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Abstract Fueled by the rapid advancement of nanofabrication, metasurface has provided unprecedented opportunities for 3D holography. Large depth 3D meta-holography not only greatly increases information storage capacity, but also enables distinguishing of the relative spatial relationship of 3D objects, which has important applications in fields like optical information storage and medical diagnosis. Although the methods based on Fresnel diffraction theory can reconstruct the real depth information of 3D objects, the maximum depth is only 2 mm. Here, we develop a 3D meta-holography based on angular spectrum diffraction theory to break through the depth limit. By developing the angular spectrum diffraction theory into meta-holography, the metasurface structure with independent polarization control is used to create a polarization multiplexing 3D meta-hologram. The fabricated amorphous silicon metasurface increases the depth range by 47.5 times and realizes 0.95 dm depth reconstruction for polarization independent and different color 3D meta-hologram in visible. Such polarization controlled large-depth color meta-holography is expected to open avenue for data storage, display, information security and virtual reality.

IntroductionPlanting without mulching can eliminate the residual film pollution caused by the long-term use of plastic film covers, but it will increase soil moisture evaporation and heat loss and severely reduce water use efficiency and cotton productivity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in arid regions. It is unclear whether the advantages of subsurface drip irrigation and nighttime irrigation can be leveraged to reduce the amount of irrigation applied in fields, improve the soil and leaf hydrothermal environments, and increase the synchronicity of yield and water use efficiency (WUE).MethodsTherefore, in a two-year field experiment (2019-2020), cotton was grown under different irrigation treatments (I5, 3753 m3 ha-1; I4, 3477 m3 ha-1; I3, 3201 m3 ha-1; I2, 2925 m3 ha-1; and I1, 2649 m3 ha-1). The soil volumetric moisture content, soil temperature, leaf relative water content (RWC), daily changes in gas exchange parameters, lint yield, and WUE were evaluated.Results and discussionThe results showed that reducing irrigation can reduce the soil volumetric moisture content (0-40 cm soil layer), increase the soil temperature and soil temperature conductivity, and increase the leaf temperature, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and WUE; however, reducing irrigation is not conducive to increasing the leaf RWC, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), or transpiration rate (Tr). There was no significant difference in WUE between the I3 and I4 treatments from 8:00 to 20:00, but the lint yield in these treatments increased by 2.8-12.2% compared to that in the I5 treatment, with no significant difference between the I3 and I4 treatments. In addition, a related analysis revealed that the positive effects of the leaf hydrothermal environment on the Pn and soil temperature on the WUE occurs during the same period (10:00-16:00). Overall, an irrigation amount of 3201-3477 m3 ha-1 applied with a subsurface nighttime irrigation system without mulching can enhance the soil moisture content and soil temperature, maintain a high photosynthetic capacity, and increase the lint yield and WUE. These results revealed that the negative impacts of plastic film contamination in arid areas can be alleviated.

Abstract Holographic 3D display is highly desirable for numerous applications ranging from medical treatments to military affairs. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve large viewing angle and high-fidelity color reconstruction due to the intractable constraints of existing technology. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and feasible pathway of using a well-designed color liquid crystal grating to overcome the inevitable chromatic aberration and enlarge the holographic viewing angle, thus enabling large-viewing-angle and color holographic 3D display. The use of color liquid crystal grating allows performing secondary diffraction modulation on red, green and blue reproduced images simultaneously and extending the viewing angle in the holographic 3D display system. In principle, a chromatic aberration-free hologram generation mechanism in combination with the color liquid crystal grating is proposed to pave the way for on such a superior holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a color viewing angle of ~50.12°, which is about 7 times that of the traditional system with a single spatial light modulator. This work presents a paradigm for achieving desirable holographic 3D display, and is expected to provide a new way for the wide application of holographic display.

As important yield-related traits, thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain number per spike (GNS) and grain weight per spike (GWS) are crucial components of wheat production. To dissect their underlying genetic basis, a double haploid (DH) population comprised of 198 lines derived from 8762/Keyi 5214 was constructed. We then used genechip to genotype the DH population and integrated the yield-related traits TGW, GNS and GWS for QTL mapping. Finally, we obtained a total of 18 942 polymorphic SNP markers and identified 41 crucial QTLs for these traits. Three stable QTLs for TGW were identified on chromosomes 2D (QTgw-2D.3 and QTgw-2D.4) and 6A (QTgw-6A.1), with additive alleles all from the parent 8762, explaining 4.81–18.67% of the phenotypic variations. Five stable QTLs for GNS on chromosomes 3D, 5B, 5D and 6A were identified. QGns-5D.1 was from parent 8762, while the other four QTLs were from parent Keyi 5214, explaining 5.89–7.08% of the GNS phenotypic variations. In addition, a stable GWS genetic locus QGws-4A.3 was detected from the parent 8762, which explained 6.08–6.14% of the phenotypic variations. To utilize the identified QTLs, we developed STARP markers for four important QTLs, Tgw2D.3-2, Tgw2D.4-1, Tgw6A.1 and Gns3D.1. Our results provide important basic resources and references for the identification and cloning of genes related to TGW, GNS and GWS in wheat.

An ideal holographic 3D display should have the characteristics of large viewing angle, full color, and low speckle noise. However, the viewing angle of the holographic 3D display is usually limited by existing strategies, which vastly hinders its extensive application. In this paper, a large viewing angle holographic 3D display system based on maximum diffraction modulation is proposed. The core of the proposed system comprises the spatial light modulators (SLMs) and liquid crystal grating. We also present a new feasible scheme for the realization of large viewing angle holographic 3D display. This is achieved by considering the maximum diffraction angle of SLM as the limited diffraction modulation range of each image point. By doing so, we could not only give access to the maximum hologram size of the object, but also tune the reconstructed image of secondary diffraction by using a self-engineered liquid crystal grating. More importantly, the proposed maximum diffraction modulation scheme enables the viewing angle of the proposed system to be enlarged to 73.4°. The proposed system has huge application potential in the fields such as education, culture, and entertainment.

A tunable liquid crystal grating-based holographic 3D display system is proposed with wide viewing angle and large size.

Circulating tumour cells can be useful for monitoring disease progression but how they survive in the circulatory system is unclear. Here, the authors use single-cell sequencing of circulating tumour cells from multiple vascular sites in liver cancer patients and identify genes that may help the cells survive.

Oysters and barnacles are dominant inhabitants of natural and restored oyster reefs around the world, and high areal coverage of barnacles at natural or restored reefs commonly decreases substrate accessibility for oyster settlement. The overall understanding of oyster and barnacle recruitment dynamics provides invaluable information on site selection and strategies employed for oyster reef restoration. This study documented the temporal and spatial patterns of oyster and barnacle recruitment on and near the largest natural intertidal oyster reef (Liyashan) in China during 2019–2020. The oyster Crassostrea sikamea recruitment appeared as a continuous process from June through late November or early December, with the peak in August. Greater recruits of oyster spat occurred on the sheltered inshore at the upstream of the natural oyster reef than on the reef and the nearby open coast (p < 0.05). The barnacle recruitment extended from spring to early winter, with mid-spring and mid-summer peaks. Conversely, higher barnacle recruitment appeared on the natural oyster reef and the nearby open coast than on the sheltered inshore. Across all the monitoring sites, the cumulative recruits of oysters in each of 2019 and 2020 was negatively correlated with those of barnacles (p

Varroa destructor is a major pathogenic driver of the Western honeybee colony losses globally. Understanding the developmental regulation of V. destructor is critical to develop effective control measures. Development is a complex biological process regulated by numerous genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs); however, the underlying regulation of lncRNAs in the development of V. destructor remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data derived from the four stages of female V. destructor in the reproductive phase (i.e., egg, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult). The identified differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs exhibited a stage-specific pattern during developmental transitions. Further functional enrichment established that fat digestion and absorption, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway play key roles in the maturation of female V. destructor. Moreover, the lncRNAs and mRNAs of some pivotal genes were significantly upregulated at the deutonymph stage, such as cuticle protein 65/6.4/63/38 and mucin 5AC, suggesting that deutonymph is the key stage of metamorphosis development and pathogen resistance acquisition for female V. destructor. Our study provides novel insights into a foundational understanding of V. destructor biology.

Excessive fertilization, low nutrient utilization rate, and continuous deterioration of cotton field environment have adversely affected the sustainable development of cotton in Xinjiang province of China. To overcome these issues, we hypothesized that an appropriate combination of liquid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (CF) would effectively reduce the input of CF without sacrificing the quality and yield of cotton. A 2-year field experiment explores the effects of three fertilization treatments on the growth, biomass accumulation, and yield of cotton. The three fertilization treatments, namely, no application of fertilizer (CK), the single application of CF, and the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF (F0.6–F1.4), were set up in five ratios. Compared with CF treatment, the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF treatments (F0.6–F1.2) speeded the growth period of cotton by 2–7 days with increased plant height, stem diameter, functional leaf width, and more number of branches, with 9.7–23.5 and 8.4–28.5% higher total plant biomass (TPB) and reproductive organs biomass (ROB), respectively. Compared with CF treatment, the rapid growth duration and maximum accumulation rate of reproductive organs were the highest in F0.8 treatment, with an average increase of 4.6 days and 20.3%. Increment in biomass accumulation contributed to an average increase of 21.8 and 18.9% in cotton boll number and yield, respectively, under F0.8 treatment. Principal component analysis shows that the total biomass, ROB, and total bolls per unit area were positively correlated with the yield, while stem diameter and vegetative organ biomass are negatively correlated with the yield. In conclusion, under film mulching with drip irrigation, organic liquid fertilizer combined with CF reduced by 20% (F0.8 treatment: N, P2O5, and K2O were 182, 104, and 76 kg hm–2, respectively) can sustain the normal growth, promote the accumulation rate of ROB, and lead to efficient cotton production.

Brassica napus is a globally important oil crop, but the origin of the allotetraploid genome and its improvement process are largely unknown. Here, the authors take a population genetic approach to resolve its origin and evolutionary history, and identify candidate genes related to important agricultural traits.

In this paper, a holographic display system with wide viewing area is proposed based on the effective area expansion of the SLM. The effective area of the SLM is calculated based on the viewing area characteristics and expanded by using two SLMs. Different from the traditional holographic system based on the parallel-arranged SLMs or curved-arranged SLMs, we calculate the effective areas of the SLMs and the effective hologram of the system can be generated based on the effective-viewing-area (EVA) algorithm. The proposed system uses a 4K SLM by seamlessly stitching the effective areas of two 2K SLMs. After the EVA is calculated, the size of the effective hologram is inversely calculated according to the EVA. So, the effective area of the hologram is increased, and the calculation of the wasted information is greatly decreased. With the proposed system, the reconstructed object with large viewing area can be realized. Moreover, the calculation time for generating the hologram is reduced significantly. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system. In the proposed system, the 2K SLMs are used as examples for splicing, when more high-performance SLMs are used, the viewing area will be further expanded, and the advantage of the calculation speed will be more obvious than the traditional splicing method. The proposed system can provide new references to the holographic display system based on multiple SLMs stitching.

The gigantea species group of the genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is among the four aroid-breeding species groups in this genus; however, it differs from the remaining three groups in the host use: all the flies in this group use plants from the subfamily Monsteroideae instead of from the subfamily Aroideae. So far, we have not resolved the phylogenetic relationship within this group, making it difficult to trace its geographical origin, pattern of species diversification and history of host plant use. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships within the C. gigantea group using DNA sequences of eight (two mitochondrial and six nuclear) gene markers, and we inferred the ancestral areas and host plants of the group based on the resulting phylogeny. According to the results, the C. gigantea group may have diverged from its sister group (i.e., the C. cristata group) through vicariance between the northeastern Oriental region and Sundaland + Wallacea, and the subsequent diversification of the C. gigantea group occurred mostly in the northeastern Oriental region, although an Oriental-to-Sundaland dispersal was followed by vicariance between these two areas, which finally gave rise to the C. gigantea-C. scindapsae lineage in the latter area. We inferred the most likely ancestral host plant of the C. gigantea group to be of the genus Rhaphidophora Hassk, with possible subsequent shifts to Scindapsus Schott and/or Epipremnum Schott plants. We discuss the potential for the egg filaments in the C. gigantea group to be used as a model system for comparative studies in pollination mutualism and developmental genetics concerning tubulogenesis.

High alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) in the gut microbiota had been demonstrated to be the causative agent of fatty liver disease (FLD). However, the catabolic pathways for alcohol production in vivo remain unclear. Here, we characterized the genome of HiAlc and medium alcohol-producing (MedAlc) Kpn and constructed an adh (an essential gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase) knock-out HiAlc Kpn W14 strain (W14Δadh) using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Subsequently, we established the mouse model via gavage administration of HiAlc Kpn W14 and W14 Δadh strains, respectively. Proteome and metabolome analysis showed that 10 proteins and six major metabolites involved in the 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway exhibited at least a three-fold change or greater during intestinal growth. Compared with HiAlc Kpn W14-fed mice, W14Δadh-fed mice with weak alcohol-producing ability did not show apparent pathological changes at 4 weeks, although some steatotic hepatocytes were observed at 12 weeks. Our data demonstrated that carbohydrate substances are catabolized to produce alcohol and 2,3-butanediol via the 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway in HiAlc Kpn, which could be a promising clinical diagnostic marker. The production of high amounts of endogenous alcohol is responsible for the observed steatosis effects in hepatocytes in vivo.

Although prior studies have found the negative relation of authoritarian leadership with workplace outcome, authoritarian leadership styles are particularly prevalent in emerging markets. This study examines the effectiveness of authoritarian leadership in organizational change by considering two boundary conditions: low perceived job mobility among employees in have-to exchange situations and high cognitive trust in leaders in willing-to exchange situations. Based on a sample of 203 employees and their supervisors in 39 work teams in China, multilevel modeling identified a negative impact of authoritarian leadership on employees’ active support for organizational change. However, this negative effect disappeared when perceived job mobility was low and cognitive trust in the leader was high. The findings offer insights into the prevalence of authoritarian leadership in emerging markets despite negative impressions of this leadership style (Harms et al., 2018).

Background/Aims: Cardiac remodeling is a critical pathogenetic process leading to heart failure. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is demonstrated as a key negative regulator of the gp130 receptor to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy. However, the role of SOCS3 in deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced cardiac remodeling remains unclear. Methods: Cardiac-specific SOCS3 knockout (SOCS3cKO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and DOCA-salt for 3 weeks. The effect of SOCS3 on cardiac remodeling and inflammation was evaluated by histological analysis. Gene and protein levels were measured by real-time PCR and immunoblotting analysis. Results: After DOCA-salt treatment, the expression of SOCS3, activation of gp130/JAK/STAT3, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in DOCA-salt mice were significantly elevated, which were markedly attenuated by eplerenone, a specific mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker. Moreover, DOCA-salt-induced cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation were aggravated in SOCS3cKO mice, but were significantly reduced in AAV9-SOCS3-injected mice. These effects were mostly associated with activation of gp130/STAT3/AKT/ERK1/2, TGF-β/Smad2/3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that loss of SOCS3 in cardiomyocytes promotes DOCA-salt-induced cardiac remodeling and inflammation, and it may be a novel potential therapeutic target for hypertensive heart disease.

In this paper, a holographic system to suppress the speckle noise is proposed. Two spatial light modulators (SLMs) are used in the system, one of which is used for beam shaping, and the other is used for reproducing the image. By calculating the effective viewing angle of the reconstructed image, the effective hologram and the effective region of the SLM are calculated accordingly. Then, the size of the diffractive optical element (DOE) is calculated accordingly. The dynamic DOEs and effective hologram are loaded on the effective regions of the two SLMs, respectively, while the wasted areas of the two SLMs are performed with zero-padded operations. When the laser passes through the first SLM, the light can be modulated by the effective DOEs. When the modulated beam illuminates the second SLM which is loaded with the effective hologram, the image is reconstructed with better quality and lower speckle noise. Moreover, the calculation time of the hologram is reduced. Experiments indicate the validity of the proposed system.

Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are blue-light receptors that control cotyledon flattening and positioning under strong light; however, their functional redundancy restricts our understanding of the specific roles of phot2. To identify the factors responsible for phot2-dependent cotyledon flattening and growth, we screened for light-insensitive mutants among mutagenized phot1 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. The double mutant phot1lea1 (leaf expansion associated 1), which is defective in cotyledon flattening and positioning but not the phototropic response was selected. This mutant phenotype could be alleviated by constitutively expressing MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), indicating that LEA1 was allelic to MAX2. The max2 mutants (max2-2 and max2-3) are defective in cotyledon flattening, which is similar to that of the phot1 phot2 mutants. Moreover, the amounts of MAX2 transcripts are inhibited in leaves of phot1 mutant. However, the additional disruption of PHOT1 gene in max2-2 or max2-3 did not affect their phenotype, including MAX2-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. By contrast, phototropins-mediated hypocotyl phototropism was not regulated by MAX2. Together, these results suggest that cotyledon flattening was mediated by both phototropins and MAX2 signaling, but the relationship between two pathways need further study.

PD is a complex disease, and may result from gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. There are limited studies on gene–gene interactions in PD. We and others have previously shown that SNCA rs356219, LRRK2 (rs2046932 and rs7304279) and GAK (rs1564282) are risk factors in sporadic PD. Since the expression of SNCA and neurotoxicity of alpha-synuclein are affected by LRRK2 and GAK, we hypothesize that their genetic risk variants may interact with each other. Here we investigated the interaction of SNCA rs356219, LRRK2rs7304279 and rs2046932 and GAK rs1564282 using the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) in a Chinese PD patient–control series (534 patients and 435 controls) and the cumulative risk effect of SNCA, LRRK2 and GAK. The MDR analysis showed a significant gene–gene interaction between the rs356219 of SNCA, rs2046932 of LRRK2 and rs1564282 of GAK. Moreover, individuals with increasing numbers of variants had an increasing likelihood of having PD, compared with those carrying none of the variants. The estimated OR for developing PD in individuals carrying 3 variants was 5.89. We demonstrated for the first time that SNPs in SNCA, LRRK2 and GAK interacted with each other to confer an increased risk of PD. In addition, PD risk increased cumulatively with the increasing number of variants.

Species of the genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere feed/breed on inflorescences/infructescences of the plants from the families Araceae, Arecaceae and Magnoliaceae. Although most of them utilize plants from the subfamily Aroideae of Araceae, three species of the recently established C. gigantea species group make use of plants of the subfamily Monsteroideae. We describe four new species of the gigantea group found from Yunnan, China: Colocasiomyia longifilamentata Li & Gao, sp. n., C. longivalva Li & Gao, sp. n., C. hailini Li & Gao, sp. n., and C. yini Li & Gao, sp. n. The species delimitation is proved in virtue of not only morphology but also DNA barcodes, i.e., sequences of the partial mitochondrial COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene. Some nucleotide sites with fixed status in the alignment of the COI sequences (658 sites in length) are used as “pure” molecular diagnostic characters to delineate species in the gigantea group.

Alginate lyase degrades alginate by the β-elimination mechanism to produce oligosaccharides with special bioactivities. The low thermal stability of alginate lyase limits its industrial application. In this study, introducing the disulfide bonds while using the rational design methodology enhanced the thermal stability of alginate lyase cAlyM from Microbulbifer sp. Q7. Enzyme catalytic sites, secondary structure, spatial configuration, and molecular dynamic simulation were comprehensively analyzed. When compared with cAlyM, the mutants D102C-A300C and G103C-T113C showed an increase by 2.25 and 1.16 h, respectively, in half-life time at 45 °C, in addition to increases by 1.7 °C and 0.4 °C in the melting temperature, respectively. The enzyme-specific activity and kcat/Km values of D102C-A300C were 1.8- and 1.5-times higher than those of cAlyM, respectively. The rational design strategy that was used in this study provides a valuable method for improving the thermal stability of the alginate lyase.