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During January and February 2022, a huge spike in the cases of COVID-19 was recorded in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan prompting the civil administration to institute new restrictions. To investigate the underlying causes of this surge, the regional Public Health Reference Lab (PHRL) launched a screening effort throughout the Province’s remote and urban areas. Herein, we present our survey results during the peak months of the pandemic. The data indicated the prevalence of highly transmissible delta- and Omicron-like virus variants, which may explain the rise in positive cases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the genetic association between the sequences from this study and those found in Pakistan as well as from geographically distant countries, suggesting a complex evolutionary history. For screening, we deployed an easy-to-use single primer-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to identify the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. The assay was validated using clinical swabs of COVID-19 patients and obtained consistent results with Sanger sequencing. Our survey identified a patient simultaneously infected with two variants of concern, indicating the presence of the Deltacron variant, although we cannot discount the possibility of sequencing errors. We recommend that SARS-CoV-2 be continuously monitored to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are causally linked to the emergence of new lineages. Our method provides a rapid and cost-effective detection assay for SARS-CoV-2 in a resource-constrained setting.

Chalcone represents a vital biosynthetic scaffold owing to its numerous therapeutic effects. The present study was intended to synthesize 17 chalcone derivatives (3a–q) by direct coupling of substituted acetophenones and benzaldehyde. The target chalcones were characterized by spectroscopic analyses followed by their in vitro antimicrobial, and antileishmanial investigations with reference to standard drugs. The majority of the chalcones displayed good to excellent biological activities. Chalcone 3q (1000 µg ml−1) exhibited the most potent antibacterial effect with its zone of inhibition values of 30, 33 and 34 mm versus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The results also confirmed chalcone 3q to be the most potent versus Leishmania major with the lowest IC50 value of 0.59 ± 0.12 µg ml−1. Chalcone 3i (500 µg ml−1) was noticed to be the most potent antifungal agent with its zone of inhibition being 29 mm against Candida albicans. Computational studies of chalcones 3i and 3q supported the preliminary in vivo results. The existence of the amino moiety and bromine atom on ring-A and methoxy moieties on ring-B caused better biological effects of the chalcones. In brief, the investigations reveal that chalcones (3i and 3q) can be employed as building blocks to discover novel antimicrobial agents.

Beverages play a prominent role in regulating body activities, such as regulating body temperature, helping to absorb food, protecting tissues, disposal of waste materials, refreshing the body, and increasing body performance. Usually, the human body obtains its required water through the consumption of drinking water, tea, cola, energy drinks, milk and dairy products, coffee and other beverages. We evaluated the amount of beverage intake by the adult population of Herat city during summer 2021. In this research 583 standard questionnaires were randomly distributed among adult population of 15 regions of Herat city and the results were analyzed. The highest beverage intake was observed for water (2.81±0.92 times/day @ 349.57±190.12 ml for each time) and followed by was tea (1.84±0.89 times/day @ 426.76±228.78 ml each time). The average fluid intake by the adult population was 2390.61 ml per day, where the men drank an average of 2528.91 ml/day and women averaged 2363.88 ml/day of beverages. Most of the participants consumed beverages for the purposes of quenching thirst, health concerns, habitual and refreshment. The findings indicate that the amount of beverage intake by adult population of Herat city is lower than the WHO guidelines and the United States fluid intake recommendations.

This study seeks to examine the multidimensional poverty in Jammu and Kashmir, aiming to illuminate its nature and extent beyond traditional monetary measures. Utilizing the Alkire Foster method and drawing on data from NFHS-5, the research uncovers a prevalence of multidimensional poverty surpassing that of monetary poverty in the region. Within surveyed districts, the study identifies Ramban as experiencing the highest incidence, contrasting with Srinagar, which exhibits the lowest headcount. Anantnag emerges as the district facing the most intense multidimensional poverty. In exploring the factors influencing multidimensional poverty, binary logistic regression reveals the significant roles of education, occupation, and land ownership. Conflict is identified as an amplifier of multidimensional poverty, and a predictive model achieves an accuracy rate of approximately 82.80%. The study underscores the critical importance of local factors in shaping poverty experiences, emphasizing the roles of nutrition, sanitation, housing, and education. Gender, age, and conflict are highlighted as pivotal determinants in the latter stages of the study. The research concludes with a managerial perspective, offering actionable insights for policy recommendations, development initiatives, and specific steps for government agencies and stakeholders. These proposed interventions aim to address identified determinants and contribute to the overarching goal of reducing poverty in Jammu and Kashmir.

Chenopodium quinoa manifests adaptability to grow under varying agro-climatic scenarios. Assessing quinoa germplasm’s phenotypic and genetic variability is a prerequisite for introducing it as a potential candidate in cropping systems. Adaptability is the basic outcome of ecological genomics of crop plants. Adaptive variation predicted with a genome-wide association study provides a valuable basis for marker-assisted breeding. Hence, a panel of 72 quinoa plants was phenotyped for agro morphological attributes and association-mapping for distinct imperative agronomic traits. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to assess genetic relatedness and population structure. Heatmap analysis showed three genotypes were early maturing, and six genotypes were attributed for highest yield. The SD-121-07 exhibited highest yield per plant possessing green, glomerulate shaped, compact density panicle with less leaves. However, SJrecm-03 yielded less exhibiting pink, intermediate shape, intermediate density panicles with less leaves. The phenotyping revealed strong correlation of panicle architecture with yield in quinoa. A genome-wide association study unraveled the associations between ISSR makers and agro-morphological traits. Mixed linear modes analysis yielded nine markers associated with eight traits at p ≤ 0.01. Moreover, ISSR markers significantly associated with panicle shape and leafiness were also associated with yield per plant. These findings contribute to the provision of authenticity for marker-assisted selection that ultimately would support quinoa breeding programs.

Abstract Serious human health impacts have been observed worldwide due to several life-threatening diseases such as cancer, candidiasis, hepatic coma, and gastritis etc. Exploration of nature for the treatment of such fatal diseases is an area of immense interest for the scientific community. Based on this idea, the genus Aspergillus was selected to discover its hidden therapeutic potential. The genus Aspergillus is known to possess several biologically active compounds. The current research aimed to assess the biological and pharmacological potency of the extracts of less-studied Aspergillus ficuum (FCBP-DNA-1266) (A. ficuum) employing experimental and bioinformatics approaches. The disc diffusion method was used for the antifungal investigation, and the MTT assay was performed to assess the anticancer effects. Mice were employed as an in vivo model to evaluate the antispasmodic effects. A standard spectrophotometric technique was applied to gauge the urease inhibitory activity. The antifungal studies indicate that both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were significantly active against Candida albicans (C. albicans) with their zone of inhibitions (ZOI) values reported as 19 ± 1.06 mm and 25 ± 0.55 mm, respectively at a dose of 30 µg.mL−1. In vitro cytotoxicity assay against HeLa, fibroblast 3T3, prostate PC3, and breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines was performed. The ethyl acetate extract of A. ficuum was found to be significantly active against MCF-7 with its IC50 value of 43.88 µg.mL−1. However, no substantial effects on the percent cell death of HeLa cancer cell lines were observed. In addition, the A. ficuum extracts also inhibited the urease enzyme compared to standard thiourea. The antispasmodic activity of A. ficuum extract was assessed by an in vivo model and the results demonstrated promising activity at 150 mg.kg−1. Molecular docking results also supported the antifungal, anticancer, and antiurease potency of A. ficuum extract. Overall, the results display promising aspects of A. ficuum extract as a future pharmacological source.

The adoption of cashless economies has become a popular trend globally. Cashless transactions provide convenience, security, and faster processing times compared to traditional cash payments. This review intends to provide an overview of the adopted literature on cashless economies, including their drivers and barriers. The review highlights the role of technology, government policies, and social factors in shaping the adoption of cashless economies. Additionally, the review discusses the implications of the adoption of cashless economies for businesses and consumers, including potential risks such as cybersecurity threats and the exclusion of individuals without access to digital payment systems. The review concludes with recommendations for stakeholders in promoting the adoption of cashless economies while addressing the challenges associated with this transition. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current state of the adoption of cashless economies and the factors that influence it.

Scouring is a complex process dependent on several factors, and local scour is more complex than general scour. This study was an attempt to predict local scour round bridge piers based on general scour in the water stream. Three obstacle shapes were used – circular, round-nosed, and elliptical – as they are predominant in hydraulic structures like bridge piers. For each obstacle shape, scour depth was measured around the periphery for five gradually increasing discharges and in two types of bed material. The local scour results were analyzed to relate them to general scour. Lacey's equation was used to estimate general scour. Models were developed for the three common shapes, by which local scour for any particular shape can be predicted based on general scour in the stream. HIGHLIGHTS Correct estimation of local scour depth.; Incorporation of shape factor for a better scour depth estimation.; Improvement over Lacey's theory.; Relating local scour estimation with general scour.; Better design and safety of hydraulic structures.;

Different methods such as physical, biological and chemical are used to manage soil fungus increasing termites. Synthetic insecticide plays a vital part in the management of termites. The pesticide used in big quantities causes phytotoxicity, mammalian toxicity and resistance to pesticides in target pests and insect outbreaks. Intensive pesticides exert chronic effects on living organisms with annoyance for beneficial insects. It also accompanied with environmental hazards and developed resistance. Plant leaves extracts provide a distinct variety of biochemical compounds with diverse prospective uses. Resistance development requires the discovery of fresh biological compounds with a wide spectrum of action. Plant leaves extract and Chlorfenapyr solution in methanol and water with various concentrations (15 %, 10 %, 5 % and 0 %) were applied to the soil against termites to determine mortality and repellency. Posttreatment data was obtained and evaluated through statistical analysis. The result revealed that the extract of Conocarpus lancifolius with the solution of methanol and solution of water exhibited higher mortality of subterranean termites, whereas the solution of methanol had higher repellency and mortality than water solution of botanical extract. Water and methanol solution of insecticide chlorfenapyr used against the subterranean termites, both are found to be efficacious against termites, while insecticide with the solution of methanol revealed 100% mortality. Nonetheless, plant extract of C. lancifolius with water and methanol solution and chlorfenapyr with methanol solution can be applied as new biological control tools against subterranean termites.

Introduction: Universities prepare students to play their role in the society and equip students with cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Having the significance of non-cognitive skills in mind, the study was designed to investigate the non-cognitive skills of undergraduate students at university level. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to measure non-cognitive skills of university students and to measure the relationship of non-cognitive skills and academic performance among them. Material & Methods: The population of the study was 7189 undergraduate students and a sample of 368 students was selected through simple random sampling for data collection. A questionnaire was developed and validated for gathering the data. The collected data were analysed through mean scores, standard deviation, chi-square test and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean score of the students on self-control was 4.71 having significance indicating that the participants had self-control over themselves. The mean score of the students on academic self-efficacy was 3.96 which again indicates that majority of them were academically self-effective. The mean score on goal setting scale 3.63 which was significant. Conclusion: The study found that the non-cognitive skills, i.e., self-control, self-efficacy, goal-setting and self-regulated learning has positive relationship with academic achievement of students.

This study aims to identify and evaluate the critical success factors (CSFs) for international development projects (IDPs) from the perspective of key IDP stakeholders in Afghanistan. The study adopts a quantitative cross-sectional survey research design. Thirty-one success factors were identified and shortlisted through literature reviews and validated by experts and IDP management practitioners. The study's target population is the IPD senior management, IDP team members, and the general public. Amongst 500 questionnaires distributed, a total of 217 were returned and considered for analysis. The result of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed five key CSFs, namely: project cycle management, effective recruitment, continuous learning and adapting, project management method, and clear project goals and objectives. Besides, one-way ANOVA results revealed no statistically significant differences in the ranking of CSFs by the three groups of respondents. However, the post hoc test result indicated that the CSF 'continuous learning and adapting' was relatively rated lower by the general public. The findings of the study would assist the international community, their implementing partners, and IDP management practitioners in better management and successful implementation of IDPs in developing countries. It will also contribute to the CSFs theories and IDPM body of knowledge. The research is the first of its kind to examine the CSFs for IDPs in Afghanistan.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of splitting application of 30 kg N ha-1 on the growth, yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max var. Dea-won) in the semi-arid and sub-tropical Afghanistan. Besides no-N-fertilization control, urea (30 kg N ha-1) was applied to fields in four-splits: S1, one time basal application at sowing; S2, two-splits of 50% N at sowing and 10 DAS (days after sowing); S3, three-splits of 33% N at sowing, 10 and 20 DAS; and S4, four-splits of 25% N at sowing, 10, 20 and 30 DAS. Aboveground growth and yield parameters were compared at 30, 60, 90 and 127 DAS. Soybean’s growth and yields increased in corresponding with the increased frequency of split fertilization. Three- or four-splits significantly increased plant height, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, pod and seed numbers, 1,000-seed weight, yield production and economics (gross and net returns and benefit cost ratio) than those at one or two-splits N-application at all these four harvests. Positive relationships were observed among growth parameters and yield traits and yield production. Three- or four-splits at tested N rate and growth stages can meet N requirement for soybean’s growth and yield while improving N use efficiency in semi-arid Afghanistan.

The majority of people with disabilities in the world have impairments that affect their lower bodies. In most of these cases, it was found that the affected person’s upper body was in good health and capable of carrying out all activities; however, the spinal cord injury results in significant health challenges with body functions like urination, bowel movements, heart rate, and respiratory, cardiovascular, and sexual function, which require prompt medical treatment and mobility aids. This study presents the mechanical layout of a wheelchair that can switch between a sitting and a standing position. The center of gravity must be taken into account when creating an electric standing wheelchair. It is designed specifically for people with disabilities to lessen the need of outside assistance, allowing the disabled person to savour a sense of adoration. In the simulation, the electric standing wheelchair analysis is carried out by loading with a human weight of 40 and 100 kg, and the transformation angle is adjusted between 0 and 90 degrees to compare the center of gravity displacement. SolidWorks and ANSYS are used to design the prototype, assemble the product, and establish the safety factor bounds of the structure and capabilities as required. The research focuses to achieve control of speed deviation and acceleration using a fuzzy control technique. The Arduino oversees the operation of the drive system as a controller, and a linear actuator is utilized for standing and sitting positions. This method is affordable, easily constructed, and highly secure.

Plant’s perception of heat stress involves several pathways and signaling molecules, such as phosphoinositide, which is derived from structural membrane lipids phosphatidylinositol. Phospholipase C (PLC) is a well-known signaling enzyme containing many isoforms in different organisms. In the present study, Phospholipase C Isoform 5 (PLC5) was investigated for its role in thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two over-expressing lines and one knock-down mutant of PLC5 were first treated at a moderate temperature (37 °C) and left for recovery. Then again exposed to a high temperature (45 °C) to check the seedling viability and chlorophyll contents. Root behavior and changes in 32Pi labeled phospholipids were investigated after their exposure to high temperatures. Over-expression of PLC5 (PLC5 OE) exhibited quick and better phenotypic recovery with bigger and greener leaves followed by chlorophyll contents as compared to wild-type (Col-0) and PLC5 knock-down mutant in which seedling recovery was compromised. PLC5 knock-down mutant illustrated well-developed root architecture under controlled conditions but stunted secondary roots under heat stress as compared to over-expressing PLC5 lines. Around 2.3-fold increase in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate level was observed in PLC5 OE lines upon heat stress compared to wild-type and PLC5 knock-down mutant lines. A significant increase in phosphatidylglycerol was also observed in PLC5 OE lines as compared to Col-0 and PLC5 knock-down mutant lines. The results of the present study demonstrated that PLC5 over-expression contributes to heat stress tolerance while maintaining its photosynthetic activity and is also observed to be associated with primary and secondary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

This experimental study is an attempt to apply the constriction size concept for determination of hydraulic conductivity of filter material. Five shapes of granular filter material of different gradations were used for the experimental investigations. The controlling constriction size for selected shapes and gradations were worked out and related to the experimental values of hydraulic conductivity. The empirical model for determination of hydraulic conductivity based on controlling constriction size for each shape of granular filter material was developed. Finally, a combined empirical model for the determination of hydraulic conductivity of granular filters was developed based on shape parameters and the controlling constriction size. The model was validated with the experimental data of a past research work; the predicted values of hydraulic conductivity were found in close approximation to the values obtained from the literature. Results of the present work will help in improving the existing design criteria of protective filters, which form an integral part of the safety of hydraulic structures. HIGHLIGHTS Inclusion of constriction size and shape parameters in the hydraulic conductivity determination of granular filters.; Improvement of the effectiveness of the filter design based on permeability.; Enhancement of water resources management in the essential hydraulic structure design where filters form a critical component.;

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mood disorder affecting about 10–15% of adult mothers annually. This study aimed to find the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Herat province in Afghanistan. Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted between 11 July 2021 and 15 September 15, 2021, among women who delivered a baby at Rezaie Maternal Hospital of Herat province (Afghanistan). A total of 242 women participated in the first phase of this study with a mean age of 25.40 ± 5.510. To assess the depression among participants, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used. Results: Almost half the participants reported that it was their first labour (45.0%). In the first phase, nearly half of the participants were found to have depression (45.5%). In the second phase of this study, less than one in three participants had depression (30.7%). More than one in five participants changed from depression to normal (21.5%). Almost half of the participants remained the same in both phases of this study (47.8%). Conclusion: It is crucial to examine women's psychological health during the postnatal period to understand how we may assist women through targeted interventions based on their particular needs. Our study shows that the post-partum depression among women in Herat province of Afghanistan, decreases and factors such as educational level, number of family members, happening of bad event during the past month, and presence of physical illness have a direct impact on postpartum depression.

Pomegranate is an important table and processed fruit owing to its nutritional quality. Extending the fruit life of the plant is very much limited owing to its metabolic activities viz., respiration, transpiration and microbial infection. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on physico-chemical properties of pomegranate fruits during storage. Fruits were harvested with stalk and washed with sodium hypochlorite, air dried and graded. Fruits were stored under modified atmospheric packaging conditions using different packaging materials viz., polyethylene bag, polypropylene bag, Xtend® bag and silver nano bag Hima Fresh®. Fruits without package served as controls. Fruits were stored at low temperature 7±2 °C and 90±5 % RH. MAP treated fruits had higher quality parameters across all packaging treatments. PLW and respiration rate increased while, moisture content, colour, texture and acidity decreased with prolonged storage, but the rate of decrease was highest in unpacked fruits. MAP maintained the quality of pomegranate fruits upto 100 days compared to unpackaged fruits (40 days). Shelf life of stored fruit at ambient condition was 4 to 5 days. Fruit decay was 12 % in polyethylene whereas it was 6 % in Xtend® bag at the end of 100 day of storage.

Abstract Climate change is a multidimensional phenomenon, which has various effects on people's environmental and socioeconomic conditions. In the agricultural economy that is susceptible to natural changes, its impact is more profound. Therefore, climate change directly affects society in different ways, and society must pay a price. Climate change, especially the changes in annual temperature and rainfall, has attracted widespread attention worldwide. The variability of these factors or the magnitude of fluctuations varies according to location. Therefore, in the context of climate change, especially in countries dominated by rainfed agriculture, studying the trend of meteorological variables is essential to assess climate-induced variations and propose feasible adaptation approaches. Focusing on this fact is the main goal of this research study was to determine the rainfall trend and the accuracy of predicted temperature at three particular stations of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Kp) Province, Pakistan. For this purpose, rainfall and temperature data were provided by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Islamabad, for the period 1960–2020. Two types of nonparametric techniques, Sen’s slope estimate and the Mann–Kendall test, were applied to determine a trend in the average monthly and annual rainfall. The results of the annual rainfall trend analysis showed that Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan stations showed a positive increasing trend, while the monthly rainfall trend showed a negative decreasing trend for all stations. The trend was statistically significant for Peshawar and Saidu Sharif stations. The accuracy of predicted and actual temperature and rainfall indicated that mostly over-forecast occurred at Saidu Sharif and Peshawar. Most of the precipitation and temperature records showed under forecast for Dera Ismail Khan, but some over-prediction has also occurred. Graphical abstract

The main objective of this unmanned ground vehicle is to deal with the security issues like terrorist activities across the border and in various remote combat missions by reducing the involvement of soldiers. This unmanned ground robot comprises a wireless high-definition camera that can transfer live streams from the robot to headquarters using Wi-Fi. The robot’s movement can be controlled with two modes; one of them is a radio controller working on 2.4 GHz frequency with seven independent channels. Secondly, its movement can also be controlled using a Python-based GUI application. Nowadays, different techniques have been used for face recognition; in our remotely piloted robot, we have used Haar-cascade classifiers in combination with the LBPH algorithm to implement real-time facial recognition. The robot uses a rack and pinion driving mechanism and an ATMEL Cortex-M3 CPU as a controller with 32-bit/s processing speed. In addition, a laser is installed on the turret to shoot the targets down, which can be used in an autonomous mode based on facial recognition results, or it can be used manually either through an RF controller or Python-based GUI. The turret moves in 2-DOF with the help of metallic geared servo motors. Both servo motors can rotate up to 180°. The driving mechanism of the robotic tank is just like DDR, with one difference, the two DC gear motors of the robot are connected diagonally.

In this paper, the heading control of a large ship is enhanced with a specific end goal, to check the unwanted impact of the waves on the actuator framework. The Nomoto model is investigated to describe the ship’s guiding progression. First and second order models are considered here. The viability of the models is examined based on the principal properties of the Nomoto model. Different controllers are proposed, these are Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Model Reference Adaptive Control Genetic optimization Algorithm (MRAC-GA) for a ship heading control. The results show that the MRAC-GA controller provides the best results to satisfy the design requirements. The Matlab/Simulink tool is utilized to demonstrate the proposed arrangement in the control loop.

Narcissus, belonging to Amaryllidaceae family, is one of the emerging cut flower in ornamental industry. Appropriate cut flower packaging for ideal time period provides potential benefit of improving their post-harvest quality of flower. Current research was conducted with an objective to find out best suitable packaging materials and optimum storage duration for cut flowers of narcissus. Narcissus postharvest features were analyzed statistically and results showed significant difference among the treatments with respect to packaging material as well as storage duration. In our findings, polyethylene sleeve showed best results in most of postharvest parameters (vase life, total life, dry weight, and change in fresh weight). In our results, 2 hours duration of storage significantly improved the post-harvest parameters of cut Narcissus. Vase life, fresh and dry weight of flower obtained maximum value in two hours storage duration. It was interesting to note that as storage duration increased, post-harvest characters reduced. In conclusion, postharvest quality of cut Narcissus can be improved significantly by using suitable packaging material and optimizing storage duration.

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is an important constraint in successful production of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in many countries, including Pakistan. The MYMV spreads by insect vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management tactics for MYMV. Twenty mungbean varieties/lines were screened against insect vector of MYMV under field condition in the current study. Resistance levels for varieties/lines were assessed through visual scoring of typical disease symptoms. Furthermore, the impacts of two insecticides 'Imidacloprid' and 'Thiamethoxam' and two plant extracts, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were tested on the suppression of whitefly. Field screening indicated that none of the tested varieties/lines proved immune/highly resistant, while significant variations were recorded among varieties/lines for resistance level. All varieties/lines were systemically infected with MYMV. The varieties 'AARI-2006' and 'Mung-14043' were considered as resistant to MYMV based on visual symptoms and the lowest vector population. These varieties were followed by 'NM-2006' and 'NL-31', which proved as moderately resistant to MYMV. All remaining varieties/lines were grouped as moderately to highly susceptible to MYMV based on visual symptoms' scoring. These results revealed that existing mungbean germplasm do not possess high resistance level MYMV. However, the lines showing higher resistance in the current study must be exploited in breeding programs for the development of resistant mungbean varieties/lines against MYMV. Imidacloprid proved as the most effective insecticide at all concentrations to manage whitefly population. Therefore, use of the varieties with higher resistance level and spraying Imidacloprid could lower the incidence of MYMV.

Rapid release and poor drug encapsulation ability limit the use of single biopolymer in water-soluble drugs loading, carrying and release efficiency. In the present study, blended hydrogels based on guar gum, sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (GG/SA/PVA) were prepared by solution casting technique and employed for controlled release of verapamil HCl (VP-HCl). The extent of interaction of all blends was explored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) while surface morphology was determined by Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallinity, thermal stability and water absorbing capacity of blends were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and swelling studies respectively. The results revealed improved crystallinity and stability of all the blends. The prepared blends showed promising drug loading and releasing efficiency with higher GG contents for the controlled release of verapamil HCl and at pH 7.4. Optimum drug release (94%) drug release was achieved in 12 h and followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. It has been concluded from the results that GG/SA/PVA blends have potential for drug delivery applications in a controlled manner.

This article analysed gender disparities in Pakistan focusing on access to primary education and women's education in light of National Education policies from 1947 to 2017 to achieve universal primary education. This study aimed to trace the evolution of National Education policies (1947-2017) in the attainment of universal primary education and gender disparities in Primary education in Pakistan. A qualitative document analysis technique was employed to extract relevant data related to policy objectives, strategies, and targets of primary education, gender disparities, and women's education. The quantitative data was extracted from the Pakistan Economic Survey 2022-2023, Pakistan Education Statistics 2020-2021, and all National Census 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998, and 2017. The study found that education policies highlighted the importance of primary education but did not dedicate larger sections to women's education in the first 40 years. The recent education policies addressed the importance of women's education for achieving gender parity. These findings, which stem from a review of national education policies' documents, are in line with the findings drawn from the quantitative data extracted from authoritative reports which stated that significant gender disparities existed in the numbers of primary schools, access to primary education, and students' enrolments throughout the history of Pakistan. The study also found significant gender disparities in the number of primary schools per 100,000 children, with male students comparatively attending schools more than female students. The study found consistent gender disparities in primary education enrolment in Pakistan with notable progress in recent years but have not been able to eliminate these disparities. Gender disparity is evident in literacy rate, gross enrolment rate (GER), and net enrolment rate (NER). The study recommended that the revision of existing policies and formulation of new education policies should be based on comprehensive documentation on women's education and its impact on the economy, literacy rate, and universal primary education.

The biofloc system catfish wastewater is in the form of accumulation of organic residues from feed residues, catfish manure, feed particles and bacteria and algae, because the biofloc catfish cultivation wastewater can be processed into organic fertilizer especially liquid organic fertilizer. The study used a completely randomized single factor treatment with an aerobic (A) fermentation process and Anaerobic fermentation process (B). Each treatment was repeated 8 times to obtain 16 experimental units. Furthermore, the results of the study data were analyzed by variance at the level of 5 percent. The results showed that the growth rate of catfish was very good. Where growth continues to increase the 10th day observation until the end of the study. While the content of N, P and K in the POC produced did not show a significant difference between POC fermented by Aerob and Anaerob. POC content fermented by Aerob; N = 1.645, P = 0.326 and K = 1.143 while Anaerobic fermentation; N = 2.189, P = 0.278 and K = 1.165.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyiponan 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, dan 60% untuk pertumbuhan ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) pada sistem bioflok. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai 12 Juni 2016, yang berlokasi di Jl Bukit Barisan Kelurahan Tengah Padang Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan penyiponan bioflok yang digunakan sebagai berikut : P1= penyiponan bioflok 0%, P2 = penyiponan bioflok 15%, P3 = penyiponan bioflok 35%, P4 = penyiponan bioflok 45% , P5 = penyiponan bioflok 60%. Untuk melihat perbedaan tersebut dilakukan uji BNT. Penyiponan yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan ikan lele sangkuriang (Calias gariepenus) pada sistem bioflok berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap pertumbuhan berat, pertumbuhan panjang, konversi pakan, efisiensi pakan dan kelangsungan hidup ikan lele sangkuriang. Penyiponan terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan ikan lele sangkuriang adalah perlakuan P4 (penyiponan bioflok 45%)

Abstract The Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained attention for the last few years due to the congenital microcephaly and Guillain–Barre Syndrome that resulted in humans. The non-structural protein-3 (NS3) helicase of ZIKV play an important role in viral RNA replication. In this article, we performed hundred nanosecond molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking of the NS3 helicase of ZIKV with 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) analyses showed the stability of the NS3 helicase. The simulation showed that the flexible and rigid domains of the protein play a crucial role during the RNA replication process. All such domains with ligand binding pockets can be targeted for drug design. The molecular docking showed that the strong hydrogen bonding and arene-cation interactions are responsible for the binding between NS3 and 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives, which provides a new dimension for potent drug design for ZIKV.

Permanent pacemaker implantation is a lifesaving procedure. Complete heart block is one of the most common indications in our environment. Diagnosis is often missed and treatment is not readily available. These reasons account for the low turnover of cases. Two cases were successfully conducted in our center using the VVIR type of pacemaker, and no significant complications were recorded afterword. All patients presented with typical symptoms of complete heart block and were symptoms free after the procedure.

Magelang Regency received malaria elimination certificate in April 2014, however, the epidemic signal was received back in April 2015. Malaria epidemic had occurred for two months and until the end of December, indigenous cases could still be found. The purpose of this study was to find out description of situation regarding malaria, malaria control, and obstacles to malaria control in Magelang Regency. Rapid assessment method was conducted by adopting the methodology in the protocol and methods for malaria situation analysis from WHO (2003) and by using desk review as the reference for the research process in malaria control method in a region with similar condition to Magelang regency. Data collection was performed through interview and observation. This study found that in April 2015, the number of indigenous cases was 2 which was increased to 37 cases in May and the peak prevalence was 56 cases in June. Previously, import cases were found in March. Up until December, malaria cases were dominated by indigenous cases (97%). Village regulation regarding malaria migration surveillance was still not available in most receptive villages. In area which had eliminate malaria, there should be regulation that govern malaria migration surveillance. Therefore, the Regent should advise the village chief through a circulatory letter to form a new regulation regarding malaria migration surveillance in order to reduce outbreak potential.

Atraumatic spinal compression fractures are common clinical problem. Differentiating benign osteoporotic fractures from pathological fractures due to malignant/metastatic lesions affects the management and prognoses in patients with known extraspinal malignancy. The objective of the research was to assess the role of conventional magnetic resonance imaging sequences with diffusion-weighted imaging and chemical-shift imaging in differentiating benign and malignant acute spinal compression fractures. Materials and Methods. The study included 40 patients with acute spinal compression fractures. Patients were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging and chemical-shift imaging to differentiate benign etiology from malignant one. The results obtained were compared with histopathological follow-up for 6 months for definite clinical diagnoses. Results. No significant difference was noted in signal characteristics of benign and malignant fractures on T1, T2 and short-tau inversion recovery. However, posterior element involvement, soft tissue component and post-contrast enhancement were seen more frequently in malignant fractures (p

The COVID-19 pandemic has shocked infrastructure systems in unanticipated ways. Seemingly in the course of weeks, our demands for many basic and critical services have radically shifted. With expected long-term effects (i.e., years), COVID-19 is going to have profound impacts on every facet of infrastructure systems, and will shock these systems very differently than the hazards that we often focus on, such as extreme events, disrepair, and terrorist attacks. At the beginning of this pandemic, infrastructure managers are scrambling to respond to changes in demand, and to understand what the long-term effects are for how they operate and maintain their systems. We contend that COVID-19 is revealing several important limitations to how we approach and manage our infrastructure, that must be acknowledged and addressed as the pandemic persists, and in a future increasingly characterized by accelerating and increasingly uncertain conditions. These limitations are how (i) we prepare for concurrent hazards, (ii) frame criticality based on traditional infrastructure sectors and not human capabilities, (iii) we emphasize efficiency at a cost to resilience, and (iv) leadership is largely focused on stable conditions. Each of these challenges represents a call for major rethinking for how we approach infrastructure, and COVID-19 presents a window of opportunity for change.

In this paper we introduce a real Pashtu handwritten numerals dataset (PHND) having 50,000 scanned images and make publicly available for research and scientific use. Although more than fifty million people in the world use this language for written and oral communication, no significant efforts are devoted to the Pashtu Optical Character Recognition (POCR). We present a new approach for Pahstu handwritten numerals recognition (PHNR) based on deep neural networks. We train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) on high-frequency numerals for feature extraction and classification. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm on the newly introduced Pashtu handwritten numerals database PHND and Bangla language number database CMATERDB 3.1.1. We obtained best recognition rate of 98.00% and 98.64% on PHND and CMATERDB 3.1.1. respectively.

Objective. The influence of cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on cerebral vascular perfusion has been widely concerned, yet the resting-state cerebral blood flow (CBF) connectivity alterations based on arterial spin labeling (ASL) in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remain unclear. This study investigated region CBF and CBF connectivity features in acute mTBI patients, as well as the associations between CBF changes and cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods. Forty-five acute mTBI patients and 42 health controls underwent pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The alterations in regional CBF and relationship between the CBF changes and cognitive impairment were detected. The ASL-CBF connectivity of the brain regions with regional CBF significant differences was also compared between two groups. Neuropsychological tests covered seven cognitive domains. Associations between the CBF changes and cognitive impairment were further investigated. Results. Compared with the healthy controls, the acute mTBI patients exhibited increased CBF in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and decreased CBF in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and the right cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL). In the mTBI patients, significant correlations were identified between the CBF changes and cognitive impairment. Importantly, the acute mTBI patients exhibited CBF disconnections between the right CPL and right fusiform gyrus (FG) as well as bilateral ITG, between the left SFG and left middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and between the right SFG and right FG as well as right parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusion. Our results suggest that acute mTBI patients exhibit both regional CBF abnormalities and CBF connectivity deficits, which may underlie the cognitive impairment of the acute mTBI patients.

The aim of this research is to know the efficiency of hypofisa gland on spawning catfish. This research was conducted in March-July 2014, at Manggis I, RT / RW. 18/09 50, Kelurahan Dusun Besar, Gading Cempaka Subdistrict, Bengkului City. The design used was complete randomized design (RAL) with 2 treatments and 6 replications and to see the difference was done t test. The treatment consisted of P1 = Spawning dumbo catfish using hypofisa gland Goldfish, P2 = Spawning dumbo catfish using hypofisa gland Fish catfish dumbo. The use of different hypofisa glands has no significant effect on spawning time, hatchability, and the survival of dumbo catfish seeds in the hatchery of dumbo catfish. The use of one type of hypophysis gland with the most efficient recipient fish compared to the hypofisa gland is universal.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different protein levels on the growth of gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). The study was conducted for 60 days starting from June to August 2017, at Kelurahan Pasar Melintang, Teluk Segara Subdistrict, Bengkulu City. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) which consisted of 3 treatments with each treatment in repeated 4 times, so that 12 research units were obtained. For container boxs with size 40 cm x 30 cm and water height 25 cm. The number of test fish used for the study amounted to 60 fishes with length of fish 6-8 cm. Fingerprint analysis showed that feeding with different protein content significantly affected weight growth whereas for lengthy growth of fish, feed conversion, feed efficiency and survival have no significant effect. Results from further tests of BNT showed the best treatment. The highest absolute weight on P3 treatment with feed with 40% protein content.

Ikan tambakan (Helostoma temminckii) adalah salah satu jenis ikan air tawar yang berasal dari wilayah tropis, tepatnya Asia Tenggara yang memiliki tubuh berbentuk pipih vertikal. Sirip punggung dan sirip analnya memiliki bentuk dan ukuran yang hampir serupa. Sirip ekornya sendiri berbentuk nyaris bundar atau mengarah cembung ke luar, sementara sirip dadanya yang berjumlah sepasang juga berbentuk nyaris bundar. Saat ini budidaya ikan tambakan belum dikembangkan seperti ikan-ikan konsumsi lainnya terutama untuk dosis pemberian pakan yang baik dalam budidaya ikan itu sendiri. Untuk itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara budidaya ikan tambakan terutama dosis pemberian pakan yang baik dalam budidaya. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan selama 2 bulan mulai dari bulan Agustus samapai September 2016 yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Prof. DR.Hazairin, SH Bengkulu dengan alat yang digunakan yaitu aquarium dan blower serta bahan yang digunakan yaitu ikan, air, dan pellet PF-800. Menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan A : pakan pelet P 800 dengan dosis 3%. Perlakuan B: pakan pelet P800 dengan dosis 4%, Perlakuan C : pakan pelet P800 dengan dosis 5% dan Perlakuan D : Pakan pelet P800 dengan dosis 6%. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Pertumbuhan berat ikan, pertumbuhan panjang ikan, Kelangsungan hidup (survival rate), dan konversi pakan yang digunakan. Hasil Menunjukkan bahwa Perlakuan B (Pakan pellet dengan dosis 5%) memberikan pertumbuhan panjang, berat dan nilai konversi pakan terbaik. Kata kunci: Ikan Tambakan, Dosis Pakan

Tinda Gourd is the most important summer vegetable widely grown in Pakistan. It contains a high amount of iron and other vitamins and minerals. Hence, its medicinal value is also high due to its ingredient profile. This field experiment was conducted in the vegetable area, Institute of Horticultural Sciences in the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in order to recognize the morphological characteristics of Tinda gourd, fruit growth pattern, and the yield of Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus) gourd germplasm lines. Sixteen germplasm lines, in which one line was used as control, were sown and grown on flat beds in the field. The field experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to the maturity time of fruit, fruit per vine, fruit weight in grams, fruit diameter and total yield obtained were recorded. The fruit texture was marked as phenotypic parameter. All parameters were collected and then analyzed statistically. All lines and replications showed different results from each other according to the chosen parameter. The variety L1 took 56 days to mature, closely followed by line L4 (56.66 days) and line L8 (56.33 days). There was not much difference in fruit per plant among Tinda gourd lines. Among them, 198 g fruits were found in line L0, followed by line L1 (224 g) and line L15 (225.00 g). Line L9 showed fruit diameter of 7 cm closely followed by line L1 (7.23 cm) and line L2 (7.23 cm). The maximum yield was observed in line L0 (599.33 grams) as compared to other lines. There was a significant difference in the yield of lines. Among them, line L4 showed 421 grams of yield closely.

Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors seeded with cow dung manure (UASBCD) and activated sludge of a dairy wastewater treatment plant (UASBASDIT) were used to treat raw domestic wastewater of medium strength. The UASBCD reactor required a period of 120 days to start up. In case of UASBASDIT reactor, sludge bed was stabilized in a period of 80 days. The performance of both reactors to treat wastewater was enhanced with an increase in the sludge age and temperature. Under psychrophilic temperature (17 °C) and at early sludge age (60 days), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal by the reactors were in the range of 57–62% and 61–66%, respectively. However, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency of the reactors elevated to the range of 79–81% and 77–83%, respectively at sludge age of 150 days and temperature of 30 °C. In short, overall performance of both reactors was optimum at sludge age ranging from 120 to 150 days and temperature varying between 25 and 30 °C. At hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 h the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and sulfate removal efficiency of UASBCD reactor reached 81%, 75% and 76%, respectively and 77%, 74% and 69%, respectively for UASBASDIT. The rate of removal of these parameters however, gradually declined with increasing hydraulic retention time. The UASB technology provides a low-cost system for the direct treatment of municipal wastewater and can be applied in small communities.

The objective of the research was to evaluate thyroid volume and spectral indices (the resistivity index, the pulsatility index and the peak systolic velocity) in normal euthyroid adults in Kashmir. Materials and methods. There was carried out a prospective observational study at a tertiary care hospital; 182 normal euthyroid adults (102 males and 80 females) were included in the study. Thyroid gland volume was calculated from grey-scale ultrasound images followed by spectral Doppler evaluation of the bilateral inferior thyroid arteries; the resistivity index, the pulsatility index and the peak systolic velocity were calculated for the bilateral inferior thyroid arteries with calculation of the mean values. Results. The mean thyroid volume was 7.8±1.9 ml with no significant difference in males and females. The mean peak systolic velocity obtained was 15.65±6.5 cm/s. The mean pulsatility index and resistivity index were 0.95±0.29 and 0.58±0.13, respectively. There was no significant difference in the values obtained among both genders, and no significant difference was seen in values of the right and left inferior thyroid arteries. Conclusions. The study showed no significant difference in the indices of thyroid volume and the inferior thyroid arteries measured by Doppler ultrasonography in euthyroid adult males and females. As thyroid vascularity is altered in many thyroid pathologies, the study will serve as the baseline for the evaluation of thyroid volume and Doppler parameters in patients with altered thyroid function.