraised; at least, this is the accusation put forward against human culture by French Philosopher, Gilbert Simondon. (Simondon: 1958). He thinks that technic has suffered prejudicial judgment from human culture, which has condemned it even before understanding its true mode of existence.[1] From his view point, the conflict that has emerged between man and the machine, or better still, between culture and technic is caused by a misunderstanding of the technical being. The goal of this paper is to find a point of agreement between man and the machines that characterize his daily life, in view of a better world.

[Extract] The predicament at the heart of Leigh Gilmore and Elizabeth Marshall’s recent book is that although girls have long testified to the violence they suffer, they are often disbelieved by the adults who have the power to investigate their claims. Children and young people are not seen as credible witnesses because the perceived association of childhood with naivety prevents adults from seeing children as equipped to understand the world and speak reliably about their experience of it. Doubly disempowered, girls also face gendered discrimination that leads to silencing.

(Tittle: Adults-Children Power Relations in Judy Blume’s “Blubber”). This study aims to uncover the power relations between adults and children in Judy Blume’s novel entitled Blubber. This study used a qualitative method by paying attention to the expressions used in the novel related to the topic of power relations of adults-children. Peer debriefing techniques were applied in this study in order to achieve the validity of the research results. The collected data of dialogues and narrations suggest that adults assert dominance toward children especially physically and psychologically as a consequence of the adults’ ideologies while trying to retain the image of a mentor. On the other hand, they also give spaces for children to grow and develop themselves. The research also revealed how Blubber paints a more realistic depiction of children and explores more of their human nature beyond images of innocence and naivety. Keywords: abuse, Blubber, children’s literature, egalitarian, power relations

Discussions on the educational potential of school football range from its social acceptance to the pedagogically desirable lessons that can be drawn from it. The aim is to understand the process of institutionalisation in school football and the main formative challenges it entails. An ethnographic multiple case study is presented. The sample consists of 101 schoolchildren of ages six and seven in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. Participant observation, over the course of one academic year, is supplemented by images, interviews and digital social networks to incorporate 21 teachers, 10 coaches and families. The results reveal the construction of an allegorical field among children as they embark upon their path of institutionalisation, with the naivety of their spontaneous play giving way to a form of regulated execution. Institutionalised play exceeds children’s developmental resources. The study promotes an effective adaptation of the game, as well as the prioritisation of pedagogical actions that are complementary to school.

Contending with rapid urbanization in the eighteenth century, some writers advocated a better understanding of mankind in its most ‘natural’ state. This impulse manifested itself in the arts as an idealization of ‘naivety’. Yet this ideal began to fade in the nineteenth century as Romantics prioritized intense expressivity and engagement with raw emotional complexities of life. Naivety came to be seen as an irresponsible retreat from reality. Writers on both sides of this redefinition of naivety positioned Joseph Haydn as the model ‘naive’ composer. Celebrated in his lifetime for his musical wit, Haydn nonetheless was always closely associated with his unpretentious, rustic origins. This essay contextualizes the fascination with Haydn’s supposed naivety within cultural trends at the turn of the nineteenth century and beyond. It demonstrates how changing attitudes towards the aesthetic category of naivety can partly explain the vicissitudes of Haydn’s reception history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

El reconocimiento de la condición humana de la sociedad andina, amazónica y costeña a puertas del Bicentenario es aún un problema fundamental. Por parte de algunas personas que ejercen la política o quizá es pertinente denominarlo como politiquería, esta acción siempre causará desconcierto e inestabilidad en los ciudadanos en nuestro país. Es de notarse con mayor claridad la falta de praxis axiológica por parte de muchos ciudadanos que ejercen cargos políticos, pero también es inconcebible la muestra de ingenuidad de algunos sectores conservadores de nuestro país, bajo el aforismo de ser hombres probos que defienden la democracia. El problema se visibiliza cuando dentro de su discurso estas personas anuncian falacias y clasifican de manera antojadiza a las personas que no comparten sus ideas. Finalmente, los señores defensores de la democracia terminan queriendo dar órdenes a las instituciones del Estado, vulnerando la autonomía de los poderes. Por otra parte, ad portas del Bicentenario, se enuncia que el Perú viene afrontado el problema de la corrupción y resistiendo el problema de la pandemia COVID-19, por lo que cabe preguntarse ¿Cuánto ha avanzado nuestro país en el aspecto político, económico y social a través de los 200 años?

The purpose of this article is to show the role of dialectisms and vernacular vocabulary in V. M. Shukshin’s short stories. The use of this layer of vocabulary helps the author to portray not only the simplicity and naivety of the inhabitants of provincial towns and villages, but also the belonging of the characters to a particular locality. The object of the research is non-standard vocabulary in short stories by V. M. Shukshin. The subject of study is the role of non-standard vocabulary among artistic means in the idiostyle of V. M. Shukshin. The methods of axiological and semantic analysis, and the descriptive method were used in the study. As a result of the research, the following conclusions were made: in short stories of V. M. Shukshin, non-standard vocabulary is used for a more complete and reliable speech performance of characters from different social strata and groups of society, their regional features of speech are revealed. In addition, the writer uses such vocabulary to achieve the comic effect of his speech. The author not only immerses the reader in the essence of the matter, but also makes him a participant in the events described, frankly depicts the domestic life, lifestyle, earthy problems and holidays of ordinary villagers introducing non-standard vocabulary into the structure of the texts.

Introduction: We describe the circumstances and adaptations in the South Korean medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss areas in need of improvement in preparation of a worsening situation or for similar future public health crises. Methods: Literature reviews, focusing on research papers about medical educational changes in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic were performed. Selective data collected from a nationwide online survey by the Korean Association of Medical Colleges on the status of curricular changes in medical schools during the COVID-19 was presented. Results: All lectures have moved online, but clinical students continued their hospital placements during the pandemic, except for the first 3-5 weeks during the first surge in 2020. Initial technical naivety of the faculty and lack of technical resources were short-lived and the medical students settled well showing a much higher than expected student satisfaction level over online education. Practical skills sessions which benefit most from onsite hands-on experiences such as anatomy dissection, were delivered through a blended approach in some medical school. Student evaluation is the area of least change, mainly due to the students' lack of trust in online assessments. Conclusion: South Korea' underwent major changes in medical education brought upon COVID-19 and the readiness of the technology adoption has been much increased. Student evaluation is the area of least transformation. Adoption of a programmatic assessment system should be considered to enhance not only learning but also improve trust among stakeholders of medical schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Asia Pacific Scholar is the property of Centre for Medical Education (CenMed) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is not uncommon among theorists favoring a deviant logic on account of the semantic paradoxes to subscribe to an idea that has come to be known as ‘classical recapture’. The main thought underpinning it is that non-classical logicians are justified in endorsing many instances of the classically valid principles that they reject. Classical recapture promises to yield an appealing pair of views: one can attain naivety for semantic concepts while retaining classicality in ordinary domains such as mathematics. However, Julien Murzi and Lorenzo Rossi have recently suggested that revisionary approaches to truth breed revenge paradoxes when they are coupled with the thought that classical reasoning can be recaptured in certain circumstances. What’s novel about the paradoxes they put forward is that they cannot be dismissed so easily. The concepts used to generate these paradoxes—those of paradoxicality and unparadoxicality—are concepts that non-classical theorists need in order to offer a diagnosis of the truth-theoretic paradoxes. My goal in this paper is to argue that non-classical theorists can represent the concept of paradoxicality without falling prey to revenge paradoxes. In particular, I will show how to provide a formal fixed-point semantics for a language extended with a paradoxicality predicate that adequately expresses the non-classical logician’s notion of paradoxicality.

This research examines the effect of political instrumentalization of ethnicity on maintenance of social status quo in societies characterized by the ethnic heterogeneity of their populations. It defends the thesis that the objective of the manipulation of ethnic identity is not to change the system made up of dominant and dominated groups, but rather to overthrow the existing hegemony to install another one or maintain it as it is. Theoretically, it is within the framework of the instrumentalist approach of interethnic conflicts (Henderson, 2010), but it differs from it because it analyzes a second aspect of the social function of the mechanism of political instrumentalization of ethnicity: its contribution to the perpetuation of social inequalities in intragroup and intergroup relations, between members of the governing elite (dominant group) and populations (dominated group). This function is not well documented by the psychosocial literature; hence its interest for this study. From a methodological point of view, this research proceeds to a review of the constitutive works of the literature relating to the inclination of individuals in favor of maintaining social inequalities. It emerges that the political elites exploit the naivety of the populations, who live in uncertainty about reality and social exclusion, to provoke inter-ethnic tensions and serve, at worst their selfish interests, at best, the interests of their ethnic group of belonging. Thus, the political instrumentalization of ethnic groups does not only generate intergroup tensions. It also contributes to the establishment and maintenance of social inequalities within groups where it is used as a strategy for capturing material and symbolic resources.

We replicate past findings regarding different concepts that capture naivety.

This study investigates the individual, household, and community-level determinants of anemia and to report the locations with poor anemia status among under-fives. A secondary data derived from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in India in the period 2015–2016 was used. The study focused on the percentage of under-fives who had anemia across India. A choropleth map was obtained to present the distribution of anemia among under-fives in India. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to investigate the factors associated with anemia among under-fives. Stata and R software were used for the analysis. The age of the child, size of child at birth, birth interval, mother's age at the time of birth, mother's and father's education, religion, social group, wealth quintile, and region of residence are significant predictors of the childhood anemia. Communally underprivileged children are highly likely to be anemic as compared to those in other areas requiring special attention. The occurrence of childhood anemia was highest in Central India followed by North, Union Territories, East, West, and South of India. In addition to the biological naivety of young mothers, being from a communally underprivileged group also affects health outcomes among under-fives. A consistent effort on increasing the education level of women in India along with a well-planned awareness program is needed to enable women in making informed decisions towards the health outcome of children. These programs must also focus the incentives of delaying first birth until the mother is 25.

The historical process has posed a challenging question about Bosnia's national identity today. It is quite obvious that since the end of the 19th century, the historical course of a nation has been reduced to a "religious group" in which it is possible to recognize regression and unconscious existence. This represents a trace of the Ottoman period of hegemony in Bosnia, when the identity of the people was determined by religious affiliation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in Bosnia, left Bosniaks solely perceived and defined as Muslims. What looks like naivety and powerlessness during the 20th century, should in fact be seen as ignorance of, and non-reflexivity on, one's own existence. In the Yugoslav system, they were designated as Muslims - with the capital letter M. At the time, it was announced as the solution to the national question! The clash of unfinished ethnic-religious constructions of Bosniak identity and the process of globalization in the first decades of the 21st century, led to paradoxical and somewhat tragic self-experiences and attempts to develop national consciousness, based on a religious matrix that is the foundation of conservative consciousness. This moves the whole of human destinies in the wrong direction once again, and the importance of the national or civic identity and political philosophy of statism are undermined and blurred by non-reflexive voluntarism. It seems that citizens’ naivety and their lack of knowledge about themselves and their own state framework, have led to a disastrous anti-Bosnian mentality and the extinguishing of the Bosnian national civic identity.

In a world where the algorithm can control the lives of society, it is not surprising that specific complications in determining the fairness in the algorithmic decision will arise at some point. Machine learning has been the de facto tool to forecast a problem that humans cannot reliably predict without injecting some amount of subjectivity in it (i.e., eliminating the “irrational” nature of humans). In this paper, we proposed a framework for defining a fair algorithm metric by compiling information and propositions from various papers into a single summarized list of fairness requirements (guideline alike). The researcher can then adopt it as a foundation or reference to aid them in developing their interpretation of algorithmic fairness. Therefore, future work for this domain would have a more straightforward development process. We also found while structuring this framework that to develop a concept of fairness that everyone can accept, it would require collaboration with other domain expertise (e.g., social science, law, etc.) to avoid any misinformation or naivety that might occur from that particular subject. That is because this field of algorithmic fairness is far broader than one would think initially; various problems from the multiple points of view could come by unnoticed to the novice’s eye. In the real world, using active discriminator attributes such as religion, race, nation, tribe, religion, and gender become the problems, but in the algorithm, it becomes the fairness reason.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between learned helplessness and social skills among students with learning disabilities at primary stage in Taif. A random sample of 149 male and 49 female grades four and five students with learning disabilities in reading and mathematics was selected. The researcher used two scales the learned helplessness scale by (Sorrenti, Filippello, Costa and Buzzai, 2014) and the social skills scale by (Danielson and Phelps, 2003). The results showed that females of learned helplessness (20.40%) were higher than males (12.08%). The results revealed that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between learned helplessness and social skills. There are statistically significant differences between males and females in the degrees of learned helplessness in favor of females. Also, the results show that there are statistically significant differences between males and females in the scores of social skills in favor of females. However, there are no statistically significant differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the degrees of learning helplessness. Moreover, there are no differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the second dimension of the social skills scale (acceptance and admiration of others) and the third dimension (social naivety). However, there are differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the first dimensions and the total score of the social skills scale in favor of those with mathematics learning disabilities.

This article shares the perspectives of 18 primary teachers reflecting on their exploration of a 'pedagogy for transformability'. It highlights the social, emotional and academic impacts of this approach on children, and the pedagogic choices and thinking of the teachers involved in the project. The findings demonstrate the unequivocal potential for a 'pedagogy for transformability' to address many of the current challenges in the education system.

The new outbreak of coronavirus from December 2019 has brought attention to an old viral enemy and has raised concerns as to the ability of current protection measures and the healthcare system to handle such a threat. It has been known since the 1960s that coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in humans; however, their epidemic potential was understood only during the past two decades. In the present review, we address current knowledge on coronaviruses from a short history to epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation of the disease, as well as treatment and prevention strategies. Although a great amount of research and efforts have been made worldwide to prevent further outbreaks of coronavirus‑associated disease, the spread and lethality of the 2019 outbreak (COVID‑19) is proving to be higher than previous epidemics on account of international travel density and immune naivety of the population. Only strong, joint and coordinated efforts of worldwide healthcare systems, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies and receptive national leaders will succeed in suppressing an outbreak of this scale.

Le mod��le ��crasant de Renan pose �� France le probl��me des liaisons dangereuses entre litt��rature et ��rudition qu���il r��sout par la transformation de Renan en personnage, fondant le type francien du vieil ��rudit, et par l���imitation du geste renanien de ressourcement de l�����rudition dans la nature via les ��piphanies de la na��vet�� (enfance, animal, marionnettes, folklore, hagiographies, histoire comme m��moire), un geste de continuit�� que rejet��rent les adeptes de la rupture politique en litt��rature., Renan's overwhelming model poses for France the problem of the dangerous liaisons between literature and erudition which he solves by transforming Renan into a character, thus founding the Francian type of the old scholar, and by imitating the Renanian gesture of resourcing erudition in nature via the epiphanies of naivety (childhood, animal, puppets, folklore, hagiographies, history as memory), a gesture of continuity which was rejected by the adepts of political break in literature.

The paper focuses on the problem of a childhood immersed in history based on Serhiy Zhadan’s “Boarding School” (“Internat”) and V. Rafeienko’s “Long Days” (“Dovhi dni”), with references to the memories of those who took part in the revolution of dignity collected by Natalia Huk. In traditional literary texts, the image of childhood was typically utopian. In the analyzed works, the presented world of a child is often not perfect. We rather deal with the category of exile from paradise, and often from the area of child naivety. The young protagonist is forced to confront an alien, brutal world. According to Foucault, “his-tory is a discourse of power”. In these works, the political games and temptation to dominate the world are the phenomena that cause consequences having an impact on the youngest ones. So what is childhood like in the texts covering war and revolution? The authors use child memories as a kind of background against which they can show the present day of their protagonists. It may be an important point of reference, something that accompanies the person until the old age. Childhood narratives are the element that writers use for constructing images of the future, they are a component of internal metanarration guiding the protagonists in the world. In retrospect, the characters begin to perceive childhood as accumulated experiences of various interaction types, the knowledge that even years later shapes their perception of the world. Besides, it brings them closer to the people with whom some kind of memories may be shared. It creates a community. The experience of childhood is shaped by a narrative common to the group regarding it as a norm. In opposition to the oficial history, the authors put the protagonists’ memory first, which is a kind of compass helping them to orient themselves in the ever-changing and not always understandable reality.

This paper is one of the first studies on a relatively new type of criminal activity, namely organized begging.Modern begging is no longer associated with deprivation, poverty, homelessness, starvation and unemployment. The results of the study suggest that now begging is one of the ways of parasitism on mercy and naivety (the number of real people in need of financial support is 5-10%, and in Moscow and St. Petersburg this figure is even lower and does not exceed 2-3 %). Under the leadership of organized criminal groups, begging has become a criminal industry.The paper investigates the causes of organized begging. The author concludes that the condition of its occurrence was the decriminalization of systematic vagrancy or begging together with the abolition of administrative responsibility for these anti-social actions. The study is relevant because the modern legal literature lacks a single concept of begging as a type of illegal activity supervised by organized crime. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the most acceptable and reflecting the specifics of the considered anti-social phenomenon is the concept of «organized begging». For the first time in the Russian legal literature the definition of organized begging is given. According to the author, it is understood as a negative social phenomenon, which is an organized criminal activity aimed at making a profit from begging by others.The features of organized begging are defined: 1) organized nature of activity; 2) the use of voluntary forced labor; 3) the commission of crimes against the freedom, honor and dignity of the individual; 4) pronounced ethnic or related nature of the formation; 5) obtaining super profits; 6) corruption of state bodies.

Just as students undergo "learning progressions" in moving from naivety to mastery of biochemical topics, faculty experience "teaching progressions" as they experiment with pedagogy, listen to students' feedback, and become members of a community of educators. An important element of both teaching and learning is assessment. Good assessment tools reflect the value we place on thoughtful instruction and in-depth thinking. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):493-497, 2019.

Resumen (analítico) Es posible evitar las lesiones no intencionales, particularmente en los menores, esto se ve obstruido por la percepción de los cuidadores. La narrativa recupera la experiencia de los cuidadores, padres, familiares, analizando la visión sobre las lesiones, en hijos o menores a cargo, hospitalizados. A partir de los resultados se percibe que hay una reducción de la percepción de riesgo en los cuidadores y carencia en la información de medidas preventivas. Además, una creencia de carencia de control, cedido al destino. Se concluye que existe una ingenuidad preventiva en la sobreestimación de las capacidades de los niños. Una percepción de riesgo, creencias y conductas que reducen la valoración del peligro. Roles de género y estatus socio-económico son bases de esta visión fatalista. Resultando la reducción de capacidades de prevención, hacia hijos o menores a cargo. Abstract (analytical) It is possible to avoid unintentional injuries, particularly in children. This is affected by the perceptions of caregivers. This study collects the experiences of caregivers, parents and relatives, analyzing their visions of injuries of their children or children under their care who have been hospitalized. Based on the results it is perceived that there is a reduction of the perception of risk among caregivers and a lack of information on preventive measures. In addition, there is a belief that they have a lack of control and that it is unavoidable that children injure themselves. The authors conclude that there is a preventative naivety that exists among parents and caregivers and an overestimation of the abilities of children. There are perceptions of risk, beliefs and behaviors that reduce the levels of danger perceived by adults. Traditional gender roles and socio-economic status form the basis of this fatalistic vision. This results in a reduction of prevention capacities that protect adults’ children and children under their care. Resumo (analítico) É possível evitar lesões não intencionais, particularmente em crianças, ainda que obstruídas pela percepção dos cuidadores. A narrativa recupera a experiência dos pais ou familiares cuidadores, analisando a visão sobre as lesões, em crianças ou menores responsáveis, internados. A partir dos resultados nota-se que há redução na percepção do risco nos cuidadores e falta de informação sobre medidas cautelares. Além disso, uma crença de falta de controle, dada ao destino. Há também ingenuidade preventiva e superestimação das capacidades das crianças. Uma percepção de risco, crenças e comportamentos que reduzem a avaliação do perigo. Os papéis de gênero e o status socioeconômico são a base dessa visão fatalista. Redução resultante de capacidades de prevenção, para crianças ou menores responsáveis.

The article identifies three main challenges in doing ethnography in illiberal settings. First, the imposition of oblique political limitations on the research agenda of local researchers creates a form of methodological nationalism, leading to a paucity of research on some critical topics. Second, the continuous introduction of new restrictive legislation not only results in difficulties of accessing the field, but also demands constant reevaluation of the sensitivity of the questionnaire. Respondents often express anxiety while discussing even quotidian practices because it becomes difficult for them to anticipate whether, when, or how new restrictive legislation will be enforced. Thus, they expect insider researchers to be aware of the legal ramifications of their research. Not only does this nullify the author's ability to adopt a stance of naivety, it also means that researchers bear a greater burden in convincing respondents that the information provided will be handled responsibly. Finally, the ethnographer is constantly faced with difficult decisions regarding both scholarly and ethical reliability and, hence, is required to continuously review research ethics in such a dynamic political context. This article offers suggestions for overcoming these difficulties by means of social networking services and constant critical reflexivity.

If I'm being honest I still feel as though I am a bit of an imposter in the world of art librarianship. I often feel as though I have a very conservative, corporate and conformist approach to librarianship within the art library environments in which I work. I also often feel naïve when it comes to discussing and affirming ‘what makes art librarianship different?’ Acknowledging such naivety, I will also openly admit that until last year I had not heard of ‘critical librarianship’ as a concept, let alone ‘critical (art) librarianship’, which is how I was introduced to it at a day-long conference held by colleagues from the University of the Arts London in 2018 at Chelsea College of Arts.

In order to analyse pictures shared in WhatsApp groups of Jair Bolsonaro supporters, I will explore the idea that the act of sending someone a picture through social media performs a speech act. Thus we can separate the utterance act (of sending the picture to the receiver in a certain context), the locutionary act (what is said through the pictorial content), the illocutionary act (what is done by uttering that pictorial content), and the perlocutionary act (of affecting the receiver). The pictures analysed were collected from January to September 2019, using the WhatsApp Monitor. My main philosophical argument will be in section 3, in which I develop the idea of pictorial speech acts and its conceptual bases. To understand the communicational role of pictures it is necessary to supplement picture theories (visual semantics) with a communicative act theory based on speech act (visual pragmatics). The development of the general outline of visual pragmatics is the main philosophical contribution envisaged in this paper. My last step it to argue that there are at least three forms of naivety that render the receivers prone to the uptake of the illocutionary act performed: aesthetic naivety, communicational naivety, and epistemic naivety.

Animal translocations commonly fail due to predation after release, especially if animals are reared in human care, away from natural predation pressure. Anti-predator training can be a useful tool for combating the predator naivety of released animals, but its effective implementation requires attention to numerous details. We present the step-by-step development of an anti-predator training regime, tailored to the critically endangered `alalā (Corvus hawaiiensis). `Alalā are the last remaining corvid species of the Hawaiian islands, and historically the level of predation they experienced from the Hawaiian hawk, `io (Buteo solitarius) is unclear. However, one factor thought to compromise outcomes of earlier attempts to reintroduce `alalā in the 1990′s was predation by `io, motivating the development of anti-predator training for recent `alalā releases. We documented evidence for what appears to be competent anti-predator behavior in conservation-bred `alalā, with a range of behavioral strategies for coping with `io observed during a series of controlled presentations of `io and `io-related stimuli. These behavioral responses included vigilance, alarm calling, and mobbing during experimental trials conducted in release training aviaries. Our results did not conclusively establish that anti-predator learning occurred as a result of the training, or that the training produced enhanced survival. However, following release, `io-`alalā encounters were observed on more than 35 occasions, and `alalā responses mirrored those observed pre-release, including the first ever recorded mobbing interactions by juvenile flocks of `alalā in the wild. While it is unclear the extent to which training encouraged these species-appropriate anti-predator responses, their occurrence suggests that the `alalā has retained and can express defensive behavioral strategies. By documenting the design process, training execution and behavioral outcomes in `alalā, we highlight details that other reintroduction programs may need to consider when preparing animals for reintroduction alongside natural predators.