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Nanotechnology is the most innovative field of the twenty-first century. Worldwide, intensive research is being done to commercialize nano products. Due to their unique or improved physical and chemical properties relative to bulk material, nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles have seen an enormous interest over the past few decades. As environmentally benign alternative nanoparticles are currently being produced "biologically" by means of plant or microorganism-mediated synthesis. Due to its outstanding biocompatibility, affordability, and low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness, ZnO NPs have emerged as one of the most widely used metal oxide nanoparticles in various applications. Interestingly, due to its multiple medical, health, environmental, and economic advantages, the green technique of synthesis employing plant materials has been discovered to be suitable for the production of ZnO nanoparticles. A variety of characterization methods have been used to assess the characteristics of ZnO NPs produced with green strategies, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis spectroscopy and others. The value of these techniques reveals important information about the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of ZnO NPs. In order to support future biomedical and other research, this review provides an overview of recent developments in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs with a focus on natural sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae as well as their characterizations, and various applications, including, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, photocatalytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics, and anti-aging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change on plant growth and productivity is profound, resulting in significant stresses such as biotic and abiotic factors. Among the abiotic stresses, temperature extremes, nutrient imbalances, heavy metals, drought, and salinity stand out as prominent contributors to substantial crop yield losses globally, exacerbating food insecurity concerns. Various methods are currently being explored to enhance plants' resilience to these stresses. We undertook an extensive literature review to assess the current landscape of knowledge in Nano biotechnology and identify areas where existing research is deficient or underexplored. This examination focused on identifying gaps related to methodology, scope, applications, and specific challenges within nanobiotechnology. We also evaluated recent developments and emerging trends in the field, identifying areas where research interest is expanding but remains relatively uncharted. By narrowing our research scope, we aimed to pinpoint specific aspects of Nano biotechnology requiring further investigation or that have not been sufficiently addressed. One promising approach involves the use of nanoparticles, which have shown to positively influence plant performance under stressful conditions. Nanoparticles facilitate nutrient uptake by plants, combat plant diseases and pathogens, and enable the detection and monitoring of trace components in soil through signal absorption. Understanding the mechanisms by which nanoparticles assist plants in mitigating abiotic challenges holds great promise for developing enduring solutions. However, urgent action is needed to implement rapid strategies that alleviate abiotic stress and enhance agricultural productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobiotechnology has gained significant attention due to its capacity to generate substantial benefits through the integration of microbial biotechnology and nanotechnology. Among microbial organisms, Actinomycetes, particularly the prominent genus Streptomycetes, have garnered attention for their prolific production of antibiotics. Streptomycetes have emerged as pivotal contributors to the discovery of a substantial number of antibiotics and play a dominant role in combating infectious diseases on a global scale. Despite the noteworthy progress achieved through the development and utilization of antibiotics to combat infectious pathogens, the prevalence of infectious diseases remains a prominent cause of mortality worldwide, particularly among the elderly and children. The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens has diminished the efficacy of antibiotics in recent decades. Nevertheless, Streptomycetes continue to demonstrate their potential by producing bioactive metabolites for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Streptomycetes are instrumental in producing nanoparticles with diverse bioactive characteristics, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles have exhibited a meaningful reduction in the impact of antibiotic resistance, providing resources for the development of new and effective drugs. This review succinctly outlines the significant applications of Streptomycetes as a crucial element in nanoparticle synthesis, showcasing their potential for diverse and enhanced beneficial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative approaches in nanotechnology provide a potentially promising alternative to untreatable cases of mastitis caused by genus Prototheca spp. algae infections. Drying of the teats of the affected animals or culling are typically the outcomes of mastitis in dairy cattle caused by these pathogens. A major issue in both veterinary medicine and animal breeding is the Prototheca species' widespread resistance to the current methods of managing infections and the available drugs, including antibiotics. Commercial antifungal preparations are also ineffective. Nanotechnology, an emerging discipline, has the potential to create an effective alternative treatment for protothecal mastitis. The aim of the paper is to combine the literature data on the use of nanotechnology in the control of mastitis, taking into account data on combating mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infections. The databases employed were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, focusing on literature from the last 20 years to ensure relevance and currency. Studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that nanomaterials have significant biocidal activity against mastitis infections of different etiologies. Analyzed research papers show that (NPs), such as AgNPs, CuNPs, AuNPs, etc., may not negatively impact various cell lines and may be effective agents in reducing the pathogens' viability. However, it is also critical to assess the risks involved in using nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, enzyme therapy strategies have rapidly evolved to catalyze essential biochemical reactions with therapeutic potential. These approaches hold particular promise in addressing rare genetic disorders, cancer treatment, neurodegenerative conditions, wound healing, inflammation management, and infectious disease control, among others. There are several primary reasons for the utilization of enzymes as therapeutics: their substrate specificity, their biological compatibility, and their ability to generate a high number of product molecules per enzyme unit. These features have encouraged their application in enzyme replacement therapy where the enzyme serves as the therapeutic agent to rectify abnormal metabolic and physiological processes, enzyme prodrug therapy where the enzyme initiates a clinical effect by activating prodrugs, and enzyme dynamic or starving therapy where the enzyme acts upon host substrate molecules. Currently, there are >20 commercialized products based on therapeutic enzymes, but approval rates are considerably lower than other biologicals. This has stimulated nanobiotechnology in the last years to develop nanoparticle-based solutions that integrate therapeutic enzymes. This approach aims to enhance stability, prevent rapid clearance, reduce immunogenicity, and even enable spatio-temporal activation of the therapeutic catalyst. This comprehensive review delves into emerging trends in the application of therapeutic enzymes, with a particular emphasis on the synergistic opportunities presented by incorporating enzymes into nanomaterials. Such integration holds the promise of enhancing existing therapies or even paving the way for innovative nanotherapeutic approaches. [Display omitted] • Enzyme therapies offer new advanced treatments for a wide range of medical conditions. • Enzyme specificity and high product yield are crucial for prodrug activation, replacement, dynamic and starving therapies. • Combining enzymes and nanomaterials enables precise targeting and spatio-temporal remote control of these therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world increasingly focused on eco-conscious living, the cosmetic industry is actively adopting nanotechnology to transform plant and animal by-products into high-value beauty products. This comprehensive review explores the innovative and sustainable approaches for extracting and utilizing bioactive compounds from these by-products. The application of nanocarrier systems is highlighted for their role in enhancing the delivery efficacy and safety of these ingredients in skincare and beauty products. Consumer demand and environmental concerns drive the shift towards natural and sustainable cosmetic products. Traditional cosmetic production often involves significant ecological impacts, prompting the industry to seek greener alternatives. This review addresses the critical need for sustainable beauty solutions that align with global sustainability goals, particularly those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The review provides valuable insights into current trends and future directions in sustainable cosmetics by focusing on nanotechnology and by-products. The review uniquely integrates nanotechnology with sustainability practices in the cosmetic industry. It details the benefits of using nanocarriers to improve the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of bioactive compounds derived from natural waste. This intersection of high-tech methodologies and sustainability offers a novel perspective on cosmetic innovation. Future research should focus on overcoming the technical, regulatory, and economic challenges of scaling up nanotechnology applications. Investigations should include the development of transparent supply chains, standardization methods for characterizing nanoparticles, and comprehensive lifecycle assessments to ensure environmental safety. Additionally, fostering collaboration between scientific research, industry practices, and consumer education is vital for advancing sustainable practices. This review contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable beauty by presenting a clear pathway for integrating these innovative approaches. It ensures that future cosmetic products meet consumer expectations for efficacy and safety and promote environmental stewardship and a circular economy, ultimately benefiting both the skin and the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial diseases are one of the most common issues that result in crop loss worldwide, and the increasing usage of chemical pesticides has caused the occurrence of resistance in pathogenic bacteria and environmental pollution problems. Nanomaterial mediated gene silencing is starting to display powerful efficiency and environmental friendliness for improving plant disease resistance. However, the internalization of nanomaterials and the physiological mechanisms behind nano-improved plant disease resistance are still rarely understood. We engineered the polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEI-AuNPs) with fluorescent properties and ROS scavenging activity to act as siRNA delivery platforms. Besides the loading, protection, and delivery of nucleic acid molecules in plant mature leaf cells by PEI-AuNPs, its fluorescent property further enables the traceability of the distribution of the loaded nucleic acid molecules in cells. Additionally, the PEI-AuNPs-based RNAi delivery system successfully mediated the silencing of defense-regulated gene AtWRKY1. Compared to control plants, the silenced plants performed better resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, showing a reduced bacterial number, decreased ROS content, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and improved chlorophyll fluorescence performance. Our results showed the advantages of AuNP-based RNAi technology in improving plant disease resistance, as well as the potential of plant nanobiotechnology to protect agricultural production. Highlights: Polyethyleneimine functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEI-AuNPs) with fluorescent properties and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability are synthesized rationally; PEI-AuNPs with fluorescent properties act as the indicator to evaluate the nuclear acid internalization efficiency; PEI-AuNPs platform successfully mediate AtWRKY1 gene silencing and Pst DC3000 resistance by scavenging ROS, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, and improving photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically inspired peptide‐based materials, as novel charge transport materials, have gained increasing interest in bioelectronics due to their remarkable electrical properties and inherent biocompatibility. Extensive studies have shown that peptides can self‐assemble into a variety of hierarchical nanostructures with unique physical properties through supramolecular interactions. Therefore, peptide‐based materials hold great promise for applications in emerging electronic fields such as sensing, energy harvesting, energy storage, and electronic transmission. Herein, this work proposes a review article to summarize the rational design and research progress of peptide‐based materials and devices in bioelectronics. This work first introduces the design strategies and assembly mechanism for constructing high‐performance peptide‐based electronic materials and devices. In the following part, the applications of peptide‐based electronic materials and devices are systematically classified and discussed, including sensors, piezoelectric nanogenerators, electrodes, and semiconductors. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives of peptide‐based bioelectronic materials and devices are presented. This work believes that this review will provide inspiration and guidance for the design and development of innovative peptide‐based smart materials in the field of bioelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining of organophosphorous (OPs)-degrading bacterial enzymes in collections of known bacterial strains and in natural biotopes are important research fields that lead to the isolation of novel OP-degrading enzymes. Then, implementation of strategies and methods of protein engineering and nanobiotechnology allow large-scale production of enzymes, displaying improved catalytic properties for medical uses and protection of the environment. For medical applications, the enzyme formulations must be stable in the bloodstream and upon storage and not susceptible to induce iatrogenic effects. This, in particular, includes the nanoencapsulation of bioscavengers of bacterial origin. In the application field of bioremediation, these enzymes play a crucial role in environmental cleanup by initiating the degradation of OPs, such as pesticides, in contaminated environments. In microbial cell configuration, these enzymes can break down chemical bonds of OPs and usually convert them into less toxic metabolites through a biotransformation process or contribute to their complete mineralization. In their purified state, they exhibit higher pollutant degradation efficiencies and the ability to operate under different environmental conditions. Thus, this review provides a clear overview of the current knowledge about applications of OP-reacting enzymes. It presents research works focusing on the use of these enzymes in various bioremediation strategies to mitigate environmental pollution and in medicine as alternative therapeutic means against OP poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diseases cause colossal crop loss worldwide and are the major yield constraining component in agriculture. Nanotechnology, which has the possible to revolutionize numerous fields of science, innovation, drug, and agriculture. Nanotechnology can be utilized for combating the plant infectious diseases and nano-materials can be utilized as transporter of dynamic elements of pesticides, host defense etc. to the pathogens. The analysis of diseases, finding of pathogens may turn out to be substantially more precise and fast with the utilization of nanosensors. As worldwide demand for food production raises against an evolving atmosphere, nanotechnology could reasonably alleviate numerous challenges in disease managing by diminishing chemical inputs and advancing quick recognition of pathogens. The major goal of this review is to increase growth and productivity using supplements with nanoparticles. (i.e., metals, metal oxides, and carbon) to treat crop diseases and make agricultural practices more productive and sustainable. Prominently, this improved crop may not only be straight connected to the diminished occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms, yet in might possibly add nutritional benefits of the nanoparticles themselves, particularly for the micronutrients important for generating host resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green phyto technology is a novel version, and the intersection of nanotechnology with nanobiotechnology gains much attention among global researchers owing to the vast range of industrial, environmental and medical applications. To synthesize bimetallic nano particles of Au@Ag, corresponding metal precursors were added to aqueous fruit latex extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus (AHL) & bark latex extract of Mimusops elengi (MEM) and exposed to sunlight. Hydrophobic surfaces are often designed to mimic low surface energy materials and hierarchical micro/nanostructures. In this study, hydrophobic surfaces on glass substrates were fabricated using a simple immersion process that was rapid, facile, and environmental friendly. Latex extracts, Au@Ag nanoparticles, stearic acid and methyltrichlorosilane were used in the coatings. The shape, heterogeneity, roughness and surface functionality of modified hydrophobic surfaces were investigated by FESEM, 3D profilometer and FT‐IR studies. The contact angle (CA) of modified surfaces was measured by Goniometer. The anti‐corrosive property of modified hydrophobic surfaces was tested. Recent micro/nanotechnological advancements have inspired artificial changes of surface wettability by bio‐mimic surfaces with efficient nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods of pest control are not able to prevent crop damage due to devastating pests. Therefore, through nanobiotechnology nano-bio pesticides and conjugated nanoparticles are produced as a pest control agent. The present work focused on the synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ocimum tenuiflorum leave extract and its larvicidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. AgNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectral analysis, indicated an absorbance of 4.695 at 560 nm. Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Powder Diffraction showed that particles were spherical, ranging from 10 nm to 65 nm. The larvae of H. armigera were provided with an artificial diet with AgNPs coating of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 100% pure concentration. After 24 h, a dose response relationship in mortality was found maximum in pure AgNPs treated group, 83.33% and 75% in 0.75% treated group and 0.5% treated group, respectively. While the least mortality of 50% was observed in the 0.25%, AgNPs treated group. The LC50 calculated was 20.33 µL for AgNPs. It can be concluded that silver-nanoparticles possess a larvicidal effect. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of these particles is an efficient and profitable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology holds revolutionary potential in the field of agriculture, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) demonstrating advantages in promoting crop growth. Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency is closely linked to improved vigor and superior quality in tea plants, complemented by the beneficial role of phyllosphere microorganisms in maintaining plant health. However, the effects of ZnO NPs on the photosynthesis of tea plants, the sprouting of new shoots, and the community of phyllosphere microorganisms have not been fully investigated. Results: This study investigated the photosynthetic physiological parameters of tea plants under the influence of ZnO NPs, the content of key photosynthetic enzymes such as RubisCO, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, transcriptomic and extensive targeted metabolomic profiles of leaves and new shoots, mineral element composition in these tissues, and the epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities within the phyllosphere. The results indicated that ZnO NPs could enhance the photosynthesis of tea plants, upregulate the expression of some genes related to photosynthesis, increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products, promote the development of new shoots, and alter the content of various mineral elements in the leaves and new shoots of tea plants. Furthermore, the application of ZnO NPs was observed to favorably influence the microbial community structure within the phyllosphere of tea plants. This shift in microbial community dynamics suggests a potential for ZnO NPs to contribute to plant health and productivity by modulating the phyllosphere microbiome. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ZnO NPs have a positive impact on the photosynthesis of tea plants, the sprouting of new shoots, and the community of phyllosphere microorganisms, which can improve the growth condition of tea plants. These findings provide new scientific evidence for the application of ZnO NPs in sustainable agricultural development and contribute to advancing research in nanobiotechnology aimed at enhancing crop yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing curiosity and enthusiasm surrounding recent advancements in nanotechnology, electromagnetism, and optics. This interdisciplinary collaboration encompasses fields such as nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanobiotechnology, which often overlap in their applications. One area that has attracted significant attention is the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs), which has resulted in notable advancements in medicine. MNPs hold the promise of significantly boosting drug delivery efficacy, reducing unwanted side effects, and enhancing delivery precision. They also have applications in diagnostics, the development of biocompatible materials, and the exploration of nutraceuticals. Using metal nanoparticles in drug delivery provides benefits such as increased stability, prolonged circulation time, enhanced distribution, and precise targeting. The field of nanobiotechnnolgy has facilitated the creation of eco-friendly approaches, referred to as green synthesis, for the production of MNPs. MNPs offer improved stability and targeted release in drug delivery, while also providing a more sustainable alternative to chemical synthesis. This review aims to address the challenges and prospects of utilizing MNPs in drug delivery, with a specific focus on sustainable approaches for fabricating and modifying metal nanocarriers. It also explores the application of various MNPs in drug delivery systems (DDSs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a design for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and nanobioconjugates to enhance enzymatic activity and biosynthesis of biodiesel using free and immobilized enzymes. Enzymes were immobilized by covalent attachment with Ag-PDA complex, PDA bound MSN complex, PDA coated MSN functionalized aluminum nanoparticles, and PDA coated MSN functionalized Fe nanoparticles. 2.47 U/mL increase in the activity of Ag-PDA bound trypsin was observed. Conjugated trypsin retained 80–95% of its activity after 5 days of storage at 4 °C while unconjugated enzyme retained 45% activity. Trypsin immobilized on Ag-PDA complex, PDA coated MSN-Al nanoparticles, PDA bound MSN complex, and PDA coated MSN functionalized Fe nanoparticles retained a residual activity of 80.3%, 78.5%, 68.6% and 66.4% correspondingly after 5, 4, 4, and 3 consecutive operations, respectively. Excellent coupling of biocompatible silver nanoparticles with remarkable adhesive attributes of PDA deposition on silver nanoparticles made Ag-PDA complex very efficient for the immobilization of trypsin by providing a large surface area for the active binding to the trypsin molecules. Biodiesel was synthesized by using lipase immobilized cerium oxide, MSN supported iron, and silica nanosystems. Maximum of 80% biodiesel yield was produced by lipase immobilized cerium oxide nanoparticles. Immobilized nanoparticles were recovered and reused for biodiesel production with a low percentage biodiesel yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology plays a major role in fish production through various techniques such as selective breeding, genetic engineering to enhance the growth rate and disease resistance in aquaculture . Fish culture business is fastest-growing sector of agricultural fields. The consumer demand for fish products continues to rise at an alarming rate. At the same time, wild fish stocks are declining at a fast pace due to over-fishing – a major concern. Every year, aquaculture contributes more than 18 million tons of fish and shellfish to the world's food supply. The increased public demands for fish, coupled with the dwindling natural marine habitats, have led scientists to study ways in which biotechnology can help boost fish and shellfish production. application of biotechnology allows researchers to identify and combine traits in fish and shellfish to enhance the productivity and quality . This article delves into the various ways in which biotechnology is applied to aquaculture and what the future holds for fish farming. The field of aquaculture has been revolutionized by the introduction of biotechnology. With the help of advanced genetic research, scientists have been able to enhance the growth of fish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesamol (SM), a well-known component isolated from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum), used in traditional medicines in treating numerous ailments. However, numerous molecular investigations revealed the various mechanisms behind its activity, emphasizing its antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing properties, preventing cancer cell spread to distant organs. In several cells derived from various malignant tissues, SM-regulated signal transduction pathways and cellular targets have been identified. This review paper comprehensively describes the anticancer properties of SM and SM-viable anticancer drugs. Additionally, the interactions of this natural substance with standard anticancer drugs are examined, and the benefits of using nanotechnology in SM applications are explored. This makes SM a prime example of how ethnopharmacological knowledge can be applied to the development of contemporary drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely studied in recent years due to its unique structure related properties, such as optical, electrical and optoelectrical properties. Furthermore, GQDs are environment friendly due to its non-toxic and biologically inert properties, which have attracted worldwide interests from academic and industry. This review introduces quantum dots (QDs) and explores their applications, delivery systems in biology. QDs are one of the first nanotechnologies to be integrated with the biological sciences and are widely anticipated to eventually find application in a number of commercial consumer and clinical products. The various applications of GQDs in biological imaging, photodynamic therapy, electrochemical sensors and use in drug delivery and medicine are described. GQDs composites, having optimized contents and properties, are also discussed to extend the applications of GQDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold stress has an immediate impact on plant structure and function. A large number of free radicals cause oxidative stress in plants. Cold stress causes altered membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. It denatures enzymes and disrupts plant metabolism. Different methods are being investigated for acclimatizing plants subjected to cold stress. Nanobiotechnology and bacterial strains are growing agricultural strategies. Nanoparticles’ (NPs) unique qualities (small size, high mobility, biocompatibility, low cost, and increased reactivity) make them ideal candidates in agriculture. NP and bacterial applications maintain plastid structure and function, enhance antioxidant activities, secondary metabolites, and hormone expression, and reduce electrolyte leakage. They increase the number and content of proteins involved in oxidation–reduction reactions, hormone pathways, stress signaling, and reactive oxygen species detoxification under cold stress conditions. Chitosan, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide NPs can help plants with cold stress. Meanwhile, bacterial strains in the genus Bacillus and Pseudomonas have been tested for cold tolerance. These strategies also upregulate antifreeze proteins, which are essential for the storage of plant products. Nano-bio-fertilizers should be prepared for the sustainable development of plants under low temperatures.

Biologically active magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesised using green reduction with an extract derived from the Vitis vinifera plant. The investigation focused on examining the structure and carbon abundance resulting from the thermal degradation of adsorbed biomolecules. It was accomplished using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR analysis techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies conducted on MgO nanoparticles indicate the absence of any supplementary peaks, thereby indicating the purity of the material. The morphological characteristics, which have been examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and TEM methodologies, demonstrate the presence of particles with a spherical shape, exhibiting minimal agglomeration and a uniform distribution across the surfaces of MgO. The porous structure, porosity, and pore volume of the MgO particles were evaluated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis. The experimental findings reveal that the surface area of the MgO nanoparticles is 23.8742 m2/g, while the total pore volume is 0.12528 cm3/g. Additionally, the average pore diameter is determined to be 1.7 nm. These observations collectively suggest the presence of microporous structures within the MgO nanoparticles. This article discusses the biological studies to assess the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles.

Recently, the multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology has garnered significant interest due to its diverse applications. Among the contemporary branches of nanotechnology, DNA nanobiotechnology has emerged as a captivating area of study, combining the principles of nanotechnology with oligonucleotides. This innovative science employs a variety of nucleotide structures, including aptamers, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, and others. In this investigation, we conducted a comprehensive review of the hazards and challenges associated with DNA nanobiotechnology. Despite the numerous advantages of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides, their utilization may elicit adverse effects in plants and animals. Our literature review revealed that these oligonucleotides can trigger a range of detrimental reactions, such as intense immune system stimulation, induction of cell death, pro-inflammatory responses, vascular damage, kidney damage, anticoagulant effects, inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis, prevention of protein synthesis, alteration of gene expression, allergic reactions, leukopenia, hyperplasia, tissue accumulation, development of new toxins and allergens, emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, and challenges pertinent to the food industry. Given the findings of our review, it is crucial for researchers to not only focus on the positive aspects of DNA nanobiotechnology but also to consider the potential negative consequences of this scientific domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signifcant challenges for the modern international community are population growth and climate change, and the latest technologies are helping to solve them. These include nanotechnologies that are capable of positively influencing the quality of agricultural products, minimising the negative impact of pesticides on the environment and human health, and increasing production productivity and food safety. Nanotechnology helps to minimise waste by producing more efcient products, leading to the development of precision agriculture and efcient resource management. Minimising the production of hazardous substances, reducing energy consumption in green nanotechnology and almost no toxic chemicals make green nanomaterials widely used and desirable in various felds of human activity. Traditional and new methods for the formation of nanosized materials are considered, with an emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages. Extra- and intracellular ways of nanoparticle formation, as well as ascending and descending methods are described. The aim of the work was to establish the possibility of green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using peppermint and lemon balm extracts. The plant extracts were prepared by ethanol extraction from the leaves in an extractor. The extract was separated from the plant material by fltering through flter paper. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised by the reduction of copper sulphate in the presence of peppermint or lemon balm extract, which acted as both a reducing agent and a nanoparticle stabiliser. The paper shows the possibility of synthesising copper oxide nanoparticles by the method using peppermint (Mentha piperita) and lemon (Melissa ofcinalis L.) balm leaf extracts. The TEM morphological study of Cu0 metal nanoparticles in the volume of polymeric nanocomposites and those created by the green synthesis method showed that the average size of copper (Cu0) nanoparticles is 3.5 and 12.2 nm, respectively. It was found that the thermo-chemical method of creating nanocomposites is cheap and accessible, but causes the formation of small metal nanoparticles, in contrast to the polymeric nanocomposite created by the green synthesis method, which is environmentally friendly and occurs at low temperatures.

Abstract Tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease and Frontotemporal Dementia, are debilitating neurodegenerative disorders marked by cognitive decline. Despite extensive research, achieving effective treatments and significant symptom management remains challenging. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies, with hyperphosphorylated protein units and tau oligomers serving as reliable biomarkers for these conditions. This study introduces a novel approach using nanotechnology to enhance the diagnostic process for tauopathies. We developed humanized ferritin nanocages, a novel nanoscale delivery system, designed to encapsulate and transport a tau-specific fluorophore, BT1, into human retinal cells for detecting neurofibrillary tangles in retinal tissue, a key marker of tauopathies. The delivery of BT1 into living cells was successfully achieved through these nanocages, demonstrating efficient encapsulation and delivery into retinal cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our experiments confirmed the colocalization of BT1 with pathological forms of tau in living retinal cells, highlighting the method’s potential in identifying tauopathies. Using ferritin nanocages for BT1 delivery represents a significant contribution to nanobiotechnology, particularly in neurodegenerative disease diagnostics. This method offers a promising tool for the early detection of tau tangles in retinal tissue, with significant implications for improving the diagnosis and management of tauopathies. This study exemplifies the integration of nanotechnology with biomedical science, expanding the frontiers of nanomedicine and diagnostic techniques.

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent both a key driving force and therapeutic target of tumoral carcinogenesis, tumor evolution, progression, and recurrence. CSC-guided tumor diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance are strategically significant in improving cancer patients’ overall survival. Due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs, high sensitivity, specificity, and outstanding targeting are demanded for CSC detection and targeting. Nanobiotechnologies, including biosensors, nano-probes, contrast enhancers, and drug delivery systems, share identical features required. Implementing these techniques may facilitate the overall performance of CSC detection and targeting. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent advances in how nanobiotechnologies leverage the characteristics of CSC to optimize cancer diagnosis and treatment in liquid biopsy, clinical imaging, and CSC-guided nano-treatment. Specifically, how nanobiotechnologies leverage the attributes of CSC to maximize the detection of circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomes, to improve positron emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and to enhance the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy therapy, and radioimmunotherapy are reviewed.

This review presents an in-depth analysis of the immense potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in revolutionizing oral cancer research. It underscores the inherent limitations of conventional treatments while emphasizing the pressing need for groundbreaking approaches. The unparalleled capability of CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely target and modify specific genes involved in cancer progression heralds a new era in therapeutic intervention. Employing genome-wide CRISPR screens, vulnerabilities in oral cancer cells can be identified, thereby unravelling promising targets for therapeutic interventions. In the realm of oral cancer, the disruptive power of CRISPR-Cas9 manifests through its capacity to perturb genes that are intricately associated with drug resistance, consequently augmenting the efficacy of chemotherapy. To address the challenges that arise, this review diligently examines pertinent issues such as off-target effects, efficient delivery mechanisms, and the ethical considerations surrounding germline editing. Through precise gene editing, facilitated by CRISPR/Cas9, it becomes possible to overcome drug resistance by rectifying mutations, thereby enhancing the efficacy of personalized treatment strategies. This review delves into the prospects of CRISPR-Cas9, illuminating its potential applications in the domains of medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It is paramount to emphasize the necessity of ongoing research endeavors and the imperative to develop targeted therapies tailored specifically for oral cancer. By embracing this comprehensive overview, we can pave the way for ground-breaking treatments that instill renewed hope for enhanced outcomes in individuals afflicted by oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles have been considered in many fields such as medicine and industry due to their very small size and their special physicochemical properties. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has advantages over other methods. This paper examines the bibliography of the relationship between nanotechnology and fungi from 1985 to 2021. Data were collected from three databases consisting of Web of Science, Scopus, and Dimensions. The number and type of documents were examined and then the analysis was continued using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix-package on the documents of the Scopus database. Analysis of 1203 documents from this database showed an upward trend in the publication in recent years. The term "Fungi" was also identified as the keyword index and India as the country with the most published documents. Future research is likely to be on using modern techniques in the study of nanoparticles as well as focusing on other genera of fungi. This paper explores the relationship between nanotechnology and fungi from 1985 to 2021. Biosynthesis offers advantages in creating nanoparticles, which are tiny particles with unique properties used in many fields. Data from three databases were analysed, indicating an increasing trend in publications in recent years. Future research is likely to focus on modern techniques to study nanoparticles and other types of fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Two of the most exciting new technologies are biotechnology and nanotechnology. The science of nanostructures, or nanotechnology, is concerned with the development, testing, and use of structures and molecules with nanoscale dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The development of materials and tools with high specificity that interact directly at the subcellular level is what makes nanotechnology valuable in the medical sciences. At the cellular or tissue level, this might be converted into focused clinical applications with the greatest possible therapeutic benefits and the fewest possible side effects. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature and explore the applicability of the nanostructured materials in the process of the regeneration of the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of articles was conducted in several databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, to conduct this study, and the 183 articles that were discovered were chosen and examined, and only 22 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review. Results: The findings of this study demonstrate that using nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity of biomaterials. Conclusions: Most recently, breakthroughs in tissue engineering and nanotechnology have led to significant advancements in the design and production of bone graft substitutes and hold tremendous promise for the treatment of bone abnormalities. The creation of intelligent nanostructured materials is essential for various applications and therapies, as it allows for the precise and long-term delivery of medication, which yields better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative therapies associating natural products and nanobiotechnology show new perspectives on controlled drug release. In this context, nanoemulsions (NEs) present promising results for their structural design and properties. Hesperetin (HT), a flavonoid mainly found in citrus fruits, presents highlighted bone benefits. In this context, we developed a hesperetin-loaded nanoemulsion (HT-NE) by sonication method and characterized it by dynamic light scattering, analyzing its encapsulation efficiency, and cumulative release. The biocompatibility in human osteoblasts Saos-2-like was evaluated by the cytotoxicity assay and IC50. Then, the effects of the HT-NE on osteogenesis were evaluated by the cellular proliferation, calcium nodule formation, bone regulators gene expression, collagen quantification, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The results showed that the formulation presented ideal values of droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, and the encapsulation efficiency was 74.07 ± 5.33%, showing a gradual and controlled release. Finally, HT-NE was shown to be biocompatible and increased cellular proliferation, and calcium nodule formation, regulated the expression of Runx2, ALPL, and TGF-β genes, and increased the collagen formation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Therefore, the formulation of this NE encapsulated the HT appropriately, allowing the increasing of its effects on mechanisms to improve or accelerate the osteogenesis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of technology as an industry in the modern world, new innovations come with exciting benefits and dangerous effects. Bioterrorism has historically been used as an army's strongest weapon and with this rise of technology, we have seen bionanotechnology become the new focus of this type of warfare. Bionanotechnology is the combination of nanotechnology with microbiological components, and the world is unprepared to regulate it. Existing regulations and organizations such as the Nanotechnology Task Force, Biological Weapons and Toxins Conventions, and the Department of Defense are on high alert for this developing weapon, bionanotechnology poses unprecedented risks for communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, nanotechnology is developing at an exponential rate because of its widespread applications in various fields of life sciences. Traditionally, nanoparticles are fabricated through a variety of physical and chemical approaches but because of their limited efficiency in biomedical applications, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has gained much attention. Biogenically fabricated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) possess unique features that enabled their use in therapeutics and environmental biotechnology. Biogenically MgONPs can be fabricated using plant extracts (Manihot esculenta, Rhizophora lamarckii, Ocimum sanctum, rosemary, Bauhinia purpurea, and others), bacteria (S. coelicolor, A. johnsonii RTN), fungi (Aspergillus flavus TFR‐12, Aspergillus brasiliensis TFR 2, white‐button mushroom's) and algae (S. whigti). These biogenically synthesized MgONPs are being reported as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, antipyretic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agents. Moreover, their photocatalytic activity is far being discovered against certain organic dyes. This review focuses on the biogenic synthesis of MgONPs, their applications in therapeutics, and as antimicrobial agents as well as future prospects associated with their applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For accurate patient identification and treatment, early-stage disease diagnosis is particularly important. However, a lack of patient compliance with the current diagnostic techniques prevents prompt diagnosis, making the creation of noninvasive diagnostic tools essential. Breath analysis, one of the most promising noninvasive diagnostic techniques that has also attracted a lot of research interest recently, finds gas analytes like exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are thought to be significant biomarkers for a variety of disease types. The common technique for the detection of biomarkers in breath involves spectrometric-based measurements. Despite their precision and accuracy to detect a low concentration of exhaled breath, these techniques have some disadvantages such as lack of portability, being expensive, high power demand, and requiring trained staff to operate them. Consequently, recent interest in nanotechnology has accelerated the development of new chemosensors, sensing techniques, and enhanced the performance and sensitivity of existing chemosensors in the rapidly evolving field of biosensing. Chemosensors made with nanotechnology can identify diseases and monitor treatment outcomes. This review paper aims to present a current overview of the major chemosensor categories investigated for applications in disease diagnosis via the detection of exhaled gas analytes and to emphasize the significance of nanomaterials. Various nanomaterial-based chemosensors, prepared with several metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for detections of different types of volatile organic compound biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food crops are attacked by microbial pathogens and insect pests, leading to significant yield reductions and economic losses. Conventional disease diagnosis and management approaches often fail to provide rapid and eco-friendly solutions. In the current situation, nanomaterials (NMs) serve a valuable role in both managing emerging pathogens and monitoring overall plant health. Nanotechnology has transformed the biotechnology industry including agriculture with specific applications such as nano-fungicides, nano-bactericides, and nano-pesticides. This review focuses on the use of various nanomaterials, including inorganic materials such as Ag, ZnO, CuO, and CeO, as well as carbon-based nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nano-capsules. The application of NMs holds the potential to address various challenges in food security through novel applications like advanced nano-biosensors for rapid pathogen detection and targeted disease management strategies. This includes the potential to minimize reliance on chemical inputs and contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices. Nanomaterials (NMs) promise to deliver plant hormones and signaling molecules to plants, enhancing resistance inducers against major crop pathogens. NMs against newly arising pathogens through reactive oxygen generation, membrane damage, and biochemical interference are also reviewed. However, challenges regarding the stability, toxicity, and environmental impacts of NMs are discussed, along with recommendations on green synthesis and functionalization approaches. This article aims to investigate the role of nanomaterials (NMs) in managing emerging pathogens and monitoring overall crop health offering an insightful outlook for future generations. Further biosafety aspects and larger-scale validation of NM-based applications could enable their commercialization for improving global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease and Frontotemporal Dementia, are debilitating neurodegenerative disorders marked by cognitive decline. Despite extensive research, achieving effective treatments and significant symptom management remains challenging. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies, with hyperphosphorylated protein units and tau oligomers serving as reliable biomarkers for these conditions. This study introduces a novel approach using nanotechnology to enhance the diagnostic process for tauopathies. We developed humanized ferritin nanocages, a novel nanoscale delivery system, designed to encapsulate and transport a tau-specific fluorophore, BT1, into human retinal cells for detecting neurofibrillary tangles in retinal tissue, a key marker of tauopathies. The delivery of BT1 into living cells was successfully achieved through these nanocages, demonstrating efficient encapsulation and delivery into retinal cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our experiments confirmed the colocalization of BT1 with pathological forms of tau in living retinal cells, highlighting the method's potential in identifying tauopathies. Using ferritin nanocages for BT1 delivery represents a significant contribution to nanobiotechnology, particularly in neurodegenerative disease diagnostics. This method offers a promising tool for the early detection of tau tangles in retinal tissue, with significant implications for improving the diagnosis and management of tauopathies. This study exemplifies the integration of nanotechnology with biomedical science, expanding the frontiers of nanomedicine and diagnostic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are significant for veterinary vaccine development because they are safer and more effective than conventional formulations. One promising area of research involves self-assembled protein nanoparticles (SAPNs), which have shown potential for enhancing antigen-presenting cell uptake, B-cell activation, and lymph node trafficking. Numerous nanovaccines have been utilized in veterinary medicine, including natural self-assembled protein nanoparticles, rationally designed self-assembled protein nanoparticles, animal virus-derived nanoparticles, bacteriophage-derived nanoparticles, and plant-derived nanoparticles, which will be discussed in this review. SAPN vaccines can produce robust cellular and humoral immune responses and have been shown to protect against various animal infectious diseases. This article attempts to summarize these diverse nanovaccine types and their recent research progress in the field of veterinary medicine. Furthermore, this paper highlights their disadvantages and methods for improving their immunogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for effective production of xylanase which is an important industrial enzyme led to the present study that explored xylanase production by Aspergillus sydowii SF through Taguchi optimization that incorporated nanoconjugates in submerged fermentation. Calcium and zinc oxide nanoconjugates biosynthesized by xylanase were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The xylanase-mediated calcium oxide and zinc oxide nanoconjugates with λmax of 374 and 316 nm, respectively, and were 5.32–17.69 nm in size. Xylanase production was improved by 2.90–10.58 folds (64.24–234.15 U/mL) through Taguchi optimization cum nanoconjugates, and ANOVA showed that nanoconjugates contributed 13.62–65.97% to improved production. The xylanase had up to 88.38% deinking activity, with 49.60–84.64% removal of blue color. The remarkable xylanase production, its use to biosynthesize nanoconjugates and biodeinking potentials contribute to the development of versatile biocatalysts with applications in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and sustainable paper production. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of xylanase for biosynthesis of calcium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as nanosupplementation to induce xylanase production, which can open new vista in bioprocess optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the in vitro biological responses to reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and looks at how rGO can be synthesized from Rumex vesicarius leaf extract, a more environmentally friendly approach. A range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques thoroughly describe the environmentally produced rGO. From the XRD spectral data, a clear 2θ increase to 24.25° can be seen, confirming the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into rGO. Furthermore, FTIR spectra indicate that deoxygenation of GO is indeed successful. Using FESEM, it can be explained how rGO is created through a morphological change in GO, and EDX analysis reveals that there has been an initial decrease from 38% to only 18%. Allowing the biotinylated rGO nanosheets to successfully synthesize Rumex vesicarius, a green reducing agent (i.e., one that acts as an antioxidant), takes advantage of all bioactive compounds in its leaf extract, exerting their individual effects upon it. This bio-reduced rGO also has remarkable antibacterial properties. In particular, it is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research is directed to the dire urgency for novel, efficient biomaterials in light of highly infectious pathogenic bacterial strains resistant to traditional antibiotics. They note that cells of bio-reduced rGO have the potential as a medical agent to combat antibiotic resistance, stressing the importance of bio-reduction in current time when there is mounting concern about antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to scrutinise the evolution of technological diversification of organisations whose activities are mainly nanotechnologies. We resort to the InnoVue search platform to gather patent information related to the world's largest intellectual property organisations. We apply a five-step analysis on a panel dataset of 16042 distinct patents published between 1985 and 2020 and recorded on June 29, 2021. Text mining has been employed to explore key topics with high-level technological activeness, while a trend analysis has been applied to study diversification characteristics and evolution patterns. Moreover, we initiate spatial autocorrelation modelling to detect spatiotemporal patterns of technical innovation in nanotechnology. Results show that nanobiotechnology and nanophotonics have become new technical hotspots over the last decade. Furthermore, spatial analysis returns a significant clustered pattern among nanotechnology patent distributions and shows that nanotechnology activities were mainly concentrated in Asian countries during the period under study. Our research has policy implications and may interest decision-makers and academics looking to explore nanotechnology's evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block copolymer (BCP) surfaces permit an exquisite level of nanoscale control in biomolecular assemblies solely based on self-assembly. Owing to this, BCP-based biomolecular assembly represents a much-needed, new paradigm for creating nanobiosensors and nanobiomaterials without the need for costly and time-consuming fabrication steps. Research endeavors in the BCP nanobiotechnology field have led to stimulating results that can promote our current understanding of biomolecular interactions at a solid interface to the never-explored size regimes comparable to individual biomolecules. Encouraging research outcomes have also been reported for the stability and activity of biomolecules bound on BCP thin film surfaces. A wide range of single and multicomponent biomolecules and BCP systems has been assessed to substantiate the potential utility in practical applications as next-generation nanobiosensors, nanobiodevices, and biomaterials. To this end, this Review highlights pioneering research efforts made in the BCP nanobiotechnology area. The discussions will be focused on those works particularly pertaining to nanoscale surface assembly of functional biomolecules, biomolecular interaction properties unique to nanoscale polymer interfaces, functionality of nanoscale surface-bound biomolecules, and specific examples in biosensing. Systems involving the incorporation of biomolecules as one of the blocks in BCPs, i.e., DNA–BCP hybrids, protein–BCP conjugates, and isolated BCP micelles of bioligand carriers used in drug delivery, are outside of the scope of this Review. Looking ahead, there awaits plenty of exciting research opportunities to advance the research field of BCP nanobiotechnology by capitalizing on the fundamental groundwork laid so far for the biomolecular interactions on BCP surfaces. In order to better guide the path forward, key fundamental questions yet to be addressed by the field are identified. In addition, future research directions of BCP nanobiotechnology are contemplated in the concluding section of this Review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Honey exhibits a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ones. Chitosan (Cs) is a mucoadhesive polymer that also has antibacterial properties. Special attention has been paid to the design of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as new nano drug delivery systems to overcome bacterial resistance and its problems. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to synthesize Cs‐meropenem NPs with/without honey as an antibiofilm and antibacterial agent to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This study synthesized meropenem and honey‐loaded Cs nanogels and subsequently characterized them by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and DLS‐zeta potential. Using the broth microdilution and crystal violet assays, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of meropenem and honey‐loaded Cs nanogel, free meropenem, free honey, and free Cs NPs were investigated in vitro against MRSA strains. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was also used to test the cytotoxicity of several Cs‐NPs compound against the HEK‐293 regular cell line. Results: The average size of meropenem and honey‐Cs‐NPs was reported to be 119.885 nm, and encapsulation efficiency was 88.33 ± 0.97 with stability up to 60 days at 4°C. The NPs showed enhanced antibiofilm efficacy against S. aureus at sub‐minimum inhibitory concentrations. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of meropenem and honey‐encapsulated Cs against the HEK‐293 normal cell line was insignificant. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that meropenem and honey‐Cs‐NPs might be potential antibacterial and antibiofilm materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology students entering the workforce often struggle in their application of textbook knowledge to build the solutions that we see in science and health fields today. Some students may be naive to what a job in the biotechnology industry can encompass. Students should graduate having a firm grasp of the prospects of their field and have the confidence to begin contributing to the growth of the industry. For this, it is necessary for students to be able to start practising applications in their coursework before they graduate. A competition titled "Biotech BioBrawl" was incorporated in the University of Central Florida's Methods in Biotechnology (MCB4721C/MCB5722C) course agenda during the semester of Fall 2021. This competition challenged students to harness innovation and applied science in a group setting that led to the development and pitch of an original idea to a panel of judges with various biotechnology industry experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu3.96Ag0.04 nanoparticles were synthesized using the essence of Foeniculum vulgare Mill for the first time. The particles were fully analysed by conventional characterization methods such as powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results have shown the crystal structure of silver copper particles and the crystallite size obtained by the Scherer equation was 23.2 nm. The TEM images interestingly displayed the formation of nanorods in the solid phase with nearly 5 nm widths and different lengths up to 100 nm. The hydrodynamic size is also compatible with the solid phase and crystallite sizes. Biologically, the particles were tested against infective gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The synthetic NPs show strong antibacterial properties against gram negative bacteria. Also, the synthesized nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells, which was dose‐ and time‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global population is driving the development of alternative sources of food and energy, as well as better or new alternatives for health and environmental care, which represent key challenges in the field of biotechnology. Microalgae represent a very important source material to produce several high-value-added bioproducts. Due to the rapid changes in the modern world, there is a need to build new materials for use, including those in the nanometer size, although these developments may be chronological but often do not occur at a time. In the last few years, a new frontier has opened up at the interface of biotechnology and nanotechnology. This new frontier could help microalgae-based nanomaterials to possess new functions and abilities. Processes for the green synthesis of nanomaterials are being investigated, and the availability of biological resources such as microalgae is continuously being examined. The present review provides a concise overview of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles formed using a wide range of microalgae-based biosynthesis processes. Highlighting their innovative and sustainable potential in current research, our study contributes towards the in-depth understanding and provides latest updates on the alternatives offered by microalgae in the synthesis of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanoparticles have drawn a lot of interest as catalysts to enhance the effectiveness and output of biohydrogen generation processes. This review article provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the significance of nanotechnology in dark fermentative biohydrogen production. The study examines the scientific literature from the database of The Web of Science© while the bibliometric investigation utilized VOSviewer© and Bibliometrix software tools to conduct the analysis. The findings revealed that a total of 232 articles focused on studying dark fermentation for hydrogen production throughout the entire duration. The extracted data was used to analyze publication trends, authorship patterns, and geographic distribution along with types and effects of nanoparticles on the microbial community responsible for dark fermentative biohydrogen production. The findings of this bibliometric analysis provide valuable insights into the advancements and achievements in the utilization of nanoparticles in the dark fermentation process used to produce biohydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]