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It has been reported that MTX can lower blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), while MO and AP can lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemia. This study investigates the effects of administering MTX, MO leaf extract, AP leaf extract, and their combinations on the testicular tissue of diabetic rats. A total of 49 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, namely control (K1), STZ-NA (K2), STZ-NA+MO (K3), STZ-NA+AP (K4), STZ-NA+MTX (K5), STZ-NA+MTX+MO (K6), and STZ-NA+MTX+AP (K7). Out of 49 Wistar rats, 42 Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin and nicotinamide with a dose of 50 mg/kg and 110 mg/kg respectively. MTX was administered once a week (7 mg/kg), while MO and AP leaf extracts were given every day (500 mg/kg) for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were tested using a glucometer and body weight was measured using an Ohaus Triple Beam balance. Meanwhile, IL-6 levels in the testes were measured using ELISA. Testicular tissue was collected and analysed for histology using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results revealed a significant decrease in body weight in all STZ-NA-induced groups. In addition, the results revealed a significant increase in blood glucose levels in all STZ-NA-induced group. On the other hand, the administration of MO, AP, MTX, and their combinations significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 in the testicular tissue of diabetic rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that the administration of MO and AP can mitigate the adverse effects of hyperglycemia on the testicular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX), Moringa oleifera (MO), and Andrographis paniculata (AP) have been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic rats. This study aims to investigate the single and combination effects of MTX, MO, and AP on random blood glucose levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and trabecular density in diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 49 male rats were divided into seven groups, namely one control group and six diabetes mellitus (DM) groups. All rats in the DM groups were injected with streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) intraperitoneally. In addition, the DM groups were administered with a placebo daily (DG), a single dose of 500 mg/kg BW MO daily (DG+MO), a single dose of 500mg/kg BW AP daily (DG+AP), a single dose of 7 mg/kg BW MTX once a week (DG+MTX), a combination of MTX+MO, and a combination MTX+AP, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. On day 29, the right and left femur of the rats were collected for IL-6 examination (ELISA) and histopathological analysis. Results: IL-6 expression levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats treated with single and combination of MTX, MO, and AP compared to untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). However, the random blood glucose levels and trabecular density between treated and untreated diabetic rats were not significantly different (p < 0.001, p = 0.152). In addition, IL-6 levels were not correlated with trabecular density in all groups (r = -0.057, p = 0.722). Conclusion: Single doses of MTX, MO leaf extract, and AP leaf extract could suppress IL-6 expression in the femur tissue in diabetic rats. However, the IL-6 expression was not correlated with trabecular density although it significantly affected blood glucose levels in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]