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A vasorelaxant whey hydrolysate at semi-pilot scale was generated, assessing the influence between two different enzyme inactivation conditions (pH and temperature) and drying technologies (freeze- and spray-drying). Hydrolysis was performed with 1.25% (w/v) whey protein concentrate solution and 1.91% (w/w) pepsin (pH 2, 3 h, 37 °C). Reactions were stopped either by increasing the pH to 7 (5 m NaOH) or by heating the solution at 80 °C for 5 min. Thermally inactivated samples induced a vascular relaxation ex vivo above 70%, while the chemically inactivated ones reached only 20%. Both drying technologies were effective in maintaining the bioactivity of the hydrolysate. These results brought the possibility of developing a whey-based product with high vasorelaxant potential in semi-pilot scale; thermal treatment followed by spray drying seemed to be the more affordable alternative for food and nutraceutical industries to generate this bioactive product.

We investigated the effects of chronic administration of crude hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) and crude acetone extract (CAE) obtained from leaves of Eugenia brasiliensis species on hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress caused by the chronic administration of coconut oil. Rats received CHE or CAE (50, 100 or 150mg/kg, orally) for 30days, plus coconut oil (2mL, orally) or saline for 15th. Triglyceride levels, liver cell lipid accumulation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were evaluated in the blood and liver of rats. Results showed that chronic administration of CHE or CAE was able to prevent hypertriglyceridemia and decrease the lipid droplets in liver cells, as well as the increase in TBA-RS, the reduction in total sulfhydryl content and CAT activity in the blood and prevent total or partial the increase in CAT and reduction in SOD and GSH-Px activities in the liver. These findings indicate that both extracts may have hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects.

We, herein, investigated the in vitro effects of galactose on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl content, and on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the blood of 30- and 60-day-old rats. We also determined the influence of the antioxidants, trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione, on the effects elicited by galactose on the parameters tested. Galactose was added to the assay at final concentrations of 0.1, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM. Control experiments were performed without the addition of galactose. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation without anesthesia and a blood sample was removed for analysis. Galactose, at 3.0 mM, 5.0 mM and 10.0 mM, enhanced TBA-RS in the plasma of 60-day-old rats, while 10.0 mM galactose reduced total sulfhydryl content in the plasma of 30-day-old rats; 5.0 mM and 10.0 mM galactose enhanced CAT activity in the erythrocytes of 30- and 60-day-old rats and 10.0 mM galactose reduced SOD activity in the erythrocytes of 60-day-old rats. Galactose did not alter BuChE activity. Data showed that at the pathologically high concentration (greater than 5.0 mM), galactose induces lipid peroxidation, reduces total sulfhydryl content and alters antioxidant defenses in the blood of rats. Trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione addition prevented most alterations in oxidative stress parameters that were caused by galactose. Our findings lend support to a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease, which may include the use of antioxidants for ameliorating the damage caused by galactose.