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Introduction: Samples classified as indeterminate correspond to 10-20% of cytologies obtained by fine needle biopsy of thyroid nodules, preventing an adequate distinction between benign and malignant lesions and leading to diagnostic thyroidectomies that often prove unnecessary, as most cases are benign. Furthermore, although the vastmajority of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have such a good prognosis that active surveillance is permitted as an initial therapeutic option, relapses are not rare, and a non-negligible number of patients experience poor outcomes. MicroRNAs(miR)emergeaspotentialbio markers capable of helping to define more precise management of patients in all these situations. Methods: Aiming to investigate the clinical utility of miR-146b-5p in the diagnostic of thyroid nodules and evaluating its prognostic potential in a realworld setting, we studied 89 thyroid nodule samples, correlating miR-146b-5p expression with clinical tools such as the 8th edition from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC/UICC) and the American Thyroid Association Guideline Stratification Systems for the rate of recurrence (RR). Results: miR-146b-5p expression levels distinguished benign from malignant thyroid FNA samples (p< 0.0001). For indeterminate nodules, overexpression of miR-146b-5p with a cut-off of 0.497 was able to diagnose malignancy with a 90% accuracy; specificity=87.5%; sensitivity=100%. An increased expression of miR-146b-5p was associated with greater RR (p=0.015). A cut-off of 2.21 identified cases with more vascular involvement (p=0.013) and a cut-off of 2.420 was associated with a more advanced TNM stage (p-value=0.047). Discussion: We demonstrated that miR-146b5p expression in FNA samples is able to differentiate benign frommalignant indeterminate nodules and is associatedwith an increased risk of recurrence andmortality, suggesting that this single miRNAmay be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker in the personalized management of DTC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study sought to compare patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) and normal controls with respect to the expression of the NR3C1, CHUK, IKBKB, FOS, NFKB and HSD11B1 genes in orbital fat (OF) and extraocular muscle (EOM). Design and methods: A prospective study design was used to evaluate 34 TED patients and 38 healthy controls. OF was harvested from 33 TED patients and 27 controls. EOM biopsies were obtained from 32 TED patients and 18 controls. Samples were examined by real-time PCR and evaluated using appropriate statistical analyses with a significance cut-off of P < 0.05. Results: NR3C1 mRNA levels were higher in TED EOM (median 213 (96–376)) than those in control EOM (78 (34–138)) (P < 0.001), and NFKB expression was elevated in TED muscle (223 (31–520)) relative to that in control muscle (8 (6–31)) (P < 0.001). HSD11B1 expression was higher in TED EOM (0.78 (0.47–2.01)) than that in control EOM (0.22 (0.09–0.51)) (P < 0.001). Levels of CHUK, IKBKB, and FOS were higher in TED EOM (115 (20–223), 111 (54–299) and 0.11 (0.03–0.19), respectively) than those in control EOM (5.8 (2–13), 21 (5–52) and 0.05 (0.001–0.03) respectively) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Tissues involved in GO exhibited different mRNA levels of NR3C1, CHUK, IKBKB, FOS, NFKB and HSD11B1. Gene expression in OF was similar for TED patients and controls. CHUK, IKBKB, FOS, NFKB, and HSD11B1 mRNA levels were higher in TED EOM than those in control EOM. NFKB was disproportionally elevated compared with NR3C1; this finding was indicative of a local proinflammatory profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]