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The genus Clavibacter (family Microbacteriaceae) includes gram‐positive actinobacterial species infecting diverse agricultural crops such as alfalfa, maize, pepper, potato, tomato and wheat. Clavibacter tessellarius, causing bacterial mosaic of wheat, was reported for the first time in 1976 in Nebraska (United States). Since then, the pathogen was thought to be restricted to North America (Canada and the United States). While bacterial strains suspected to be C. tessellarius have occasionally been isolated from wheat samples outside North America, occurrence of the pathogen in the Old World has not yet been confirmed by the plant protection authorities. In spring 2020 (January to May) dozens of wheat fields with young plants showing leaf chlorosis and mild mosaic symptoms were surveyed and sampled in southern Iran. Among 192 surveyed wheat fields, gram‐positive, orange‐pigmented actinobacterial strains were isolated from samples of 53 fields. Altogether, 61 bacterial strains were identified as C. tessellarius based on the phenotypic features, PCR‐based molecular tests and pathogenicity assays. Multilocus sequence analysis of five housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, gyrB, ppk and rpoB) using 10 representative strains from diverse geographic areas in southern Iran confirmed the phylogenetic status of the strains within C. tessellarius. Our data indicate that the bacterial mosaic pathogen occurs in four southern Iranian provinces including Bushehr, Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan. Thus, occurrence of C. tessellarius outside North America is confirmed. Potential risks associated with the emergence of the pathogen in the Old World, and the need for strict quarantine measures in the area, is further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing a lack of research on the relationship between marketing and supply chain management, a new conceptual framework incorporates organizational learning, supply chain innovation, trust, supply chain management strategy, commitment, and collaboration as mediating factors in the relationship between market orientation and supply chain performance. Only by identifying the dimensions of effective performance and assessing their impact on each other can organizational leaders strengthen the bonds among partners in the supply chain toward generating the efficiencies that improve its management and performance. The proposed framework can also be used to facilitate further research into the link between market orientation and supply chain performance. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was aimed to explore the effect of applying diclofenac gel and a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream on vein puncture pain severity with vein catheter in the patients undergoing cesarean section. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 90 women undergoing elective cesarean section that referred to Imam Ali Hospital's maternity section in Amol city (Northern Iran). Data collection tools included visual analog scale for pain severity and a checklist for short term possible side-effects of diclofenac gel, EMLA cream and Vaseline ointment as placebo. Results: The pain of vein puncture with diclofenac gel and EMLA cream was significantly lower than that with the Vaseline ointment (P = 0.001). Similarly, there was a significant difference between using diclofenac gel and EMLA cream in catheter insertion pain severity (P = 0.006). In addition, there was no short term possible side-effect with using diclofenac gel and Vaseline ointment, but a short term side-effect (blanching) was detected in 20% of subjects with EMLA cream. Conclusion: Compared to Vaseline cream, EMLA cream and diclofenac gel application significantly reduces the pain severity associated with vein catheter insertion. Use of diclofenac gel is preferred compared with EMLA cream, because of economics, more efficiency purpose, and no side-effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect and the potential application of stinging nettle exudates in controlling plant nematodes were investigated. The effect of root exudates of the stinging nettle interplanted with tomato and bean and its potential application as green manure for reducing the population of plant nematodes were also investigated. The results showed that the counts of the nematodes in the base of stinging nettle were significantly lower than those in the 2 m radius from the plant. Comparison of mean counts of the nematodes showed a differential controlling effect of stinging nettle exudates on the nematodes. The counts of the nematodes in pots pre-sown with stinging nettle were reduced, while in pots planted with tomato plants the reductions were significantly lower. The application of stinging nettle as green manure in nematode-infected pots planted with tomato/bean caused significant reductions in the counts of the nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]