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Проанализирована роль декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в формировании опасных факторов пожара (ОФП). Проведены расчеты распространения ОФП в модельном помещении с учетом вклада облицовочного материала стен и потолка. Показана возможность применения рассмотренного подхода для моделирования условий (стандартных и нестандартных) испытаний строительных материалов и конструкций на пожарную опасность (например, фасадных систем) и гибкого нормирования при использовании декоративно-отделочных, облицовочных материалов и покрытий полов в зданиях и сооружениях.Article presents the study of the possibility to describe thermal decomposition and thermal oxidation processes of fire load finishing materials by means of the kinetic parameters. These parameters are defined by results of termogravimetric analysis for modeling the dynamics of fire development. Nowadays the problem of modeling the distribution of hazardous fire factors (HFF) in buildings and constructions has wide practical application, however techniques of HFF modeling do not take into account as fire load finishing and facing materials of building and construction premises in development of a fire, so they are not considered at an estimation of safe evacuation of people from buildings and constructions as well as at calculation of fire risk, too. When describing a seat of fire there are used fire hazard indicators having essential uncertainty according to the technical literature sources and experimental data while formation should be based on the possibility of their thermodestruction and thermooxidation under the influence of heat loads of various intensity. At the same time, the speed of the specified processes should be interconnected with values of heat loads. The presented work is of current importance because it is necessary to describe thermodestruction and thermooxidation processes of fire load material at modeling the dynamics of HFF distribution in buildings and constructions by means of kinetic parameters received as the results of thermogravimetric analysis. On the example of calcium silicate and wood composition there are carried out calculations of HFF distribution in a test premise taking into account the contribution of wall and ceiling facing material. There is shown the prevailing, in comparison with a seat of fire, contribution of wall and ceiling facing material to HFF formation at its initial stage which is especially important from the point of view of ensuring safe evacuation of people at fire in buildings and constructions. On the basis of the conducted analysis of research results there are developed proposals for applying the considered approach to model conditions for (standard and non-standard) tests of building materials and structures for fire hazard (for example, front systems) and flexible rationing of use of decorative - finishing and facing materials as well as floor coverings in buildings and structures.

The article is devoted to the problem of international cultural cooperation in the modern era, when the process of intercultural contacts has intensified and, along with traditional forms of interaction, it has become necessary to search for new paradigms. The problem is considered on the example of cultural ties between Russia and Ibero-American countries in the context of growing cultural diversity. The article analyzes the phenomenon of dialogue as the main mechanism of intercultural communication that arose at the early stages of human history, as well as the conditions necessary for its successful implementation. A brief description of the Russian cultural policy is given. Special attention is paid to new models of interaction, among which the main place belongs to the «cross years of culture». The important role of cooperation in the context of virtual space, contributing to the expansion and deepening of cultural ties between Russia and the Ibero-American states, is emphasized.

In this paper we investigate response of the total ozone column to energetic electron precipitation (EEP) observed by bremsstrahlung effect. The list of EEP events was prepared by members of the balloon experiments of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Here we used superposed epoch analysis and the days with EEP events are registered during winter (November–February) and summer (June–August) months from 1970 to 2012 were chosen as key dates. This period corresponds approximately to three solar cycles. Data of the total ozone column were collected by single coherent total ozone dataset, called the Multi Sensor Reanalysis (MSR). A long series of data of the total ozone column is allowed us to study the response of ozone content to 90 winter and 103 summer EEP events. The obtained ozone sensitivity to the events of energetic electron precipitation is clearly pronounced during local winters in the high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (60–80 NH and 60–80 SH). In the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, during winter months, the total ozone content can be reduced by up to 10 DU after energetic electron precipitation with minimum observed on the first day after EEP events. Response of the total ozone, over high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, to EEP events can be opposite during summer months.

Little is known about marine mineral deposits in the Arctic Ocean, an ocean dominated by continental shelf and basins semi-closed to deep-water circulation. Here, we present data for ferromanganese crusts and nodules collected from the Amerasia Arctic Ocean in 2008, 2009, and 2012 (HLY0805, HLY0905, HLY1202). We determined mineral and chemical compositions of the crusts and nodules and the onset of their formation. Water column samples from the GEOTRACES program were analyzed for dissolved and particulate scandium concentrations, an element uniquely enriched in these deposits. The Arctic crusts and nodules are characterized by unique mineral and chemical compositions with atypically high growth rates, detrital contents, Fe/Mn ratios, and low Si/Al ratios, compared to deposits found elsewhere. High detritus reflects erosion of submarine outcrops and North America and Siberia cratons, transport by rivers and glaciers to the sea, and distribution by sea ice, brines, and currents. Uniquely high Fe/Mn ratios are attributed to expansive continental shelves, where diagenetic cycling releases Fe to bottom waters, and density flows transport shelf bottom water to the open Arctic Ocean. Low Mn contents reflect the lack of a mid-water oxygen minimum zone that would act as a reservoir for dissolved Mn. The potential host phases and sources for elements with uniquely high contents are discussed with an emphasis on scandium. Scandium sorption onto Fe oxyhydroxides and Sc-rich detritus account for atypically high scandium contents. The opening of Fram Strait in the Miocene and ventilation of the deep basins initiated Fe-Mn crust growth ∼15 Myr ago.

In this paper we present a method to compute ionization rates induced by relativistic electron precipitation with arbitrary incidence. Atmospheric ionization for monoenergetic ( > 100 keV) relativistic electron precipitation including explicitly ionization by Bremsstrahlung radiation is considered. Two peaks of energy deposition in the atmosphere can be identified. The first ionization peak is related to direct ionization of primary relativistic electrons, while the second corresponds to Bremsstrahlung radiation. The ionization rates are presented us Look-up Tables for vertical, isotropic and angular distributions for 15 ° , 30 ° and 45 ° angles of electron incidence. A computation algorithm is provided to compute ionization for an arbitrary angular distribution of precipitation electrons.

The methods of surface fire retardant treatment of textile materials (TM) and the chemical basis of the fire retardants used are considered. The possibility of developing a fire retardant composition for tissues that would not adversely affect the human skin upon contact has been studied. To determine the degree of danger of contact and of the penetration of chemicals through skin in contact with the fireproof TM, special studies were conducted to study the local irritating effect and resorption of the composition according to special developed laboratory methodological instructions. As the result the evidence was found that the irritating effect of the fire retardant composition developed on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes of experimental animals was not detected. Comparative thermo analytical studies showing the effectiveness of the fire retardant action of the composition developed on the main stage of thermal decomposition of cellulose-containing TM are presented. Thus, the development of a fire retardant composition based on phosphorus-containing compounds and urea compounds and the selection of the optimum ratio of stabilizers for the processing of decorative and finishing fabrics with safe contact with human skin can be one of the effective ways to solve the problem under consideration.

Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts provide a useful paleoenvironmental archive for studying the poorly understood climatic, oceanographic, and geologic evolution of the Arctic Ocean. This study is based on the identification and temporal reconstruction of sources and inferred transport pathways of terrigenous material in FeMn crusts collected from several sites across the Amerasia Basin. Samples from the Alpha Ridge (AR), Mendeleev Ridge (MR), and Chukchi Borderland (CB) have similar chemical compositions and high detrital contents. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of the terrigenous detritus extracted from the FeMn crust layers show spatial and temporal variability due to the variable proportions of inputs from the North American and East Siberian margins and local submarine outcrops. The temporal resolution is restricted by macroscopic crust layers, which represent times of significant changes in the depositional environment and are used to study first-order environmental changes. During the period of ca. 4.4 to 3.8 Myr ago, detritus in the MR area was derived mostly from the Laptev Sea. Then, until about 1.3 Myr ago, FeMn crusts from MR received a higher volcanic component sourced from the East Siberian Sea, with mixing of detritus from the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt (OCVB) area and possibly weathering of local MR outcrops, which is mostly High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) rocks. The period from about 1.3 Myr ago to the present reflects enhanced contributions of detritus from the Canadian Shield, approximately equal to the East Siberian contribution for the MR area. CB crusts show three main periods of distinct detrital input. During the period ca. 5.5–5.0 Myr ago, CB detritus was sourced from local submarine outcrops of the Jurassic-Cretaceous HALIP rocks and possibly from northeast Siberia, including OCVB rocks, while during the period from about 5.0 to 3.6 Myr ago, the CB FeMn crusts had a much greater input of detritus from the North American margin. After 3.6 Myr ago, the CB detritus shows a mixed composition predominantly sourced from North America with some material transported from the Bering Sea and smaller contributions from northeast Siberia. The AR crust was influenced mostly by detritus sourced from the Canadian Shield. This study shows that FeMn crusts from the Arctic ocean are a useful tool and archive for climate reconstruction and depositional history of this polar region.

Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts from Mendeleev Ridge, Chukchi Borderland, and Alpha Ridge, in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, are similar based on morphology and chemical composition. The crusts are characterized by a two- to four-layered stratigraphy. The chemical composition of the Arctic crusts differs significantly from hydrogenetic crusts from elsewhere of global ocean by high mean Fe/Mn ratios, high As, Li, V, Sc, and Th concentrations, and high detrital contents. Here, we present element distributions through crust stratigraphic sections and element phase association using several complementary techniques such as SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS, and sequential leaching, a widely employed method of element phase association that dissolves mineral phases of different stability step-by-step: Exchangeable cations and Ca carbonates, Mn-oxides, Fe-hydroxides, and residual fraction. Sequential leaching shows that the Arctic crusts have higher contents of most elements characteristic of the aluminosilicate phase than do Pacific crusts. Elements have similar distributions between the hydrogenetic Mn and Fe phases in all the Arctic and Pacific crusts. The main host phases for the elements enriched in the Arctic crusts over Pacific crusts (Li, As, Th, and V) are the Mn-phase for Li and Fe-phase for As, Th, and V, those elements also have higher contents in the residual aluminosilicate phase. Thus, higher concentrations of Li, As, Th, and V likely occur in the dissolved and particulate phases in bottom waters where the Arctic crusts grow, which has been shown to be true for Sc, also highly enriched in the crusts. The phase distributions of elements within the crust layers is mostly consistent among the Arctic crusts, being somewhat different in element concentrations in the residual phase.

Layered ferromanganese crusts collected by dredge from a water depth range of 2770 to 2200 m on Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean, were analyzed for mineralogical and chemical compositions and dated using the excess 230 Th technique. Comparison with crusts from other oceans reveals that Fe-Mn deposits of Mendeleev Ridge have the highest Fe/Mn ratios, are depleted in Mn, Co, and Ni, and enriched in Si and Al as well as some minor elements, Li, Th, Sc, As and V. However, the upper layer of the crusts shows Mn, Co, and Ni contents comparable to crusts from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Growth rates vary from 3.03 to 3.97 mm/Myr measured on the uppermost 2 mm. Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides (vernadite, ferroxyhyte, birnessite, todorokite and goethite) and nonmetalliferous detrital minerals characterize the Arctic crusts. Temporal changes in crust composition reflect changes in the depositional environment. Crust formation was dominated by three main processes: precipitation of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides from ambient ocean water, sorption of metals by those Fe and Mn phases, and fluctuating but large inputs of terrigenous debris.

Semantic relatedness of terms represents similarity of meaning by a numerical score. On the one hand, humans easily make judgements about semantic relatedness. On the other hand, this kind of information is useful in language processing systems. While semantic relatedness has been extensively studied for English using numerous language resources, such as associative norms, human judgements and datasets generated from lexical databases, no evaluation resources of this kind have been available for Russian to date. Our contribution addresses this problem. We present five language resources of different scale and purpose for Russian semantic relatedness, each being a list of triples (wordi, wordj, similarityij). Four of them are designed for evaluation of systems for computing semantic relatedness, complementing each other in terms of the semantic relation type they represent. These benchmarks were used to organise a shared task on Russian semantic relatedness, which attracted 19 teams. We use one of the best approaches identified in this competition to generate the fifth high-coverage resource, the first open distributional thesaurus of Russian. Multiple evaluations of this thesaurus, including a large-scale crowdsourcing study involving native speakers, indicate its high accuracy. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017.

We present a new recommender system developed for the Russian interactive radio network FMhost based on a previously proposed model. The underlying model combines a collaborative user-based approach with information from tags of listened tracks in order to match user and radio station profiles. It follows an adaptive online learning strategy based on the user history. We compare the proposed algorithms and an industry standard technique based on singular value decomposition (SVD) in terms of precision, recall, and NDCG measures, experiments show that in our case the fusion-based approach shows the best results.

We propose a new approach for Collaborative filtering which is based on Boolean Matrix Factorisation (BMF) and Formal Concept Analysis. In a series of experiments on real data (MovieLens dataset) we compare the approach with an SVD-based one in terms of Mean Average Error (MAE). One of the experimental consequences is that it is enough to have a binary-scaled rating data to obtain almost the same quality in terms of MAE by BMF as for the SVD-based algorithm in case of non-scaled data.

This paper considers a recommender part of the data analysis system for the collaborative platform Witology. It was developed by the joint research team of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and the Witology company. This recommender system is able to recommend ideas, like-minded users and antagonists at the respective phases of a crowdsourcing project. All the recommender methods were tested in the experiments with real datasets of the Witology company.

The increasing amount of information available online has led to the development of technologies that help to deal with it. One of them is Interactive Question Answering (IQA), a research field that has emerged at the intersection of question answering and dialogue systems, and which allows users to find the answers to questions in an interactive way. During the answering process, the automatic system can initiate a dialogue with the user in order to clarify missing or ambiguous information, or suggest further topics for discussion. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art in the field of interactive question answering. Given that IQA inherits a lot of features from dialogue systems and question answering, these fields are also briefly presented. Analysis of the existing systems reveals that in general IQA systems rely on a scaled-down version of a dialogue system, sometimes built on top of question answering systems. Evaluation of IQA is also discussed, showing that it combines evaluation techniques from question answering and dialogue systems.

We propose extensions of the classical JSM-method and the Naive Bayesian classifier for the case of triadic relational data. We performed a series of experiments on various types of data (both real and synthetic) to estimate quality of classification techniques and compare them with other classification algorithms that generate hypotheses, e.g. ID3 and Random Forest. In addition to classification precision and recall we also evaluated the time performance of the proposed methods.

This paper discusses the recommender models and methods for crowd sourcing platforms. These models are based on modern methods of data analysis of object-attribute data, such as Formal Concept Analysis and biclustering. In particular, the paper is focused on the solution of two tasks - idea and antagonists recommendation - on the example of crowd sourcing platform Witology.

We propose extensions of the classical JSM-method and the Naive Bayesian classifier for the case of triadic relational data. We performed a series of experiments on various types of data (both real and synthetic) to estimate quality of classification techniques and compare them with other classification algorithms that generate hypotheses, e.g. ID3 and Random Forest. In addition to classification precision and recall we also evaluated the time performance of the proposed methods.