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Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Immunization performed an important role in enhancing global health through decreased transmission of infectious diseases. Numerous aspects within healthcare facilities including supervision, cold-chain management, immunization session procedure, and reporting, must be thoroughly examined to ensure the effective delivery of immunization service. The study aims to evaluate the knowledge of healthcare workers working in the immunization unit in randomly selected primary healthcare centers at Najaf Province. For subjects and method, a cross-sectional research descriptive study took place at 26 healthcare facilities at six districts of Najaf, by using simple random sampling. The study involved a total of 143 healthcare personnel, including 122 healthcare workers working in the immunization units and 21 doctors. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the vaccine knowledge of healthcare workers. Data collecting began on December 2nd, 2022, and ended on March 2nd, 2023. The statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences/version 26 was used to examine and achieve the desired findings. Analytic statistics of Chi-square test (X2) was used to establish the statistically significant relationship between variables. Results: The study's findings revealed that healthcare workers have moderate degrees of overall vaccine knowledge (mean of score =2.23). Furthermore, a statistically significant link was discovered between the place of residence of healthcare workers and their knowledge (P=0.007), indicating that those live-in urban regions had greater knowledge levels than those living in rural areas. Conclusion: Healthcare workers possess good knowledge regarding vaccine types, doses, and schedules, moderate knowledge about contraindications and causes of postponement, and their knowledge was substantially associated with their place of residence.

Turbidity is a fundamental measure for assessing the quality of water supplied by water treatment plants (WTPs) employing a conventional treatment process. If it is present in amounts exceeding the permitted limit, disinfectants are less effective in killing microorganisms and the water becomes unsafe to drink. This article is a part of a comprehensive study that aims to investigate the high-turbidity problem of tap water in two cities of Najaf governorate and offer suitable measures to solve this problem. The purpose of this study was to determine how WTPs impact the turbidity of tap water. The work covered two main WTPs located in Najaf governorate: Unified Najaf and The Old Kufa. It included the collection of water samples from three locations in each plant: the influent of flash mix unit (raw water samples), the effluent of clariflocculation unit (settled water samples), and the effluent of filtration unit (filtered water samples). The samples were analyzed for turbidity using a turbidity meter. The efficacy of each plant's treatment units was revealed by monitoring the turbidity of the water inside each facility. For the Unified Najaf WTP, out of 99 TRE readings, there were 3, 92, and 60 positive values for TREc, TREf, and TREp, respectively. The maximum values of TREc, TREf, and TREp were 22.3, 86.5, and 61.5%, respectively. The performance of Old Kufa WTP was worse than that of Unified Najaf WT. Out of 99 TRE values, the number of positive values was 6, 76, and 31 for TREc, TREf, and TREp, respectively. They also showed that only 26 out of 99 and 9 out of 99 effluent turbidity readings in Unified Najaf and Old Kufa WTPs, respectively, satisfy Iraqi standards for tap water turbidity. The bad performance of the WTPs was the main reason behind the high-turbidity tap water in Najaf governorate. This study identified the causes of that performance and proposed solutions.

Background: HPV is one of the most prevalent a sexually transmitted infection (STI), involving both men and women, and 80 percent of individuals aged 50 years and older have reported developing genital HPV infection. Objectives: To determine the level of knowledge regarding Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer among a sample of para-medical. Subject and Methods: This an observational descriptive cross-sectional study done at five hospitals and twenty five primary health care centers in Al-Najaf governorate. The data collection continued for four months started from the period of 19th December, 2021 ending on 18th April, 2022. Results: The current study was conducted on (500) Para-medical staff with age group ranging from (20-59) years and the highest percentage (66.4%) were from (20-29) years age group. While in gender the highest percentage in female was (64.6%). Most of para-medical staff (90.8%) living in urban area. and also The greater number of participants were medical institute about (51.6%) from total number while the lowest percentage about (2.4%) from secondary school, only (2.4%) of para-medical staff had training about Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer. most of para-medical staff had (86.2%) was acceptable knowledge scores about Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer. Conclusion: Most of studied samples (para-medical staff) had acceptable knowledge scores. Recommendation: It is recommended to do National education programs on human papillomavirus and cervical cancer as needed to be presented to the public through cooperation between health authorities, society organizations and non-governmental organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of the thermal properties of any area on the earth's surface is of great importance in geo-climatic studies because of the change that occurs on it from time to time due to the emergence of what is known as the continuous global warming witnessed by the earth's surface. The astronomical location that characterizes the study area contributed to determining the thermal properties that It has, especially as it is located within the group of thermal surplus, which is characterized by long daylight hours in summer and short in winter, and this position was reflected in its receiving large quantities of solar radiation, which also led to high temperatures as well as the effect of pressure systems affecting the study area, whose position shifted seasonally Between orbits, which creates temporal variations of the general temperature trend in the study area. Drought is a dangerous natural phenomenon, and it may last for long periods with a significant decrease in the natural levels of water. The causes of its occurrence are large and complex because it does not depend on its occurrence only on the atmosphere, but on the natural cycle and hydrological processes, and others. It is also considered a large-scale sustainable event, and the main reason for the decrease in the rate of precipitation is matched by a rise in this evaporation rates for the hot regions of the Earth. As for the cold regions, temperatures below zero degrees Celsius can lead to its occurrence, and this phenomenon can be described as a deviation from Natural conditions in the physical system (climate and hydrology, and since drought is basically the result of the relationship between rain, heat and evaporation, it is wrong to define drought on the basis of one of those elements, even though the annual average of the amount of precipitation that falls was taken continuously. As a simple evidence of drought, we find that drought may occur even in rainy climates, due to the presence of several factors that contribute to the emergence of the phenomenon of drought, such as high temperatures, high winds, and others . Therefore, we will focus in this research on finding the relationships between the heat rates recorded during the study period with the results of drought measurement treatments in the study area during the period (1988 - 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, planning - mathematical methods (concerning the population distribution) were applied inorder to reachspecific numeric results which help to draw up a plan for a justified distribution of the population, and thus obtain spatially balanced development.Some of these methods are the: "Dynamical Radius", the "Concentration Ratio" and the "Rate of Population Growth" to predict the population distribution (as accomplished fact).Then, develop a mathematical method to achieve the justified population density over time, taking into consideration the natural growth of the population in each stage of distribution.

The natural cause of the decline in population numbers and the mortality rate are not limited to the size of the population but rather to the qualitative aspects of life, age structure and other characteristics. If attention is directed to the causes leading to deaths from diseases and accidents in detail, then all countries need mortality data to prepare plans for the community, whether in health or community living aspects. Mortality is important to the extent to which health services and health awareness are provided in any society. This study examined the time trend of the mortality level in Najaf governorate in Iraq over the past nine years (2007 to 2015), to determine the size and annual rates of mortality and determine their levels of decline or increase and to indicate some of the causes of those deaths. While the reason for choosing this period depended on the data of the Ministry of Health, Directorate of Health of Najaf Governorate in coordination with the Directorate of Statistics of Najaf Governorate and their use of data and vital records in hospitals and forensic medicine. Tourism in Iraq stands to be a major growth sector. Iraqi tourism is currently underdeveloped and in a state of neglect, due to decades of war, closed regimes and recurrent instability and insecurity. Iraqi cities need to develop and stabilize and begin to meet their tremendous potential making Iraq a global tourism destination and gaining the associated economic benefits. There have been nascent efforts to begin promoting and developing tourism, despite the problems in Iraq and especially in the midst of conflict. In the face of social chaos and obvious dangers, the challenges are great. The Iraq Tourism Board has recruited more than 2,000 employees in 14 centers throughout the country, who are engaged in checking hotels, restaurants and commercial licenses. As the Iraqi and global economy recovers, however, it is clear that there is potential for new investment in the Iraq tourism sector.