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Drug‐induced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a side effect of ciclosporin, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin. DIGE is a serious disease that leads to masticatory and esthetic disorders, severe caries, and periodontitis but currently has no standard treatment. We recently reported that nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) is a potential therapeutic target for DIGE. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of n‐butylidenephthalide (BP), which increases the expression of NR4A1, on DIGE. In this study, NR4A1 mRNA expression was analyzed in the patients with periodontal disease (PD) and DIGE. We evaluated the effect of BP on NR4A1 expression in gingival fibroblasts and in a DIGE mouse model. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was conducted to identify the mechanisms by which BP increases NR4A1 expression. The results showed that NR4A1 mRNA expression in the patients with DIGE was significantly lower than the patients with PD. BP suppressed the upregulation of COL1A1 expression, which was upregulated by TGF‐β. BP also ameliorated gingival overgrowth in DIGE mice and reduced Col1a1 and Pai1 expression. BP also decreased Il1β mRNA expression in gingival tissue in DIGE. RNA‐seq results showed an increase in the expression of several genes related to mitogen‐activated protein kinase including DUSP genes in gingival fibroblasts stimulated by BP. Treatment with ERK and JNK inhibitors suppressed the BP‐induced increase in NR4A1 expression. In addition, BP promoted the phosphorylation of ERK in gingival fibroblasts. In conclusion, BP increases NR4A1 expression in gingival fibroblasts through ERK and JNK signaling, demonstrating its potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent against DIGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the clinical outcomes of regenerative therapy using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐2 (rhFGF‐2). Background: rhFGF‐2 promotes periodontal regeneration, and identifying the factors influencing this regeneration is important for optimizing the effectiveness of rhFGF‐2. Methods and Materials: This study used a hospital information‐integrated database to identify patients who underwent periodontal regenerative therapy with rhFGF‐2. Factors included age, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) at the initial visit, whether the most posterior tooth was involved or not, and preoperative radiological bone defect angle. Periodontal regenerative therapy outcomes were defined as good if radiographic bone fill ≥35% or periodontal pocket closure at 9–15 months after surgery. Bone fill rate (%) and periodontal pocket depth (mm) were also used as outcome measures. Factors were evaluated by simple regression analysis, and then the association between factors and the outcomes was determined by multivariate analysis. Results: PISA and age at the first visit did not significantly influence the success or failure of bone fill rate byrhFGF‐2. However, DM, radiographic bone defect angle, and the most posterior tooth significantly influenced the regenerative effect (success/failure in bone fill) of rhFGF‐2. The most posterior tooth was significantly associated with bone fill rate by rhFGF‐2. Examination of the association between pocket closure and factors shows that the most posterior tooth significantly influenced. The most posterior tooth and preoperative PPD were significantly associated with pocket reduction depth. For the most posterior tooth, a significantly higher bone regeneration rate (p <.05) was observed with a combination of autologous bone graft and rhFGF‐2 than with rhFGF‐2 alone, and the effect was significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The radiographic bone defect angle, the involvement of most posterior teeth, and the presence of DM influenced the effectiveness of rhFGF‐2 in periodontal regeneration. However, PISA values and age at the initial visit had no significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of pentanedinitrile-2,4-dinitronates by using trifunctionalized methane as a building block has been studied. These compounds are used as biologically active compounds and as precursors for azaheterocytes and polymers. The method used does not need any particular reagent such as thionyl chloride and the reaction can also be done at room temperature at one pot.