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Simple Summary: Significant differences in milk yield are observed between water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and dairy cattle (Bos taurus). Since these differences could be related to the anatomofunctional characteristics of the buffalo and dairy cattle udder, the present review aims to analyze the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the mammary glands and udders of water buffalo by making an anatomofunctional comparison with dairy cattle. It will also discuss the knowledge generated around the physiological regulation of milk ejection in the water buffalo. According to the revised literature, the buffalo's udder and teat measurements are smaller than dairy cattle, having a narrower teat canal due to a thicker sphincter muscle. These elements and the negligible amount of milk stored in the cisternal fraction of water buffalo influence milk yield and the requirement for prestimulation and external elements to promote milk ejection in the species. The present review aims to analyze the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the mammary gland and udders of water buffalo by making an anatomofunctional comparison with dairy cattle. It will also discuss the knowledge generated around the physiological regulation of milk ejection in the water buffalo. It was found that buffalo's average udder depth and width is approximately 20 cm smaller than Bos cattle. One of the main differences with dairy cattle is a longer teat canal length (around 8.25–11.56 cm), which highly influences buffalo milking. In this sense, a narrower teat canal (2.71 ± 0.10 cm) and thicker sphincter muscle are associated with needing higher vacuum levels when using machine milking in buffalo. Moreover, the predominant alveolar fraction of water buffalo storing 90–95% of the entire milk production is another element that can be related to the lower milk yields in buffalo (when compared to Bos cattle) and the requirements for prolonged prestimulation in this species. Considering the anatomical characteristics of water buffalo's udder could help improve bubaline dairy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heat stress is an event that causes health alterations and decreases the productive performance of farm animals. Therefore, it is important to establish methods that can help to evaluate the thermal state of animals noninvasively. According to the physiological response of vasodilation, when the brain detects an increase in body temperature, infrared thermography can be used to detect these peripheral changes and predict heat stress. The present review aims to analyze the neurobiological response associated with heat stress and how thermal imaging in different thermal windows can be used to recognize heat stress in farmed ungulates. Heat stress is a condition that can affect the health, performance, and welfare of farm animals. The perception of thermal stress leads to the activation of the autonomic nervous system to start a series of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to restore thermostability. One of these mechanisms is vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels to increase heat loss through the skin. Due to this aspect, infrared thermography has been suggested as a method to assess the thermal state of animals and predict rectal temperature values noninvasively. However, it is important to consider that predicting rectal temperature is challenging, and its association with IRT is not always a direct linear relationship. The present review aims to analyze the neurobiological response associated with heat stress and how thermal imaging in different thermal windows can be used to recognize heat stress in farmed ungulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Global warming (GW) is a current challenge for livestock systems, including water buffalo farms. Buffaloes have anatomical traits such as thick skin and a high density of capillaries and arterioles to improve sensitive heat losses. However, they are exposed to high temperatures and tropical and humid climates that make them susceptible to heat stress. The present review aims to analyze the adverse effects that GW has on the productive performance and health of water buffaloes. The physiological, morphological, and behavioral characteristics of the species will be discussed to understand the impact of GW on buffaloes' thermoregulation. Additionally, the effectiveness of implementing strategies such as a physical enrichment of the facilities or a thermal assessment through infrared thermography will be discussed. Water buffaloes have morphological and behavioral characteristics for efficient thermoregulation. However, their health, welfare, and productive performance can be affected by GW. The objective of this review was to analyze the adverse effects of GW on the productive behavior and health of water buffaloes. The physiological, morphological, and behavioral characteristics of the species were discussed to understand the impact of climate change and extreme meteorological events on buffaloes' thermoregulation. In addition, management strategies in buffalo farms, as well as the use of infrared thermography as a method to recognize heat stress in water buffaloes, were addressed. We concluded that heat stress causes a change in energy mobilization to restore animal homeostasis. Preventing hyperthermia limits the physiological, endocrine, and behavioral changes so that they return to thermoneutrality. The use of fans, sprinklers, foggers, and natural sources of water are appropriate additions to current buffalo facilities, and infrared thermography could be used to monitor the thermal states of water buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In dairy buffaloes, the efficiency of the milking process mostly depends on the anatomical and physiological differences found in this species when compared to cattle from the genus Bos. Milk quality is influenced by individual and environmental characteristics such as health, diet, handling, and the use of exogenous hormones such as oxytocin, elements that can alter the dam's performance. The present review aims to integrate the anatomical characteristics of the mammary gland and the neurophysiology of milk ejection to understand the milking capacity of the water buffalo. The present review aims to integrate the anatomical characteristics of the mammary gland and the neurophysiology of milk ejection to understand the milking capacity of the water buffalo. Since one of the main uses of this species is milk production, this article will analyze the controversies on the use of oxytocin as a stimulant during milking as well as the existing alternatives that farmers apply to promote correct stimulation during milk letdown. According to the available literature, the efficiency of the milking process, the quality of the milk, and the health of the animals are elements that require the consideration of species-specific characteristics to enhance the performance of buffaloes. The incorporation of technological innovations and competitive strategies could contribute to a better understanding of water buffalo in the milk industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes an improved method for the calculation of the electromagnetic field radiated by a lightning return stroke over a perfectly conducting ground. Specifically, the proposed time domain expressions allow a closed-form solution for the field produced by an impulse-current propagating upward along a vertical path with a given velocity. The expressions are valid for a wide class of engineering return stroke models and can be adopted also in case the return stroke velocity varies along the channel. The solution for an arbitrary current waveform can be obtained by the convolution of the current at the channel base with the electromagnetic field due to the impulse-current along the channel. The accuracy and advantages of the method are assessed by the comparison with those obtained by a finite-element method computer model. The expressions are implemented in the LIOV-EMTP-RV code for the calculation of the induced voltages in an overhead distribution line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter deals with the calculation in time domain of the transient ground resistance matrix of an overhead transmission line (TL). Each element of the matrix is evaluated by solving analytically the inverse Laplace transform of the general integral expressions of the ground impedance in frequency domain proposed by Sunde. The presented expressions are suitable for the direct implementation in an electromagnetic transient program (e.g., EMTP-like ones) based on a time domain solution of the TL's equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the application of a recursive stratified sampling technique for improving the assessment of the lightning performance of power distribution lines through the application of the Monte Carlo method. The accuracy of the results is expressed by means of the confidence interval of the estimated annual number of expected overvoltages. This paper shows the results for a single overhead line, with and without surge arresters, and the case of a feeder with laterals. The adoption of the stratified sampling techniques allows for a computational time reduction up to more than 75% with respect to a standard Monte Carlo procedure. The conceived calculation procedure is applicable to any type of network, regardless of the presence of nonlinear devices and avoiding the application of any heuristic rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to verify whether Continuous Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (10 observers used a list of six qualitative descriptors) paired with Temporal Dominant Behavioural Expression (the same observers were asked to select the dominant descriptor and to score its intensity level) was able to monitor fluctuations of animal behaviour expression over time. We applied these techniques to three groups of juvenile goats either weaned (group C), or un-weaned (groups WOM and WM). Each animal was separated from its group, moved to group C and tested for 30 min either while their mothers were at pasture, or while their mothers were in an adjacent pen (group WOM and WM, respectively). Animals from group C were separated from their group and immediately reintroduced to it. TDBE duration and score of each descriptor of behavioural expression were able to detect differences among groups but were unable to describe how the behaviour of the goats changed as the time progressed. TDBE curves described the evolution of each behavioural expression of each animal over time but were unable to detect differences among groups. The χ2 test conducted on peaks of dominance, albeit displaying the variations of the behavioural expression over time and allowing the assessment of differences among groups, focussed on occurrences of higher agreement between observers while neglecting most of the information concerning the descriptors above the level of significance. Conversely, based on mixed analysis of variance with the fixed effects of group, test interval and group x test interval (animal nested into group and observer were considered to be random), most of the descriptors were able to discriminate the three experimental groups while preserving the information on the fluctuations of the behavioural expression of the animals during the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock production, particularly beef supply chain, is charged as the major contributor to green-house gas (GHG) emissions, as well as, in land degradation and deforestation. Environmental impacts per kg of edible beef, however, vary largely due to differences in beef production systems. Thus, this study aimed to compare the cradle-to-farm gate sustainability of four different Italian beef production systems, in terms of land occupation (LO, m 2 / year), global warming (GWP, kg CO 2 -eq), water depletion (WD, m 3 ), acidification (AP, g SO 2 -eq) and eutrophication (EP, g NO 3 -eq) potentials by using the LCA methodology (SimaPro 8.01 PhD, PRé Consultants). The primary data were obtained from 25 farms: 7 farms conducting cow–calf operations, with specialized beef cattle maintained on pasture and finished in confinement, (Specialized extensive, SE); 6 farms conducting high grain fattening of specialized beef breed imported calves (Fattening systems, FS); 5 farms conducting cow-calf operations, with specialized beef animals constantly kept in confinement (Cow-calf intensive; CCI); 7 farms conducting cow–calf operations, with Podolian cattle (a native breed of Southern Italy) maintained on pasture and finished in confinement, (Podolian system; PoS). The functional unit was 1 kg of live weight of marketed beef cattle. Intensive systems (i.e. CCI and FS) showed lower GWP values than systems partially based on pasture such as PoS, and even SE (17.62 ± 1.78 and 21.94 ± 1.95 kg CO 2 –eq vs 26.30 ± 1.65 and 25.41 ± 1.65 kg CO 2 –eq, P < 0.01, for FS, CCI, SE, and PoS, respectively). No significant effect of production system on WD was observed. Acidification potential was significantly (P < 0.001) affected by production system with the highest values observed in CCI (0.30 ± 0.02 kg SO 2 –eq) compared with the other three beef production systems. As for eutrophication potential, FS and PoS tended to show lower values compared with CCI and SE systems (961.71 ± 65.30 and 779.17 ± 70.53 g NO 3 -eq vs 1009.20 ± 77.27 and 1009.71 ± 65.30 g NO 3 –eq, respectively; P < 0.10). Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed for LO between the four systems (177.71 ± 20.87 and 194.43 ± 20.87 m 2 /year vs 40.67 ± 22.54 and 32.60 ± 23.69 m 2 /year, for PoS and SE vs FS and CCI, respectively). However, as diets in intensive meat systems are mainly based on cereals products that humans could consume directly, the degree of competition with human nutrition should be another feature to be considered. About this aspect, although human edible protein conversion efficiency (HEPCE) was not significantly influenced by production system, PoS showed a higher HEPCE index (0.44 ± 0.08), particularly if compared with CCI system (0.17 ± 0.09), but also in comparison with groups FS and SE (0.34 ± 0.08 and 0.39 ± 0.08, respectively). In addition, grass-based systems may provide other non-commodity outputs and non-marketable public goods services named “ecosystem services” (e.g. provision of clean drinking water, preservation and enhancement of biodiversity, conservation of cultural landscapes, contribution to the socio-economic viability of many rural areas particularly in marginal areas, enhancement of meat quality and animal welfare as perceived by consumers). The present results showed a lower impact of the intensive beef production systems in terms of GWP and LO, whereas some of them were more impactful at AP and EP levels. However, in order to achieve a more accurate estimation of the impact of the beef production chain, particularly for traditional and extensive farming systems conducted in marginal areas, such as the Podolian system, further LCA studies are needed, taking into account the allocation of their ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In western countries buffaloes are emerging as an alternative species for dairy product differentiation. In the near future dairy enterprises will have to meet increasing environmental regulations. Life Cycle Assessment has been widely used to assess the environmental impact of different milk production systems. We aimed to examine the environmental consequences of two dairy buffalo heifer farming systems using the Life Cycle Assessment approach. The primary data were collected from 32 subjects aged 7–8 months at the start of the experiment until they reached the age of puberty in about 12 months (i.e. at the age of 19–20 months). Sixteen animals were group-housed and confined in an indoor slatted floor pen (4 m 2 /animal) with an outdoor paddock (4 m 2 /animal); 16 others free-ranged on a Mediterranean natural pasture. The environmental charges for global warming potential expressed in terms of total emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -eq) was 35.7% less in the free-ranging system as compared with the confined system. The main source of pollution for the confined system was biogenic methane (total amount produced = 2012 kg CO 2 -eq) followed by CO 2 from fossil fuels (total amount produced = 1006 kg CO 2 -eq). The environmental charges for acidification potential, eutrophication potential and non-renewable energy use were 86.3%. 60.0% and 81.4% lower in the free-ranging system compared with the confined system, respectively. In the confined system the largest pollutant in terms of acidification potential was ammonia, whereas nitrate leaching in water (total amount produced = 3311 g SO 2 -eq) and the use of crude oil (total amount consumed = 5684 MJ-eq) were the most relevant for eutrophication potential and non-renewable energy use, respectively. Our results represent the first example of study comparing the environmental impact of an intensive dairy farming system with an alternative natural pasture based system in the Mediterranean region and suggest that the conduction of the unproductive part of the cycle on natural pasture can promote the reduction of several sources of pollution both in atmosphere and in water. Conversely, land occupation was higher in the free-ranging system as compared with the confined system (20,349 vs 1381 m 2 year, respectively). However, the software and the database used for this calculation only considered duration of land use and yield per area unit, whereas no relevance was given to the quality of land use in terms of animal welfare promotion, contribution to biodiversity conservation, and maintenance of economically active social communities. Therefore, we suggest that the estimation of the impact categories related to land occupation would include aspects concerning the nature of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the response of distribution networks to direct and indirect lightning. The response of the network is analyzed with the aim of inferring the mean time between failures of the connected transformers. This is accomplished taking into account the voltage at the utility frequency, the flashovers occurrence in the line insulators, the location of surge arresters, and the shielding provided by nearby buildings. Two different transformer failure criteria are assumed: a critical value and a disruptive effect model. The results make reference to multi-conductor overhead systems with two different topologies: simple straight line and a real feeder with laterals. It is shown that such a detailed lightning performance analysis is useful in order to select the most appropriate strategy for the installation of surge arresters, which may allow the achievement of the desired mean time between failures at affordable costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes new formulas for the calculation of the transient ground resistance matrix elements based on the analytical solution of the inverse Laplace transform of the Sunde's logarithmic equation. The new formulas solve the computational issues in the representation of the transition between early time and late time response of the line that arises when adopting the expressions already available in the literature. The formulas are adopted for the calculation of the per-unit length voltage drop due to the transient ground resistance in a multiconductor overhead line and the results match those provided by the numerical inverse Fourier transform of Sunde's logarithmic equation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Demographics, anthropometrics, oral responsiveness to sensory stimuli and psycho-attitudinal traits were collected from a representative Italian population sample (n = 2384; 58% women, age 18–60 years) and considered as possible explanatory variables affecting meat liking. Differences in motives underlying individual variation in liking for meat were independently investigated by gender. Three groups of subjects were identified based on liking ratings: Slightly Likers, Likers and Lovers. Both common and gender-specific variables affecting liking for meat were identified. The interest in food (including its rewarding function) and eating experience, low food neophobia and relatively high Body Mass Index characterized meat Lovers irrespective to gender. The careful food selection and the food comforting function further characterized women meat Lovers. Men Slightly Likers were characterized by the interest for health-related food aspects, importance assigned to naturalness and restrained eating. Markers of oral responsiveness were ineffective for describing variation in liking for meat. • Stated liking data for meat in 2384 Italian meat consumers have been collected • Men rated higher than women most of the meat products • Age negatively affected stated liking for meat irrespective to gender • Liking for meat positively associated to interest attached to food and eating experience • Food rewarding, lower food neophobia, higher BMI positively related to meat liking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper applies a Monte Carlo procedure to evaluate the lightning performance of a real medium-voltage distribution network, which includes a number of lines, transformer stations and surge protection devices. Such a procedure allows inferring the characteristics of the statistical distributions of lightning-originated voltages at any point and at any phase of the network. The analysis presented in this paper aims at assessing the expected mean time between failures of MV/LV transformers caused by both direct and indirect lightning strikes. A heuristic technique has been specifically developed to reduce the computational effort despite the non-linear response of the network equipped with surge arresters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for the solution of the three-phase volt/var optimization (VVO) of medium voltage unbalanced distribution feeders. The VVO of a distribution feeder is aimed at calculating the most efficient operating conditions by means of the scheduling of transformers equipped with an on-load tap changer and distributed reactive power resources (such as embedded generators and switchable capacitors banks). The proposed model allows the representation of feeders composed by three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase lines, by transformers with different winding connections, by unbalanced wye- and delta-connected loads, by three-phase and single phase capacitor banks and embedded generators. The accuracy of the results is verified by using IEEE test feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a method suitable for a continuous qualitative evaluation of animal behaviour while it changes during the observation period, two recently described techniques, the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) and the Temporal Dominant Behavioural Expression (TDBE), derived by the Temporal Dominance of Sensations, were used in combination and applied to 8 Mediterranean buffalo heifers. Animals were subjected to two isolation tests lasting 150 s each. One consisted in isolating individual animals from the rest of the group in the indoor part of the home pen, the other in leading animals individually to an outdoor paddock, which was novel to the animals. The behaviour of the animals was video-recorded and the resulting 16 video clips were assessed by a twelve-member trained panel with previous experience in animal behaviour observation. The TDBE allowed the QBA to be performed continuously (C-QBA) during the observation period on a pre-determined list of six behavioural descriptors. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using observer ( n = 12), replication ( n = 4), animal ( n = 16) and the first order interactions as factors. Changes of behavioural expressions during the test were assessed by dividing it into three intervals of 50 s and using the χ 2 one-sample test to check the dominance of each descriptor in each interval. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare quantitative and qualitative behavioural variables as assessed indoors and outdoors. The low level of variance explained for each descriptor by the interactions animal × replication and animal × assessor as compared with the animal (the F of the factor animal was roughly 10 times higher than that of the interactions), showed the intra- and inter-observer reliability of the panel. Indoors, the dominant descriptors of buffalo behaviour (calm, apathetic and curious) were all indicative of a low level of arousal and frequently switched from one another. Outdoors, most of the animals were described with terms indicating a high level of arousal (e.g. Active and Nervous) and only at the end of the test they were generally scored as Curious. Accordingly, the dominance of the descriptor Curious changed during the test when the animals were tested outdoors ( χ 2 = 7.00, P < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were observed for all the other descriptors both indoors and outdoors ( P > 0.05). The results indicate that C-QBA, if combined with the appropriate tools (i.e. TDBE), may be able to follow and describe the variations of animal behavioural expressions in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides some clarification on the subject of the response of multiconductor lines to lightning-originated electromagnetic fields. Specifically, the effect of the presence of more conductors on the line response is analyzed with and without taking into account the ground losses in the surge propagation. The effect of the boundary conditions is also discussed. The presented analysis shows, in particular, that the response of a matched multiconductor lossless line differs from that of a single-conductor line at the same height only in the line currents. The effect of the nearby line conductors on the induced voltages is, indeed, noticeable when the ground losses are taken into account in the surge propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect pre-partum habituation in the milking parlour on behaviour and lactation performance of buffalo heifers. Sixteen buffalo heifers in late gestation were used for this study. The animals, with an age ranging from 30 to 44 months at the start of the study, were equally allocated into two treatments and balanced for estimated calving date. Eight animals received pre-partum habituation for 10 days before the estimated calving date (group H), while the eight others received no treatment and served as the control (group C). During the pre-partum habituation sessions, group H animals were moved to the milking parlour and left for 10 min in the milking stall once each day, where the udder was thoroughly washed with warm water, wiped with a disposable towel and massaged. The behaviours, registered from entrance into the milking stall to exit, were step and kick. After calving milk flow profiles, milk yield and milk quality variables were determined along with behavioural recordings. The H animals during the habituation procedure showed a reduction in the number of steps ( P < 0.001) and kicks ( P < 0.01). After calving the H animals performed fewer steps than the control animals at 0 ( P < 0.001), 3 ( P < 0.01), 6 ( P < 0.01), 13 ( P < 0.01) and 20 ( P < 0.01) days after calving. Animals from group H also performed fewer kicks than control animals at 0 ( P < 0.001), 3 ( P < 0.01), 6 ( P < 0.01) and 13 ( P < 0.01) days after calving. In the C group a reduction in the number of steps ( P < 0.001) and kicks ( P < 0.001) was observed as lactation proceeded, whereas for group H only a tendency for a reduction over lactation was detected. Pre-partum habituation did not significantly affect milk quality or milk flow variables. Milk yield in the first 3 min of milking ( P < 0.001), and average milk flow ( P < 0.001), increased throughout the experimental period, whereas the duration of the pre-milking phase decreased as lactation proceeded ( P < 0.001). This study shows that buffalo heifers exposed to a pre-partum habituation programme performed fewer steps and kicks than control animals during milking. Therefore, it is concluded that using this treatment can reduce the level of restlessness in buffalo heifers during milking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The object of the investigation was the Lucanian dry sausage appearance, meant as color and visible fat ratio. The study was carried out on dry sausages produced in 10 different salami factories and seasoned for 18days on average. We studied the effect of the raw material origin (5 producers used meat bought from the market and other 5 producers used meat from pigs bred in their farms) and of the salami factories or brands on meat color, fat color and visible fat ratio in dry sausages. The sausages slices were photographed and the images were analysed with the computer vision system to measure the changes in the colorimetric characteristics L*, a*, b*, hue and chroma and in the visible fat area ratio. The last parameter was assessed on the slice surface using image binarization. A consumer test was conducted to determine the relationship between the perception of visible fat on the sausage slice surface and acceptability and preference of this product. The consumers were asked to look carefully at the 6 sausages slices in a photo, minding the presence of fat, and to identify (a) the slices they considered unacceptable for consumption and (b) the slice they preferred. The results show that the color of the sausage lean part varies in relation to the raw material employed and to the producer or brand (P <0.001). Besides, the sausage meat color is not uniform in some salami factories (P <0.05–0.001). In all salami factories the sausages show a high uniformity in fat color. The visible fat ratio of the sausages slices is higher (P <0.001) in the product from salami factories without pig-breeding farm. The fat percentage is highly variable (P <0.001) among the sausages of each salami factory. On the whole, the product the consumers consider acceptable and is inclined to eat has a low fat percentage (P <0.001). Our consumers (about 70%) prefer slices which are leaner (P <0.001). Women, in particular, show a higher preference for the leanest (P <0.001). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The state estimation of distribution networks has long been considered a challenging task for the reduced availability of real-time measures with respect to the transmission network case. This issue is expected to be improved by the deployment of modern smart meters that can be polled at relatively short time intervals. On the other hand, the management of the information coming from many heterogeneous meters still poses major issues. If low-voltage distribution systems are of interest, a three-phase formulation should be employed for the state estimation due to the typical load imbalance. Moreover, smart meter data may not be perfectly synchronized. This paper presents the implementation of a three-phase state estimation algorithm of a real portion of a low-voltage distribution network with distributed generation equipped with smart meters. The paper compares the typical state estimation algorithm that implements the weighted least squares method with an algorithm based on an iterated Kalman filter. The influence of nonsynchronicity of measurements and of delays in communication and processing is analyzed for both approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive systems have facilitated the production of animal-based products at relatively low prices. On one hand, these methods have been increasingly considered to be responsible for a dramatic reduction in animal welfare, as indicated by the high prevalence of stereotypies in sows, brittle bones in hens, lameness in broilers and short life span in dairy cattle. As a consequence, large segments of animal welfare-sensitive consumers have been identified. On the other hand, price conscious consumers, if accepting higher prices, are more likely to require explicit justification of returns in quality. Therefore, scientifically validated monitoring systems for assessing the welfare of farm animals have been developed in order to provide a certification system, allow the differentiation of animal-based products through constant and reliable signaling systems, and promote animal welfare friendly farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For the case of urban overhead lines, the presence of nearby buildings is expected to affect the overvoltages induced by nearby cloud-to-ground lightning return strokes. So far, this effect has been seldom taken into account in the literature on the subject. The paper presents a 3D FEM model that calculates the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) taking into account the presence of a building placed in proximity of the LEMP-coupled overhead line. As a first approximation, all the metallic elements are assumed as perfect conductors, as well as the ground plane. The calculated fields are then introduced in the Agrawal et al. coupling model for the calculation of the induced voltages. The results of a sensitivity analysis carried by varying the model and dimensions of the building, its distance to the line and the position of the lightning stroke location are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The computation of lightning-originated surges on overhead power lines due to nearby lightning return strokes requires accurate models for the calculation of both the incident lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) and the coupling of this field to the line conductors. The availability of numerical algorithms for the resolution of full-wave Maxwell''s equations (also called numerical electromagnetic analysis – NEA) could provide benchmark results useful to assess the uncertainties introduced by approximate models and solution methods. This paper presents and discusses the results of LEMP and lightning-induced voltages calculations obtained using a time-domain full-wave Finite Element Method (FEM) model. The results obtained by the FEM model are compared with those provided by traditional approaches based, for the LEMP calculation, on the combined use of the dipole technique and the Cooray–Rubinstein formula and, for the LEMP-to-line coupling, on the Agrawal et al. model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The limits of the colorimeter and a technique of image analysis in evaluating the color of beef, pork, and chicken were investigated. The Minolta CR-400 colorimeter and a computer vision system (CVS) were employed to measure colorimetric characteristics. To evaluate the chromatic fidelity of the image of the sample displayed on the monitor, a similarity test was carried out using a trained panel. The panelists found the digital images of the samples visualized on the monitor very similar to the actual ones (P <0.001). During the first similarity test the panelists observed at the same time both the actual meat sample and the sample image on the monitor in order to evaluate the similarity between them (test A). Moreover, the panelists were asked to evaluate the similarity between two colors, both generated by the software Adobe Photoshop CS3 one using the L*, a* and b* values read by the colorimeter and the other obtained using the CVS (test B); which of the two colors was more similar to the sample visualized on the monitor was also assessed (test C). The panelists found the digital images very similar to the actual samples (P <0.001). As to the similarity (test B) between the CVS- and colorimeter-based colors the panelists found significant differences between them (P <0.001). Test C showed that the color of the sample on the monitor was more similar to the CVS generated color than to the colorimeter generated color. The differences between the values of the L*, a*, b*, hue angle and chroma obtained with the CVS and the colorimeter were statistically significant (P <0.05–0.001). These results showed that the colorimeter did not generate coordinates corresponding to the true color of meat. Instead, the CVS method seemed to give valid measurements that reproduced a color very similar to the real one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study applies qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) for the first time to dairy buffaloes, using three groups of observers with different cultural backgrounds and different levels of experience in animal behaviour observation and buffalo farming. Eight buffalo heifers aged 16–18 months were subjected to two isolation tests, one performed in the indoor part of their home environment, and one in a novel outdoor paddock. Animals were filmed individually for 2.5min, and the resulting 16 video clips were shown to three observer panels, consisting of 11 applied animal behaviour scientists from 6 European countries, 11 Italian animal scientists with a background in buffalo farming but no experience in behavioural observation, and 14 Italian undergraduate animal science students with no particular experience. A free choice profiling method was used to instruct observers in QBA, and data for the three panels were analysed separately using Generalised Procrustes Analysis. All three panels showed significant inter-observer agreement (p <0.001) and generated two main consensus dimensions characterised as ‘calm-agitated’ and ‘curious-shy’. There were significant correlations between buffalo scores provided by each of the three observer panels on both these dimensions (dim1: Kendall W =0.96, n =3, χ 2 =43.28, p <0.001; dim2: W =0.68, n =3, χ 2 =30.73, p <0.01). Buffaloes viewed in the familiar indoor pen were assessed by all three panels as more calm and less agitated (dimension 1) than animals viewed in the novel outdoor pen (Wilcoxon z =−2.52, p <0.01, z =−2.52, p <0.01, z =−2.38, p <0.01 for Panels 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Scores on dimension 1 for the same animals viewed in either indoor or outdoor pen were correlated at r =0.60 (p <0.10), 0.74 (p <0.05) and 0.71 (p <0.05) for Panels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Quantitatively, buffalo in the outdoor pen displayed longer bouts of running and higher frequencies of sniffing (both p <0.05) than those in the indoor pen. Principal component analysis showed meaningful associations between qualitative and quantitative assessments, allowing qualitative dimensions to play a valuable role in interpreting the animals’ state. The main outcomes of this study are that QBA can be usefully applied to scientific studies of dairy buffalo, and that substantial differences in observer background do not appear to diminish the reliability of QBA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Validity and reliability of simple measures of human animal relationship, such as avoidance distance in the pen (AD), avoidance distance at the manger (ADM) and percentage of animals not accepting to be touched at the manger (ADM0), were assessed in 20 sheep farms. Validity was tested using an attitude questionnaire administered to the stock-people and calculating the correlation of questionnaire scores with AD, ADM and ADM0. Convergence among these three variables was also computed. Short-term test–retest reliability was evaluated correlating the measurements recorded in the two visits performed in each farm. Stock-people rated the four sections of the questionnaire at scores above the central point, thus indicating that the attitude of stock-people was generally positive. AD and ADM were higher than reported in other dairy ruminant species. AD was significantly higher than ADM (P <0.001). A high correlation was observed between ADM and ADM0 (r =0.810; P <0.001), whereas lower correlations were observed between AD and ADM (r =0.445; P <0.05) and AD and ADM0 (r =0.570; P <0.01). ADM and ADM0 showed significant correlation with the questionnaire total score (r =−0.435 and −0.509, respectively; P <0.05), whereas AD was unrelated with the questionnaire total score. A good test–retest reliability was observed for all the three measures (P <0.001), although ADM0 showed a lower coefficient value (r =0.679) in comparison with AD (r =0.898) and ADM (r =0.845). The marked gregarious behaviour exhibited by sheep in enclosed areas (when approached in the pen animals may run towards the observer) may impair AD feasibility in terms of observer safety. The present results indicate the measures gathered at the manger as the most suitable for the assessment of human–animal relationship in sheep. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The evaluation of the lightning performance of overhead lines requires, mainly for distribution lines, the calculation of the voltages induced by nearby lightning strokes hitting the ground. Generally, when calculating lightning-induced voltages using the time-domain approach and the TEM assumption, the most time-consuming stage is the calculation of the source terms of the coupling equations, which means, in turn, the electromagnetic field radiated by the lightning channel. Hence, simplified approaches are still desirable in order to save computational time. Analytical solution of the lighting-originated electric- and magnetic field is available in literature for the case of an ideal transmission-line (TL) return-stroke model with channel-base current having a stepwise waveshape. This paper describes an analytical approach that applies to the case of a general waveshape of the channel-base current, based on the piecewise straight-line approximation, in cylindrical coordinates, which is functional when using the TL return-stroke current model and the Agrawal et al. coupling model. This paper reports the exact solution for the case of trapezoidal waveshape of the current at the base of the channel and the analytical solution for the case of piecewise linear waveform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main causes of damages for wind-turbine power plants is lightning. Direct and indirect events, indeed, can produce damages and malfunctions of electrical and mechanical components. Concerning mechanical components, blades and bearings are the most involved parts. In particular, lightning damages to main-shaft bearings can result in high costs of maintenance, due to the inherent burden in the replacement of these components. The paper focuses on the modeling of wind-turbine main-shaft bearings. Two models are presented and experimentally validated: one numerical and one analytical, both conceived in a way to make the calculation of the bearing electrical impedance possible. The paper shows how these models are helpful for the design of wind-turbines lightning protection systems (LPSs). In this respect, it illustrates the criteria for the design of such an LPS and assesses the validity of design solutions by means of experimental tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the behaviour of Podolian breed, a semiwild cattle breed kept in a natural environment (as either a small group of young bulls or cows within a family herd), and the interaction of these animals with the environment in terms of ingestion from natural pastures. Diurnal grazing behavioural pattern was monitored through continuous focal animal recording method. The activity budget of free-ranging animals was characterized by high locomotor and feeding activities. They exhibited a high degree of adaptability to the local phytocoenosis with high levels of ferns' and tree foliage intakes performed by cows and the selection of a diet more nutritious than pasture performed by young bulls. These results along with the low levels of agonistic interactions recorded in the two experiments suggest that extensive systems based on grazing allow social stability and provide a natural environment for the expression of cattle species-specific behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers currently tend to rely more and more on extrinsic cues and credence characteristics, including process characteristics (e.g. the way animals are raised), to form their expectations about animal-based food products. This review shows that if expectations are negatively disconfirmed, the hedonic ratings and consumer willingness to pay move towards the expectations induced by information on animal welfare according to the sensitivity of different groups of consumers. The combination of reliable animal welfare monitoring and effective labelling of animal-based products may then help meeting the increasing demand for animal welfare-friendly products while sustaining the welfare of the animals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Simple Summary: Fighting bulls that participate in bullfighting face energy and metabolic demands due to the high intensity and duration of the exercise performed. Under these conditions, specific corporal mechanisms, such as the acid–base balance, are affected, causing metabolic acidosis. However, fighting bulls also undergo muscular injuries, physiological changes, and high enzyme concentrations that reflect the stress to which they are subjected, and in some bulls, bullfights can trigger electrolytic imbalances that include hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, and hyperphosphataemia, exacerbated by muscular necrosis and myoglobinuria. During bullfights, bulls undergo physiometabolic responses such as glycolysis, anaerobic reactions, cellular oedema, splenic contraction, and hypovolemic shock. The objective of this review article is to present the current knowledge on the factors that cause stress in fighting bulls during bullfights, including their dying process, by discussing the neurobiology and their physiological responses. The literature shows that biochemical imbalances occur during bullfights, including hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperlactataemia, and hyperglycaemia, associated with increased endogenous cortisol and catecholamine levels. Creatine kinase, citrate synthase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels also increase, coupled with decreases in pH, blood bicarbonate levels, excess base, partial oxygen pressure, and oxygen saturation. The intense exercise also causes a marked decrease of glycogen in type I and II muscle fibres that can produce myoglobinuria and muscular necrosis. Other observations suggest the presence of osteochondrosis. The existing information allows us to conclude that during bullfights, bulls face energy and metabolic demands due to the high intensity and duration of the exercise performed, together with muscular injuries, physiological changes, and high enzyme concentrations. In addition, the final stage of the bullfight causes a slow dying process for an animal that is sentient and conscious of its surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soon after parturition a lasting and mutual ewe–lamb bond is established. However, in an increasing number of intensive sheep farms, lambs are separated from the dam at an early age. When artificial rearing is applied lambs are often kept with mothers for 2 days to allow the ingestion of maternal colostrum and then abruptly removed from their dams. Thus, lambs experience a marked emotional stress represented by the loss of the most relevant social model at this early stage of their behavioural development and a nutritional stress represented by the transition from maternal milk to a commercial milk substitute. These animals when exposed to open field tests show reduced levels of vocalization, are slower to initiate movements, spend less time in ambulatory behaviour and display an increased cortisol response than non-separated animals. In addition, artificial rearing performed on lambs from 2 days of age onward can cause decreased cellular and humoral immune responses. The main oral abnormal behaviour performed by artificially reared lambs is represented by sucking the navel or the scrotum of pen mates. This activity is evident from the initial days on reconstituted milk and lasts until weaning from milk. Attempts have been made to reduce the detrimental effects of early separation. Some of them mainly focus on the emotional aspects (it is recommended not to leave a lamb alone for artificial rearing), others aim at reducing the nutritional impact of artificial rearing (milk intake can be increased by offering a mix of ewe milk and a milk replacer during the first week and then gradually moved to a diet based only on milk substitute which results in higher growth rates). As compared with artificial rearing, early weaning performed at 3 months of age is associated with a later disruption of the mother–young bond and the consequent direct replacement of maternal milk by solid food. However, when they are given the chance, ewes and their lambs form long-term social associations which exceed the age of natural weaning, regarded as the end of the milk feeding period. Early weaned lambs emit an increased number of high pitched bleats immediately after weaning than before and this increment is still evident 2 days afterwards. Neither partial nor gradual separation from mothers is able to reduce the stress associated with early weaning. In conclusion, premature separation from mothers has clear and marked detrimental effects on various functions in lambs. For lambs maternal deprivation seems to be worse at 2 days (artificial rearing) than at 3 months of age (early weaning). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The responsiveness of 10 horses and 10 ponies to environmental challenge (represented by an open field test) was assessed using a qualitative approach based on free choice profiling methodology (FCP), which gives observers complete freedom to choose their own descriptive terms. Data were analysed with generalised Procrustes analysis (GPA), a multivariate statistical technique associated with FCP. A cross-validation of the outcomes of this approach to data recorded through quantitative behaviour analysis, and through a questionnaire given to the animals’ owner/riding instructor, was also performed using principal component analysis (PCA). Twelve undergraduate students generated their own descriptive vocabularies, by watching 20 horse/pony video clips lasting 2.5min each. GPA showed that the consensus profile explained a high percentage of variation among the 12 observers, and differed significantly from the mean randomised profile (p <0.001). Two main dimensions of the consensus profile were identified, explaining 60% and 5.2% of the variation between animals, respectively. The 12 observer word charts interpreting these dimensions were semantically consistent, as they all converged towards the same meaning, albeit using different terms. The most used term to describe the positive end of axis 1 was “quiet”, whereas “attentive” was the best positive descriptor of axis 2. The most frequently used descriptors for the negative ends of axes 1 and 2 were “nervous” and “bored”, respectively. Thus, axis 1 was labelled as “quiet/nervous” and axis 2 was named as “attentive/bored”. A marked effect of animal category was observed on the scores of the animals on the first dimension (p <0.001). Horses received significantly higher scores, and were thus assessed as more quiet and calm, than ponies. Conversely, ponies tended to receive lower scores on the second dimension (p <0.12), therefore they appeared less curious and attentive. The results of the PCA showed that the variables from different types of measurement clearly had meaningful relationships. For instance, the variables with the highest loading on the positive end of axis 1 were all indicative of tractable and docile animals, whereas axis 2 showed high loadings on the positive end for variables indicating attentive animals. Qualitative behaviour assessment proved to be an appropriate methodology for the study of horse behavioural responsiveness, in that it provided a multifaceted characterisation of horse behavioural expression that was in agreement with other quantitative and subjective assessments of the animals’ behaviour. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A 7-week trial was performed to assess the effects of gently handling newborn lambs on their behavioural, immune and endocrine responses, and on their growth rate when mothered or artificially reared. Sixty-four lambs were involved in the study, which were divided in four groups of 16. The ewe-reared lambs (ER and ER+G) were kept with their dams throughout the experimental period. The artificially reared lambs (AR and AR+G) were separated from their dams 24–30h after parturition, and offered a milk substitute. The ER+G and AR+G animals were subjected to gentling treatment. Behavioural activities of lambs were monitored using scan sampling procedures. Lambs were tested for their responses to two stationary human tests and to isolation in a novel environment. Blood samples were taken from lambs immediately before the isolation test, soon after the test and 60min after to evaluate their cortisol response. The cell-mediated immune response to PHA and the humoral immune response to KLH were also measured. More AR+G and AR lambs were observed investigating (P <0.01) than ER lambs. AR+G treatment also resulted in the lambs most quickly returning to cortisol baseline levels after handling and isolation at 15 days of age (P =0.05). No differences in cell-mediated immune response were observed among groups, whereas AR+G lambs displayed antibody titres comparable to groups ER and ER+G, and higher than AR lambs throughout the trial (P <0.05). Results suggest that gentling may be properly used in artificial rearing programs of lambs in order to sustain lamb immune function and reduce the risk of disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of either maternal deprivation or prevented suckling on lambs. Thirty Comisana lambs were assigned to a control dam-suckled group (DS) and two test groups of 10 each. Test lambs were maintained with their mothers 24 to 30 h after parturition and subsequently offered ewe milk from buckets: EM lambs were separated from their mothers, while EM+D animals were reared with their dams but suckling was denied by covering ewe udders with juta bags. Behavioral, immune and cortisol responses of lambs were assessed throughout the experiment. EM+D lambs spent less time (P<.001) on investigative behavior compared to the two other groups. When isolated in a novel environment, EM+D lambs exhibited a shorter duration of movement (P<.01) and a longer latency time compared to DS and EM lambs (P<.001 and P<.05, respectively) as well as a higher number of bleats (P<.01) than EM lambs. EM+D lambs also displayed higher (P<.001) plasma cortisol levels than the other two groups when isolated at 4 days of age. When subjected to discrimination tests, EM+D lambs spent less time near their companions (P<.01) than EM lambs and took a longer time to reach their pen mates (P<.01) than DS and EM lambs. EM+D lambs displayed reduced growth (P<.001) compared to DS animals during the 0–7 and 8–14-day periods. We conclude that frustration arising from maternal feeding deprivation results in altered endocrine and behavioral responses and reduced growth suggesting emotional disturbances of lambs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Simple Summary: We pose based on a fundamental science examination that events that occur around the time of slaughter have the potential to intensify the pain response, through a process called sensitisation, or an exaggerated response to painful stimuli. Health conditions which result in inflammation, injuries arising from transport and handling and exaggerated fear responses may all be present at the slaughterhouse. Whilst there is limited evidence of a direct effect of these on the processes of sensitisation in animals at slaughter, by analogy with the human neurobiology literature the connection seems plausible. In this review we outline the biology of such a response, and the rationale for suggestion of a possible linkage between events at slaughter and a heightened animal pain response. We pose, based on a neurobiological examination, that events that occur around the time of slaughter have the potential to intensify the pain response, through the processes of sensitisation and enhanced transmission. Sensitisation, or an enhanced response to painful stimuli, is a well-discussed phenomenon in the human medical literature, which can arise from previous injury to an area, inflammatory reactions, or previous overstimulation of the stress axes. A number of events that occur prior to arrival at, or in the slaughterhouse, may lead to presence of these factors. This includes previous on-farm pathology, injuries arising from transport and handling and lack of habituation to humans. Whilst there is limited evidence of a direct effect of these on the processes of sensitisation in animals at slaughter, by analogy with the human neurobiology literature the connection seems plausible. In this review a neurobiological approach is taken to discuss this hypothesis in the light of basic science, and extrapolations from existing literature on the slaughter of ruminants. To confirm the postulated link between events at slaughter, and processes of hypersensitisation, further dedicated study is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which examined the effects of space allowance on behavioral, endocrine and immune responses of group-housed female water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Materials and methods of the study; Results and discussion; Implications.

We assessed the effect of the raw material origin and preservative on the appearance and consumer liking of Soppressata salami to give information concerning the best process conditions to fulfil consumer needs. The effect of visible fat ratio on consumers' acceptability and preference was also evaluated. Image analysis based on Computer Vision System showed that Soppressata cured with nitrites had higher levels of red, yellow, hue and chroma, whereas its fat showed higher levels of lightness, redness, and lower levels of hue. Consumers liked more cured Soppressata, made by using pork cuts and fat from pigs bred on plants using growth-to-finish systems and transformed on site as compared with products obtained by using raw material bought from the market. Most of the consumers considered acceptable the slices with lower visible fat ratio (8.28–17.98%). Therefore, a visible fat ratio below 18%, the use of internal meats and added nitrates appear to be the best process conditions to fulfil consumer needs. • We used Soppressata made with or without nitrates. • Soppressata was made with meat from pigs reared on site or bought from the market. • Computer Vision System discriminated the color changes due to nitrite use. • Soppressata made with meat from pigs reared on site and added nitrates was preferred. • Consumers considered more acceptable slices with lower visible fat ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In medium-voltage distribution lines, lightning outages associated with indirect strokes are less frequent when surge arresters are installed at close intervals. In this case, the lightning performance is mainly determined by the line response due to direct strikes, usually assessed disregarding the effect of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP). This paper examines the influence of such an electromagnetic effect on the voltages across the line insulators caused by direct lightnings. The presence of both surge arresters and a shield wire is considered. By means of adequate modeling and numerical calculations, we show that the flashover rate due to the direct strikes is increased by the LEMP. The obtained results indicate that in the statistical assessment of the direct lightning performance of lines equipped by surge arresters and shield wires, the LEMP effect is not negligible and its accurate evaluation is hence required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The influence of positive strokes on the lightning performance is analyzed. • Time domain induced voltages by measured positive strokes are presented. • The correlation between peak amplitude and front time of positive currents is crucial. The paper deals with the estimation of the expected annual number of flashovers in overhead power distribution lines due to indirect lightning strokes and aims at extending a procedure previously proposed by the authors, limited to negative downward events, in order to include also positive events. The obtained results show that positive flashes need proper consideration for an improved selection of protection means and countermeasures against flashovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the protection against earth faults in medium voltage meshed networks with unearthed neutral. A communication-supported protection system is proposed and assessed through numerical simulations. The protection system is based on the use of directional relays installed at both ends of each line of the network. Each relay communicates by sending permissive signals following the so-called directional comparison overreaching transfer trip scheme. Each directional relay implements a new transient fault detection algorithm based on the angle between the zero-sequence voltage and current phasors. The phasors are estimated at the dominant frequency of the network transient-response within the first milliseconds after the fault, which range can be evaluated by means of a simplified circuit equivalent representation. The performances of the protection system and the detection algorithm are evaluated for different network configurations. By using a specifically developed co-simulation tool that interfaces EMTP-RV with Matlab, the influence of the communication latency is also analyzed. A Monte Carlo method is applied to analyze the effects of fault resistance, incidence angle and fault location variations. Results of a real-time simulation obtained in the Opal-RT environment further support the applicability of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The quality of the human-animal relationship plays a central role in determining animal welfare. In this study, we assessed the relationship between stockperson behavior and buffalo behavior. In particular, during milking, we recorded the behavior of stockpeople in terms of quality and quantity of interactions, and we recorded the behavior of animals in terms of restlessness, whereas at the feeding place, we measured the avoidance distance. Avoidance distance of an animal can be defined as the distance to which the animal will allow an unknown person to approach before moving to the side or away. We found that a high percentage of negative stockperson interactions (shouting, talking impatiently, slapping, and handling forcefully) were associated with a high avoidance distance at the feeding place and restlessness during milking. Therefore, appropriate stockpeople training should be conducted to improve the human-animal relationship with positive effects on animal welfare, productivity, and stockpeople safety. This study aimed to assess the relationship between stockperson behavior and buffalo behavior. The research was carried out in 27 buffalo farms. The behavior of stockpeople and animals during milking and the avoidance distance at the feeding place were recorded. Recordings were repeated within one month to assess test-retest reliability. A high degree of test-retest reliability was observed for all the variables with Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rs) ranging from 0.578 (p = 0.002, df = 25) for the number of kicks performed during milking to 0.937 (p < 0.001, df = 25) for the percentage of animals moving when approached by ≤ 0.5 m. The number of negative stockperson interactions correlated positively with the number of kicks during milking (rs = 0.421, p < 0.028, df = 25) and the percentage of animals injected with oxytocin (rs = 0.424, p < 0.027), whereas the percentage of negative stockperson interactions correlated positively with the percentage of buffaloes moving when approached at a distance >1 m (rs = 0.415, p < 0.031, df = 25). In a subsample of 14 farms, milk yield was correlated positively with the number of positive interactions (rs = 0.588, p < 0.027, df = 12) and correlated negatively with the number of steps performed by the animals during milking (rs = −0.820, p < 0.001, df = 12). This study showed that the quality of stockpeople interactions may affect buffalo behavior and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two dietary treatments, ryegrass hay (RH) and wrapped ryegrass silage (WRS) on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of buffalo Mozzarella cheese. The primary data were collected from 40 female buffaloes. Twenty animals were fed RH, and other twenty received WRS. Volatile organic compounds were identified using a mass selective detector after extraction with a 'purge and trap' system and a gas chromatographic analysis. Our results showed differences in the aromatic profile of Mozzarella cheese samples obtained from buffaloes receiving different feed. In particular, 5 VOCs allowed the discrimination between cheese samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Livestock transport is a stressor with potential physiological, psychological, and financial consequences that can alter animal welfare, particularly in water buffalo, a species that has certain anatomical characteristics that make them susceptible to heat stress. Stress-induced hyperthermia is frequently observed in mobilized livestock, making it a parameter that could help to evaluate this event. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a tool that non-invasively assesses the thermal state of animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the surface temperature of water buffaloes monitored from the pasture to post-transport on short (SJs) and long journeys (LJs). When considering both groups, the highest temperatures were observed in the frontal-parietal region, while the lowest temperatures were registered in the nostrils. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed in all thermal windows. It is concluded that IRT can be used to accurately assess the thermal changes in buffaloes during transport. Transport is a stressor that can cause physiological and metabolic imbalances in livestock, resulting in stress-induced hyperthermia. In water buffaloes, studies regarding the thermal state of animals during mobilization are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermal response of 1516 water buffaloes using infrared thermography (IRT) during 15 short trips (783 animals, 60,291 records, average duration = 50.33 min ± 5.48 min) and 14 long trips (733 animals, 56,441 records, average duration = 13.31 h ± 47.32 min). The surface temperature was assessed in 11 regions (periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, lower eyelid, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic) during seven phases from pasture to post-transport. It was found that the surface temperature of the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic regions was significantly higher during SJs (+3 °C) when compared to LJs (p < 0.0001). In particular, the frontal-parietal region had a significant increase of 10 °C during the post-transport phase (p < 0.0001) in both groups, recording the highest temperatures during this phase. Likewise, a strong positive significant correlation between the different regions was found (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001). It is worth mentioning that the herding, loading, pre-, and post-transport phases were the ones where the greatest thermal response was recorded, possibly due to the influence of human interaction. Finally, a strong positive correlation (r above 0.9, p > 0.001) between the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, pinna, and pelvic limb was found. According to the results, SJ could be considered a stressful event that hinders thermal generation, contrarily to LJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the near future dairy enterprises will have to meet increasing environmental regulations. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects on the environment of dairy buffalo farming as affected by two different heifer rearing systems, free-ranging (FR) and confinement (C) using the Life Cycle Assessment approach. The primary data were collected from 32 subjects. The analysis included all of the farming phases (i.e. birth to weaning, weaning to 7–8 months of age, 7–8 months to puberty, puberty to first calving, lactation, dry period). During the heifer phase from 7 to 8 months of age to puberty, sixteen animals were group-housed and confined in an indoor slatted floor pen (4 m 2 /animal) with an outdoor paddock (4 m 2 /animal); 16 others were FR on a Mediterranean natural pasture. When pubertal, the animals from system FR were returned to the farm and reunited with the animals from system C. We used 1 kg of fat and protein corrected buffalo milk (FPCM), with a reference milk fat and protein content of 8.3% and 4.73%, respectively, as functional unit. Impact categories investigated were Climate Change (CC), Terrestrial Acidification (TA), Marine Eutrophication (ME), Agricultural land occupation (ALO), Water depletion (WD). At category level system FR showed a reduction of the impact in terms of CC (9%), TA (10%), ME (6%) and WD (11%), whereas ALO was 7% higher as compared to system C. In conclusion, we clearly showed that the conduction of part of dairy buffalo farming (i.e. the unproductive phase from 7 to 8 months of age to puberty) on natural pasture is possible and it also allows the reduction of several sources of pollution while reducing the production costs, hence the economic sustainability. Although this system requires a greater use of land, parameters concerning the quality of land use should be included for a more accurate assessment of this aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although ruminant newborns are a precocial species, they are susceptible to hypothermia and neonatal mortality during the first hours of life due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that challenge their thermostability. Several mechanisms are activated when the organism perceives a temperature decrease, such as vasoconstriction, shivering, and non-shivering thermogenesis. These have been widely studied in lambs, goats, and cattle. However, for water buffalo, a relevant, productive species, the investigation of thermoregulation in the neonate immediately after calving, and of the tools to assess their thermal state, is limited. This review aims to analyze behavioral, morphological, and physiological strategies in newborn water buffaloes facing thermal stressors and discuss the role of infrared thermography in monitoring hypothermic states. Hypothermia is one of the principal causes of perinatal mortality in water buffaloes and can range from 3% to 17.9%. In ruminants, factors affecting hypothermia in newborns may be of intrinsic (e.g., level of neurodevelopment, birth weight, vitality score, amount of brown fat, skin features) or extrinsic origin (e.g., maternal care, environmental conditions, colostrum consumption). When newborn buffaloes are exposed to cold stress, thermoregulatory mechanisms such as peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis are activated to prevent hypothermia. Due to the properties of infrared thermography (IRT), as a technique that detects vasomotor changes triggered by a reduction in body temperature, evaluating the central and peripheral regions in newborn buffaloes is possible. This review aims to analyze behavioral, physiological, and morphological strategies and colostrum consumption as thermal compensation mechanisms in newborn water buffalo to cope with environmental changes affecting thermoneutrality. In addition, the importance of monitoring by IRT to identify hypothermia states will be highlighted. Going deeper into these topics related to the water buffalo is essential because, in recent years, this species has become more popular and is being bred in more geographic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings nearby urban overhead power lines are expected to reduce the number of direct strikes to the line conductors and also to attenuate the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) radiated by indirect lightning strokes. The statistical method described in IEEE Std. 1410 for the lightning performance assessment, as the other methods available in the literature, includes only the former effect. In order to take into account also the latter effect, in this paper, the LEMP attenuation due to the buildings is represented by means of specific weighting functions applied to the LEMP analytical expressions valid for open terrain. For both the cases of ideal and lossy ground, the parameters of the weighting functions are identified through the least-square minimization of the differences with the results provided by a finite-element method model that is assumed as reference for the configurations analyzed. The weighting functions can be used for lightning return stroke current waveform and distances between the line and the stroke location different from those used for their identification with reasonable accuracy. Finally, this paper compares the lightning performances of a power line evaluated with and without the presence of nearby buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Assessment of the LEMP influence on direct lightning overvoltages of medium-voltage distribution lines of the type equipped with a shield wire and surge arresters. • Comparison between the results obtained by a 3D-FDTD method and the LIOV-EMTP code. • The LEMP contribution on the overvoltages across insulators increases with increasing values of the soil conductivity. • The appropriate modeling of the LEMP effects is important for the lightning performance assessment of the type of lines considered in this paper. In medium-voltage distribution lines equipped with a multi-grounded shield wire and with surge arresters installed along the line at relatively short intervals, lightning outages associated with indirect lightning are less frequent than those associated with direct ones. The protection for this type of distribution lines is therefore dependent on the response to direct strikes. This paper presents and analyses the response to direct lightning overvoltages of lines of such a type located over a lossy soil considering the influence of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP), which is typically disregarded in the calculation of overvoltages due to direct strikes. The calculation results, performed by means of a three-dimensional finite-difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method and of the LIOV-EMTP code, indicate that the voltage across the insulator is enhanced by LEMP effects. In addition, it is shown that the enhancement due to the LEMP increases with the increase of the soil conductivity value. The modeling of the LEMP effects is therefore important for the accurate assessment of the lightning performance of medium-voltage distribution lines of the type considered in this paper, even when direct strikes are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Behavior during parturition not only allows us to understand the ethology of a species but can also be used as an early indicator of parturition. Although there are several studies on ruminants such as cattle, sheep, or goats, in the case of water buffalo, the study of their behavior and the initiation of maternal care is an area that requires further study. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the existing scientific evidence regarding maternal behavior in water buffalo during calving. It will address the mechanisms of imprinting, maternal care, and allosuckling strategies that may influence the survival and health of calves. Maternal behavior, in water buffalo and other ruminants, is a set of patterns of a determined species, including calving, imprinting, and suckling. This behavior is mainly triggered by hormone concentration changes and their interactions with their respective receptors in the brain, particularly oxytocin. These chemical signals also influence mother–young bonding, a critical process for neonatal survival that develops during the first postpartum hours. Currently, dairy buffalo behavior during parturition has rarely been studied. For this reason, this review aims to analyze the existing scientific evidence regarding maternal behavior in water buffalo during calving. It will address the mechanisms of imprinting, maternal care, and allosuckling strategies that may influence the survival and health of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-medium dairy enterprises may verify the possibility to enhance their margins by shortening the supply chain. We propose a short sequence of marketing actions with the aim to support the inclusion of transformed goods into their productive process. These actions include the assessment of the main factors affecting consumer cheese purchase decision, evaluation of the validity of the association brand product, and identification of the preferred cheese format. Eighty-two consumers were selected. Their motives for purchasing pasta filata cheese were assessed using the food choice questionnaire. They were also asked to rate their preference for 4 different traditional pasta filata cheeses and 3 well-known local cheese brands. The frequency of consumption of 4 different Mozzarella cheese formats (standard Mozzarella, bite-size Mozzarella , cherries, knots or braids) was gathered. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the food choice questionnaire scores. Purchase intentions were subjected to ANOVA with 2 factors (brand and cheese) and their interaction. The frequencies of consumption of the 4 different Mozzarella formats was analyzed using the χ2 test for independent samples. Based on our results, the communication around pasta filata cheese should focus on intrinsic characteristics such as healthiness and sensory properties, whereas standard Mozzarella with good nutritional and eating quality should be the most produced item and marketed if the associated brand product is well received by the consumers. By shortening the supply chain an increased economic and environmental sustainability can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]