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OBJECTIVE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique that has showed benefits in various psychiatric disorders. Although there is a large body of literature available on its use in adult populations, existing research in pediatric populations is very limited. Current research has primarily focused on its use in adolescent treatment-resistant depression. However, recently, rTMS has gained attention among researchers to find its utility in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), tics, and psychosis. There is a lack of systematic data on the safety of rTMS in children and adolescents. The aim of this article was to present an overview of the existing literature on the use of rTMS in children and adolescents and examine the relevant safety considerations. METHODS: We conducted a literature review of the English literature in PubMed on TMS in children and adolescents, using comprehensive search terms and expanding our review to include sources cited by these reports. We reviewed the application of rTMS in psychiatric disorders in the pediatric population. RESULTS: rTMS has been used for depression and anxiety disorders, OCD, ADHD, Tourette syndrome/tics, ASD, and schizophrenia, with variable results. CONCLUSION: rTMS is a promising treatment in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, although larger, sham-controlled, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) will be required to definitely demonstrate efficacy, as well as to support a safety profile.

The magnetic phase diagram of Cr(dien)$({\mathrm{O}}_{2}{)}_{2}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}(\text{dien}={\mathrm{C}}_{4}{\mathrm{H}}_{13}{\mathrm{N}}_{3})$, a quasi-two-dimensional spin-1 antiferromagnet known to exhibit quantum phase behavior, is reported. Specific heat, torque magnetometry, and magnetocalorimetry were employed to obtain the phase diagram down to 200 mK. Near the $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit, the antiferromagnetic phase defers to a field-induced ferromagnetic phase at a critical field ${H}_{C}$. Analysis of the phase boundary through fitting with $\left(H\ensuremath{-}{H}_{C}\right)=\ensuremath{\beta}{T}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ yielded ${H}_{C}$ and the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of the spin system. ${H}_{C}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ were found to be $15.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ T and $2.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$, respectively, when $\mathbit{H}$ is parallel to the easy magnetic axis, and $12.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ T and $1.91\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ when perpendicular to it. These critical exponents are indicative of an Ising-type spin system, which was an unanticipated result. Furthermore, torque magnetometry detected a spin-flop transition over a wide orientation range of nearly 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the $ab$ plane. Mean field theory yielded an estimate of the long sought-after single-ion anisotropy for this compound, $D\ensuremath{\approx}0.25$ K.

Oxidation of α-[Mo2(cis-DAniF)2]3(μ-F)6 with an excess of FeCp2BF4 produces the triply oxidized species {β-[Mo2(cis-DAniF)2]3(μ-F)6}(BF4)3. During the oxidation process, the conformation in the α triangular species changes from an arrangement in which two dimetal units are parallel and the third one essentially orthogonal to a structure in which all three dimetal units are parallel. Furthermore, upon removal of three electrons, the Mo–Mo distances increase by about 0.05–0.06 A and the Mo–F bond distances decrease by 0.04 A. The structural data, as well as EPR, are consistent with an electronically localized system and a decrease in bond order from 4 to 3.5 for each dimetal unit.

Reaction of manganese acetate and lanthanide nitrates in the presence of excess of PhCOOH affords highly asymmetric dodecanuclear mixed-metal [Mn10Ln2(OH)(O)8(PhCOOH)(PhCOO)19] (Ln = PrIII (1), NdIII (2)) clusters. The similar reaction, but with only 2 equiv. of PhCOOH resulted in the compounds with higher nuclearity [Mn11Eu4(O)8(OH)8(PhCOO)18(NO3)2(H2O)6]NO3 · 4CH3CN (3). Variable-temperature solid-state magnetic susceptibility of 1 and 2 in the temperature range 1.8–300 K were carried out, and for both complexes antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the metal centers were observed, giving an estimated S = 17/2 ground state. AC magnetic susceptibility data have revealed out-of-phase signals, which suggest that these complexes exhibit a slow relaxation of magnetization as observed in single-molecule magnets.

Two new compounds CpFeMn2(CO)7(μ3-S2)2 (2) and Cp3Fe3Mn(CO)4(μ3-S2)2(μ3-S) (3) were obtained by the treatment of [CpFeMn(CO)5(μ3-S2)]2 (1) with CO at room temperature in the presence of room light. Compound 2 contains two triply bridging disulfido ligands on opposite sides of an open FeMn2 triangular cluster. EPR and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements show that it is paramagnetic with one unpaired electron per formula equivalent. The electronic structure of 2 was established by DFT and Fenske-Hall (FH) molecular orbital calculations which show that the unpaired electron occupies a low lying antibonding orbital that is located principally on the iron atom. The cyclic voltammogram of 2 exhibits one reversible one-electron oxidation wave at +0.34 V and one irreversible one-electron reduction wave at −0.66 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Compound 3 contains three iron atoms and one manganese atom with two triply bridging disulfido ligands and one triply bridging sulfido ligand and has no unpaired electrons. The molecular structures of compounds 2 and 3 were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.

The reaction of vanadium(III) acetylacetonate with HBF4 in acetonitrile yields [(CH3CN)5V-O-V(CH3CN)5][BF4]4, a material that serves as a convenient precursor to other [V-O-V]4+ species such as [(bipy)2(CH3CN)V-O-V(CH3CN)(bipy)2][BF4]4 (bipy=2,2'-bipyridine). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the V-O-V linkage of [(CH3CN)5V-O-V(CH3CN)5]4+ is linear. An Evans method measurement of the solution-phase magnetic susceptibility indicates strong ferromagnetic coupling between the vanadium centers. Magnetic susceptibility (chi) and magnetization (M(H)) data for a powdered sample and for a single crystal oriented with its V-O-V axis parallel to the applied field were measured over 1.8-300 K. The results suggest that the V(III) centers are ferromagnetically coupled with J approximately 72 K (approximately 50 cm(-1)) yielding a ground state with a total spin Stotal=2. Theoretical fit to the M(H) plot for the single crystal yielded g||=2.01+/-0.01 and the zero-field splitting parameter D=0.60+/-0.04 K (0.42+/-0.03 cm(-1)). EPR measurements at 34 and 101.6 GHz are consistent with the Stotal=2 ground state and yield g||=1.9825, g perpendicular=1.9725 and D=0.57+/-0.03 K.

Reaction of Pd(2)(DAniF)(4), 1, (DAniF = di-p-anisylformamidinate) with 1 equiv of AgPF(6) in CH(2)Cl(2) at or below -10 degrees C produces the paramagnetic species [Pd(2)(DAniF)4]PF(6), 1-PF(6), that has been studied by X-ray crystallography, UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and multifrequency (9.5, 34.5, 110, and 220 GHz) EPR spectroscopy. Upon oxidation of the precursor, the Pd-Pd distance decreases by 0.052 Angstrom from 2.6486(8) to 2.597(1) Angstrom. The EPR spectra show broad signals with line widths of about 1000 G. The spectra collected at high field show a large spread of g tensor components ( approximately 0.03), but these are masked at lower frequencies (9.5 and 34.5 GHz). A reinvestigation using high-field EPR of the p-tolyl analogue, which is the only other structurally characterized Pd(2)(5+) species (Cotton, F. A.; Matusz, M.; Poli, R.; Feng, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 1144), shows that this species, which had been reported to give an isotropic 9.5 GHz EPR spectrum, also gives anisotropic 110 and 220 GHz EPR spectra with a similarly large spread of g tensor components consistent with the unpaired electron residing in a metal-based MO. The results of these studies and calculations using density functional theory are consistent with the oxidation being metal-based, resulting in an uncommon Pd(2)(5+) species with a Pd-Pd bond order of 1/2.

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1 to 2 percent of people older than 60 years. Recent reviews show that depression is a common and potentially debilitating aspect of Parkinson’s disease, affecting 40 to 50 percent of patients. Depression in Parkinson’s disease is demonstrably different from ordinary major depression in terms of gender ratio, age, symptom profile, comorbidity, and chronicity. Pharmacotherapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease entails special concerns related to side effects and drug-drug interactions. Rasagiline is a novel, potent, and irreversible monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor that has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Current rasagiline labeling advises the avoidance of coadministration of rasagiline and antidepressants, which is a challenge in itself for patients with co-morbid depression. We present a case of a 58-year-old woman who failed most of the pharmacologic treatments for Parkinson’s disease, including deep brain stimulation, and was recently prescribed rasagiline with good response. She also met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria of major depressive disorder, which was treated with venlafaxine and bupropion. To our knowledge, this is first clinical case report of successful use of a combination of antidepressants and rasagiline in a patient with Parkinson’s disease.

At a quantum critical point (QCP) -- a zero-temperature singularity in which a line of continuous phase transition terminates -- quantum fluctuations diverge in space and time, leading to exotic phenomena that can be observed at non-zero temperatures. Using a quantum antiferromagnet, we present calorimetric evidence that nuclear spins frozen in a high-temperature metastable state by temperature quenching are annealed by quantum fluctuations near the QCP. This phenomenon, with readily detectable heat release from the nuclear spins as they are annealed, serves as an excellent marker of a quantum critical region around the QCP and provides a probe of the dynamics of the divergent quantum fluctuations., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The 16-Fe-III-containing 48-tungsto-8-phosphate [P8W48O184Fe16(OH)(28)(H2O)(4)](20-) (1) has been synthesised and characterised by IR and ESR spectroscopy, TGA, elemental analyses, electrochemistry and susceptibility measurements. Single-crystal X-ray analyses were carried out on Li4K16[P8W48O184Fe16(OH)(28)(H2O)(4)]center dot 66H(2)O center dot 2KCl (LiK-1, orthorhombic space group Pnnm, a=36.3777(9)angstrom, b = 13.9708(3) angstrom, c = 26.9140(7) angstrom, and Z=2) and on the corresponding mixed sodium-potassium salt Na9K11-[P8W48O184Fe16(OH)(28)(H2O)4]center dot 100H(2)O (NaK-1, monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 46.552(4) angstrom, b = 20.8239(18) angstrom, c = 27.826(2) angstrom, = 97.141(2)degrees and Z = 4). Polyanion 1 contains-in the form of a cyclic arrangement-the unprecedented {Fe-16(OH)(28)(H2O)}(20+) nanocluster, with 16 edge- and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra, grafted on the inner surface of the crown-shaped [H7P8W48O184](33-) (P8W8) precursor. The synthesis of I was accomplished by reaction of different iron species containing Fell (in presence of O-2) or Fe-III ions with the P8W, anion in aqueous, acidic medium (pH approximate to 4), which can be regarded as an assembly process under confined geometries. One fascinating aspect is the possibility to model the uptake and release of iron in ferritin. The electrochemical study of 1, which is stable from pH I through 7, offers an interesting example of a highly iron-rich cluster. The reduction wave associated with the Fe-III. centres could not be split in distinct steps independent of the potential scan rate from 2 to 1000 mVs(-1); this is in full agreement with the structure showing that all 16 iron centres are equivalent. Polyanion 1 proved to be efficient for the electrocatalytic reduction of NO., including nitrate. Magnetic and variable frequency EPR measurements on I suggest that the Fe-III ions are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled and that the ground state is tentatively spin S=2.