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Diesel fuels with dispersed water which is stabilized as tiny droplets has been found as a usable way to reduce the pollutants emitted from the exhaust of diesel engine. The addition of the proper surfactant and/or cosurfactants is necessary to stabilize the water droplets in diesel fuel, hence, water in oil (diesel fuel) emulsion or microemulsion (ME) will be formed. The surfactant selection for the fuel MEs is one of the challenging issues in this field, as it greatly affects the price as well as characteristic specifications of the produced fuel MEs. In the recent years, the use of ionic liquids which their properties can be adjusted by changing of the type of cation or anion; as surfactants has been considered.

The use of microemulsion water in a blend of gasoil and vegetable oil is a way to reduce the pollution of diesel engine. The method that has been taken to major reduce the emissions of diesel engines is to use microemulsion water in diesel. The microemulsion technique as a significant approaches introduced to decrease the problems encountered eradicate neat diesels.

Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan,1,2 Khaled Seidi,3 Ali Jahanban-Esfahlan,4 Mehdi Jaymand,5 Effat Alizadeh,1 Hasan Majdi,6 Reza Najjar,7 Tahereh Javaheri,8 Peyman Zare9 1Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 2Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 3Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 4Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 5Nano Drug Delivery Research Center (NDDRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 9883, Iran; 6Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 7Polymer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 9841, Iran; 8Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna 1090, Austria; 9Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw 01-938, PolandCorrespondence: Tahereh JavaheriLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaTel +43-1-25077 563Fax +43-1-40160 931300Email zohre.javaheri@gmail.comPeyman ZareFaculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw 01-938, PolandTel +48884842847Email Peymanzare33@gmail.comAbstract: Among the various nano/biomaterials used in cancer treatment, the beauty and benefits of DNA nanocomposites are outstanding. The specificity and programmability of the base pairing of DNA strands, together with their ability to conjugate with different types of functionalities have realized unsurpassed potential for the production of two- and three-dimensional nano-sized structures in any shape, size, surface chemistry and functionality. This review aims to provide an insight into the diversity of static DNA nanodevices, including DNA origami, DNA polyhedra, DNA origami arrays and bioreactors, DNA nanoswitch, DNA nanoflower, hydrogel and dendrimer as young but promising platforms for cancer theranostics. The utility and potential of the individual formats in biomedical science and especially in cancer therapy will be discussed.Keywords: static DNA nanostructures, cancer treatment, biosensing

Microemulsions - A Brief Introduction

In recent decades, extensive research has been performed on the friction stir welding of flat-shaped materials while pipe welding, particularly polymer pipes, still encounters challenging issues. This work presents a feasible route for joining high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes using an orbital friction stir welding (OFSW) set-up properly designed with a retractable pin tool. Fully consolidated joints were achieved using a portable heating-assisted OFSW system suited for on-site pipeline welding. The obtained joined pipes were characterized by a high-quality weld surface and a lack of defects arising from the tool-pin hole. The samples welded with the optimum parameters presented comparable properties with the base materials and even a slight increase in the tensile strength. The highest tensile and impact strengths were 14.4 MPa and 2.45 kJ/m2, respectively, which is 105% and 89% of those of the base material. XRD, FTIR, and SEM were also applied to assess the property changes in the HDPE pipes after the FSW process. The morphological analysis evidenced that the crystalline structure of the welded sample was similar to that of the base material, proving the effectiveness of the proposed technology.