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Researchers have studied probiotic-containing dressings to tackle burn injury concerns like infection and microbial resistance. The current study looked into the effects of novel probiotic-loaded microparticles with in situ gelling properties on infectious burn wounds. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was chosen as a strain with proven wound-healing properties. Then, a formulation was developed to stabilize and maintain probiotic growth potential. To avoid shedding from wounds, only polymers with rapid moisture absorption were employed. The spray-drying method stabilized the formulation by reducing its water content. The optimal formulation was determined by studying how spray-drying inlet temperature, polymer type, and concentration affected probiotic viability, process yield, swelling ratio, and rheological properties of the particles. The morphological analyses revealed particles with substantial exchangeable surface areas. The formulation's rheological characteristics indicated its thermal and mechanical resistance. Also, the FTIR and DCS spectra proved interlinking between polymers. A comparison of the growth curves of formulated and unformulated probiotics demonstrated an increase in lag time and a steady growth rate. Examination of the formula's efficacy against common wound pathogens confirmed its antibacterial properties. Animal experiments revealed that the optimal microparticles for all criteria outperformed the control groups and were more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Burn wound infection management would be enhanced by the proposed delivery system's simple administration and prohibition of normal flora transmission.

Difficulties in delivering antimicrobial agents to wound areas and emersion of multiple drug resistant organisms (MDROs) have converted managing burn infections into a complicated task in medicine. Probiotics emerged not only as a probable solution for burn infections but also as an accelerator in the healing process. The probability of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) in probiotic activity leads to lower costs in finding new therapeutic options. Simulated wound fluid (SWF) was used to evaluate the antibacterial function of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in wounds. The growth parameters in SWF were evaluated using a logistic model to predict growth behavior in the wound area. In addition, probiotic antimicrobial activity and secretion of antibacterial substances in SWF were also studied. Data were used to select the initial dose and apply frequency for in vivo study. The wound models were infected by two main pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus). In vitro results showed less lag time associated with considerable acid production in SWF. In the following, secretion of antimicrobial substances and co-aggregation with pathogens became more important. The susceptibility of pathogens to these factors was different, and culture medium affected the yield of each factor involved in eliminating pathogens. Histological analysis and macroscopic examination of wounds revealed probiotics as effective as positive control or more. There were some differences in the antibacterial functions of probiotics in simulated and real wound environments. The in vitro effect of probiotics on removal of pathogens was not the same as the trend seen in vivo.

Objective. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lamb.) G. Don possesses various biological activities, which have been documented in modern and traditional medicine. In this study, burn wound healing activity of the methanol extract of C. deodara wood was evaluated via a burn wound model in Wistar rats. Methods. The methanol extract of C. deodara was evaluated for the contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. Also, its antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay. Then, a topical ointment containing the methanol extract of C. deodara (10%) was used to evaluate the healing effects on a model of second-degree thermal burn in 4 groups of 7 rats within 21 days. In this respect, average wound surface area, wound closure, and various histological features were examined. Results. Our findings revealed that the wounds treated with the methanol extract of C. deodara showed higher wound contraction (33.6, 87.1, and 93.4% on days 7, 14, and 21, respectively) compared with the positive control (27.6, 80.7, and 88.3% on days 7, 14, and 21, respectively) and the negative control (20.1, 77.9, and 80.2% on days 7, 14, and 21, respectively). According to the results from epitheliogenesis score, the number of inflammatory cells, neovascularization, and collagen density, good burn wound healing activity of the methanol extract of C. deodarawas demonstrated. Conclusion. Using the methanol extract of C. deodara in an ointment formulation can be developed to prevent or reduce burn injury progression.

The present investigation reports an in-vitro study using combination of laccase and an enhancer capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, preventing biofilm formation, and whitening teeth. Laccase-cinnamic acid system remarkably inhibited the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, S. aureus, and Streptococcus mutans whilst showed no significant effects on Gram-negative bacteria. Data presented that cinnamic acid (10 mM) with laccase (0.125 U ml−1) led to a maximum decrease of about 90%, in S. mutans biofilm formation. The confocal laser scanning microscopy showed considerable detachment of S. mutans cells from glass substratum. The combined laccase-cinnamic acid system could remove teeth discoloration caused by coffee. SEM of the teeth surface exhibited no damages such as surface cracking or fracture. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies showed that laccase can catalyze the one-electron oxidation of cinnamic acid to the respective radical. This radical can then undergo several fates, including recombination with another radical to form a dimeric species, dismutation of the radical back to cinnamic acid or decarboxylation to give various reduced oxygen species. Therefore, the redox potential values of phenolic monomers/oligomers are related with their biological activities.

PURPOSE: Honey is a promising source of bacterial strains producing metabolites with antimicrobial activity. There is a great variety in the antimicrobial activity of honey from different areas of nature. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of Iranian honey from different regions and to optimize the culture condition for the highly potent bacterial isolate. METHODS: Honey samples were collected from ten different regions of Iran and were screened for bacteriocin-producing bacteria. The best bacteriocin-producing strain was characterized and identified by 16S rDNA analysis. One-factor-at-a-time method was used for optimization of culture medium and the yield and time-course of bacteriocin production were compared in both shake flask and bio-reactor. RESULTS: The Bacillus subtilis SB1 that was isolated from Sabalan honey showed potent antibacterial activity with prominent thermal stability. The optimum medium for the bacteiocin production was a yeast extract-based medium. The optimum incubation temperature for bacteriocin production was 34 °C. Bacteriocin production was higher near neutral pH conditions than that produced at acidic or alkaline environment. The results of cell growth and bacteriocin assays revealed that the exponential phase of growth and antibacterial compounds production was started rapidly in bioreactor than flask. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study supported the folkloric application of honey against some infectious diseases. B.subtilis SB1 that isolated from Sabalan honey was a potential source for bacteriocins-like compounds. Our studies suggested a simple buffered nitrogen-based medium for SB1 growth and bacteriocin activity in both shake flask and bioreactor.

Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs) are hierarchical flower-shaped microstructures that are assembled by nanoscale petal-like nanosheets composed of both organic and inorganic constituents. Generally, inorganic parts of HNFs are transition metal phosphates and organic components are mostly enzymes and proteins; however, non-protein molecules could be also used as organic phase in some types of newly described HNFs. Recent findings indicate that they are constructed through the coordination between organic and inorganic components. HNFs are mainly used for efficient biocatalysis and highly sensitive biosensing, while they have also some other noteworthy applications such as antimicrobial agents, antigen careers, and delivery platforms for anticancer drugs. It is believed that the high surface-to-volume ratio of HNFs could tackle mass transfer limitations leading to enhance the activity of their organic constituents. The environment-friendly route of synthesis and stabilization of biomolecules upon storage are the advantages of enzyme-based HNFs. In the present review, the focuses are on designs, preparations, formation mechanisms, and remarkable applications of the conventional forms and also magnetic, multi-component, and enzyme-free HNFs. Considering the fact that HNFs are in the early stages of development, the unknown aspects and future directions of research in this field are also discussed.

The stabilizing effect of some osmolytes including betaine, mannitol, proline, sorbitol, and trehalose (each 0.5 M) was investigated on the ultrasound-irradiated (60 kHz and 138 W, for 240 min) lipase by determination of the enzyme half-life time, evaluation of the enzymatic reaction velocity (V

Introduction: The concept of caring thinking has been utilized in nursing, and although it has been defined and evaluated using a variety of methods, yet it remains an abstract concept in nursing practice. This paper presents a concept analysis to define and clarify the concept of caring thinking to provide a deeper understanding of how caring thinking can be incorporated into nursing. Therefore, the present study is carried out for the purpose of defining and clarifying its concept in the nursing profession.Methods: This study used a hybrid model of concept analysis comprising three phases, namely a theoretical phase, field work phase, and a final analysis phase. To find relevant literature, electronic search of valid databases was utilized using keywords related to the concept of caring thinking. Field work data were collected over a 10-month time period from 2017 to 2018. In the field work phase, in-depth interviews were performed with 10 nurses and academic nurse. The conventional content analysis was used in two theoretical and field work phases, and the results were combined in the final analysis phase. Results: The 4 main themes extracted included “Correct thinking”, “Responsibility”, “Professional commitment”, and “Ethical thinking” and the final definition of the concept was presented.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that clarifying the concept of Caring thinking leads to better understanding and common perception of this concept and helps nurses to exhibit caring thinking and provide quality care. Caring thinking arranges the systematic approach to and practice of behaviors. Actually, caring thinking is form of thinking contributing to correct thinking. Therefore, the results of this study have implications for nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the cause of Gram negative nosocomial infections especially among the immunosuppressed patients. The bacteria contains las I and las R genes that play very important roles in the pathogenesis and mechanisms of aggression. These genes can be influenced by the quorum sensing (QS) system and such mechanism is becoming clinically important worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of green coffee extract (GCE) on the expression of pathogenesis-related genes, las I and las R in P. aeruginosa. METHODS: A total of fifty four P. aeruginosa strains were isolated out of 100 clinical samples collected from the infectious wards in different hospitals (Tehran province) using conventional microscopic and biochemical methods. Susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics, GCE and chlorogenic acid were elucidated. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR were performed to detect and quantify the expression levels of las I and las R genes. The presence of chlorogenic acid in GCE was confirmed by HPLC. RESULTS: Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed multidrug resistance among the clinical isolates of those 40 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (74.07%), 43 to ceftazidime (79.26%), 29 to amikacin (53.7%), 42 to ampicillin (77.77%), 17 to colistin (31.48%), 40 to gentamicin (74.77%), and 50 to piperacillin (92.59%). PCR outcomes exhibited that the frequency of las I and las R genes were 100% in resistant and sensitive strains isolated from clinical and standard strains of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15449). Real-time PCR analyses revealed that GCE significantly prevented the expression of las I and las R genes in P. aeruginosa. GCE at concentration level as low as 2.5 mg/mL could prevent the expression of lasI and lasR genes in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. CONCLUSION: The presence and expression levels of las I and las R genes in P. aeruginosa isolates were investigated when the bacteria was exposed to GCE. Our results tend to suggest that genes involved in pathogenesis of:Pseudomonas aeruginosa are down regulated by quorum sensing effect of chlorogenic acid and therefore GCE could be useful as an adjuvant in combating multidrug resistance strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

There is a special focus on using natural materials and herbal plants to prevent dental caries. Previous studies showed that some herbal plants have antimicrobial effects on oral pathogens. Thus we investigated the antimicrobial effects of three herbal extracts (

Laccase-catalyzed oxidation was applied in the biotransformation of levofloxacin (a potentially environmental antibiotic contamination); however, the enzyme may denature in urea-containing wastewater and lead to the formation of an inactive form followed by decreasing the yield of the bio-removal. In this study, the osmolytes-stabilized laccase was used to eliminate levofloxacin in the urea-containing solution. Sorbitol and proline 100 mM appeared to be the two most efficient laccase protectants against the urea-induced denaturation. In a 1-M urea solution, the maximum velocity (Vmax) of laccase was estimated to be 39.1 μmol min-1 mg-1. This value was improved to 101.7 and 51.8 μmol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of sorbitol and proline, respectively. In optimal conditions for the elimination of levofloxacin, sorbitol- and proline-treated laccase led to 82.9 % and 76.2 % bio-removal of the applied fluoroquinolone in 1 M urea solution, respectively. Biotransformation products of the parent antibiotic were spectroscopically analyzed that assigned to different reaction pathways including demethylation, defluorination, decarboxylation, deamination, and hydroxylation. A micro-toxicity study concerning the growth of some Gram+ and Gram- bacteria exhibited decreasing in inhibition of laccase-treated levofloxacin after a 10-h incubation at 37 °C.

Background: The main aim of the study was extract the health utility value of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease.Methods: In a cross-sectional study in Iran, 320 randomly selected treated patients from COVID-19 is studied. To collect the required data, we applied a questionnaire that included socio-demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and questions on the patients’ Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Time trade-off (TTO) approach is used to measure the lost HRQoL attributed to COVID-19. Besides, we applied a two-limit Tobit regression model to determine the effects of the socio-demographic factors on the patients’ health utility and used the visual analogue scale approach to estimate the perceived total current health status.Results: The overall mean (SE) and median (IQR) of the health utility values were 0.863 (0.01) and 0.909 (0.21), respectively. This values for those who were willing to trade time in exchange for perfect health estimated at 0.793 (0.01) and 0.848 (0.17), respectively. The lowest amount of utility value were belonged to the elderly (mean (SE) = 0.742 (0.04); median (IQR) = 0.765 (0.42)) and those lived in rural (mean (SE)) = 0.804 (0.03); median (IQR) = 0.877 (0.30)). The univariate analysis shows that age, location living, and household size factors have a statistically significant effect on the health utility. The regression model's findings indicate that the participants' age and hospitalization status were the key determinants of COVID-19 health utility value.Conclusion: COVID-19 is associated with a substantial and measurable diminution in HRQoL. This diminution in HRQoL can be directly compared with that induced by systemic health states.

Background COVID-19 is a public health emergency with a high mortality rate and it reduces the patient’s Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) significantly. This effect is measured in the current study. Methods In a cross-sectional study in Iran, 320 randomly selected treated patients from COVID-19 were studied. To collect the required data, we applied a questionnaire that included socio-demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and questions on the patients’ HRQoL. Time trade-off (TTO) approach was used to measure the lost HRQoL attributed to COVID-19. Besides, we applied a two-limit Tobit regression model to determine the effects of the socio-demographic factors on patients’ health utility and the visual analogue scale approach was used to estimate the perceived total current health status. Results The overall mean (SE) and median (IQR) of the health utility values were 0.863 (0.01) and 0.909 (0.21) respectively. These values for the traders (those who were willing to lose a part of their remaining time of life to avoid the disease) were estimated at 0.793 (0.01) and 0.848 (0.17), respectively. The lowest amount of utility value belonged to the elderly (mean (SE) = 0.742 (0.04); median (IQR) = 0.765 (0.42)) and those living in rural areas (mean (SE)) = 0.804 (0.03); median (IQR) = 0.877 (0.30)). The univariate analysis showed that age, place of residence, and household size had a statistically significant effect on health utility. Moreover, findings of the regression analysis indicated that the participants’ age and hospitalization status were the key determinants of COVID-19 health utility value. Conclusion COVID-19 is associated with a substantial and measurable decrease in HRQoL. This decline in HRQoL can be directly compared with that induced by systemic health states.

It is well-known that the typical protein’s three-dimensional structure is relatively unstable in harsh conditions. A practical approach to maintain the folded state and thus improve the stability and activity of proteins in unusual circumstances is to directly apply stabilizing substances such as osmolytes to the protein-containing solutions. Osmolytes as natural occurring organic molecules typically called “compatible” solutes, based on the concept that they do not perturb cellular components. However, urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) as denaturing osmolytes destabilize many macromolecular structures and inhibit functions. Several studies have been so far performed to explain the actual interaction of an osmolyte with a protein. The present review is aimed to achieve a collective knowledge of the progress arise in the field of osmolyte-protein interactions. The following is also an overview of the main techniques to measure protein stability in the presence of osmolytes.

Research on the antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts and natural compounds has proven that herbs have valuable sources of anti-infective agents, and numerous new compounds have been introduced to the market in this regard. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Stachys discolor subsp. mazandarana and to analyze the essential oil constituents of this herb. Antimicrobial effects of ethanol (80%) extract and n-hexane, and chloroform fractions were investigated against three gram-positive bacteria (Staphlococus aureus, Streptococus mutans, and Bacillus subtilis), one gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and also a fungus (Candida albicans) by well plate and agar dilution methods and diameter of the zone of inhibition was determined. The essential oil of the herb aerial parts was extracted by water distillation method and the essential oil compounds were analyzed by GC-Mass. The results of the present study showed that total extract of S. discolor subsp. mazandarana and its various fractions had almost no antimicrobial activity and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was more than 100 mg / ml. Analysis of essential oils showed that anymol (alpha-bisabolol) (18.10%) and curcumene (13.20%) were the most abundant components. The results revealed that the studied herb had no antibacterial and antifungal effects. However, given the compounds in the essential oil of this herb, it can be supposed that it may have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that can be investigated in future studies.

Background The aim of our research work was to investigate the relative potencies of matrix components of tylosin, a multi-component antibiotic, and establishing a quantitative relationship between content and potency of each component. Methods The potencies of tylosin matrix components were determined by using three bioassay methods. The content of tylosin components (tylosin A, B, C, and D) in different tylosin samples were determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique and their theoretical potencies were calculated. Equivalency of theoretical and microbiological potencies for each sample was evaluated using statistical analysis. Results The highest amount of tylosin B content was found in tylosin phosphate and tartrate (up to 19%). Tylosin D content in all tylosin samples varied in the range of 0.03 to 18.73%. Tylosin A, B, and C showed similar sensitivity to the Kocuria rhizophila, the test organism in agar-diffusion method, while the potency of tylosin D was 39% of A. In the turbidimetric methods by Staphylococcus aureus, tylosin D and B responses to A component were ranged from 22.5 to 22.8% and 77.3 to 79.3%, respectively, while potencies of tylosin C and A were almost equal. The biopotency conversion factors were not resulted to a single factor, due to the different antibacterial activity of tylosin components. Conclusion Our findings indicated that defining individual limit for the low active matrix components and for the total of other components with similar high activity could improve the accuracy of potency results. Graphical abstractᅟ

The Lactococcus lactis is known as a probiotic bacterium and also as a producer of nisin. Nisin has been approved by related legal agencies to be used as an antimicrobial peptide in food preservation. In fact, the L. lactis is present in different food products along with other micro-organisms especially pathogenic bacteria. So, it is important to predict the behavior of nisin-producer strain in contact with other pathogens. In this regard, nisin gene expression and the level of secreted biologically active form of nisin by L. lactis subsp. lactis in modified MRS broth and whey solution in co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica were studied. The nisin concentration was determined by microbiological assay method and the transcription level of nisin gene was assayed through quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). According to our results, the highest concentration of nisin and its gene transcription level were detected in mono- and co-cultures after 16 h of incubation, concurrent with the end of L. lactis exponential phase of growth. The nisin mRNA copies in co-cultures were higher than mono-cultures only at 16 h of incubation. But, differences between nisin concentrations in mono- and co-cultures were significant at 16, 24 h and at 12, 16, 24 h of incubation in the modified MRS medium and whey solution, respectively. This incompatibility could be related to the low availability of components required for nisin precursor modification, transportation and processing in mono-cultures. Overall, the L. lactis produced more mature and active nisin when it was in contact with pathogenic bacteria.

We designed and synthesized a series of new ciprofloxacin–dithiocarbamate–benzyl hybrids 5a–n as potential antibacterial agents. All of the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial results indicated that some of the synthesized compounds showed remarkable activity, comparable to their parent drug ciprofloxacin. Among the synthesized compounds, the 4-nitro derivative 5n, exhibited the most antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli. The antibacterial activity of this compound against S. aureus and E. coli was twofold higher than that of its parent ciprofloxacin. Molecular modeling of compound 5n was also investigated in the active site of E. coli DNA gyrase.

A series of 7-piperazinylquinolones containing a (benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl moiety were designed and synthesized as new antibacterial agents. The antibacterial activity of title compounds was evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia) microorganisms. Among the tested compounds, the N1-cyclopropyl derivative 4a showed the highest activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis and E. coli ( $$\text {MIC} = 0.097$$ $$\upmu $$ g/mL), being 2–4 times more potent than reference drug norfloxacin. A structure-activity relationship study demonstrated that the effect of the nitro group on the benzimidazole ring depends on the pattern of substitutions on the piperazinylquinolone.

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) has been used increasingly in various applications because of antibacterial properties; however, its cytotoxicity hampers application. On the other hand, there is a high affinity between the cell membrane complexes (CMCs) in wool structure and phospholipids of cationic nanoliposomes, leading to the transmission of cationic nanoliposomes into the wool. In this research, a novel method for PHMB controlled release is introduced by combining these facts. Firstly, PHMB was encapsulated into cationic liposome and then permeated into the wool to establish a highly controlled release then characterized through diverse methods. SEM images revealed successful transmission of cationic-liposome-encapsulated PHMB into the wool. The prepared wound dressings demonstrated highly sustained release for days and subsequently, long-term perfect antibacterial activity and biocompatibility.

Laccase is a blue enzyme with a remarkable ability to eliminate environmental pollutants. The use of the eco-friendly enzyme for removing ecological contaminants is extensive. In addition, there are some restrictions like its deactivation in various environmental conditions. Researchers have applied many strategies to improve the Laccase stability in different conditions, but those ways are expensive or demanding. Herein, we used betaine, a co-solvent, to increase the enzyme stability in various temperatures and pHs as an appropriate alternative strategy to improve the Laccase stability. The experimental results showed that the enzyme's stability would increase in the presence of betaine at high temperatures. Although no significant changes were detected for the enzyme secondary structure contents, betaine at high temperatures exhibited a protective effect on the enzyme's alpha-helical contents. The simulation results indicated that betaine and ion molecules could be excluded from the enzyme surface and help Laccase maintain its stability and activity. Increasing the betaine concentration up to 0.5 M increased the Tm value of laccase. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results also demonstrated that the enzyme's polar amino acids play essential roles in making hydrogen bonds with betaine molecules. Lys377 was also recognized as the most critical residue for electrostatic interactions with the osmolyte at low and high temperatures. At the same time, the higher temperatures could not considerably affect the electrostatic interactions between the carboxyl group of betaine and the basic residues. The results indicated that the negatively charged amino acids could strengthen electrostatic interactions with betaine at high temperatures. The computational analyses also demonstrated that the hydrated state of betaine would not change even at high temperatures. This study's outcomes could be valuable to researchers who seek to use a more affordable approach to increase Laccase activity in severe environmental conditions.

Multifunctional cotton fabric with excellent antibacterial efficiency and enhanced durable self-cleaning activity was introduced as a novel substrate with potential benefit for hosting various compounds such as drugs and pollutants providing medical and environmental remediation applications. For this purpose, Ag/TiO2/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanocomposites was synthesized and deposited on cotton fabric using three different methods namely exhaustion, pad-dry-cure and in-situ synthesis, following by post-treatment with citric acid and sodium hypophosphite. The samples were analyzed by different characterization tests including FESEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR. Response surface methodology based on one factor design was applied to study the influence of β-CD:Ag+ molar ratio and treatment method on self-cleaning activity, obtaining the optimized condition. Exhaustion method was found as the best technique providing maximum nanocomposites adsorption and self-cleaning properties based on statistical analysis. The optimized sample possessed enhanced self-cleaning properties toward methylene blue degradation, excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, maximum chrome ion adsorption, slightly increased tensile strength and crease recovery angle.

Background and Aims: Diabetic foot ulcers require special attention due to their complex and chronic nature and special care and the Nurse-led approach has emerged in the current situation in response to the increasing need for health care as a way to treat chronic patients and provide them with ongoing care. Providing this specialized duty in nursing can be promoted and enhanced the professional independence of nurses and presents challenges. This study has been conducted to make an understanding of the nurses' experiences about their participation in a nurse-led multidisciplinary team to providing care for patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Methods: This was a qualitative, phenomenological research, carried out with the participation of 8 nurses of Shariaty Hospital of Tehran. Data collection was done through in-depth and semi structured interview. Dieklemann method was used for data analysis. Results: 2 themes and 4 categories emerged during data analysis: antecedents (background and nursing skills) and manifestation of multidisciplinary function (from despair to tranquility, professional worthiness, promotion of self-confidence, preference of multidisciplinary approach). Conclusion: The findings of this study, which were the lived experiences of the participants, indicated that most of them had experienced positive effect of nurse-led multidisciplinary team care, training and development, appropriate skill mix, quality and outcome of care. Therefore, despite working on a multidisciplinary team is complex and demanding, management attributions and communication strategies is well situated to meet the challenge.