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This review synthesises recent discoveries in the risk factors of nephrocalcinosis, with a particular focus on novel findings. Nephrocalcinosis, characterised by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, is linked to a variety of genetic, metabolic, dietetic, and environmental contributors. The study emphasises the critical role of advanced imaging techniques in diagnosis and the identification of new genetic mutations in genes such as CLCN5, CASR , and SLC34A3 as significant contributors to the condition. The paper highlights the importance of recognising these novel risk factors for better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nephrocalcinosis. It calls for further research to explore these new dimensions, particularly the genetic underpinnings and environmental exposures, to develop more effective management strategies and potentially prevent the onset of this complex renal condition.

Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the body, is associated with several health risks, including gout, urolithiasis and cardiovascular disease. Although treatment options are available, they can lead to hypersensitivity reactions, particularly with allopurinol therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the consequences of hyperuricemia, the need for treatment and the potential adverse effects of allopurinol, illustrated by a case study. The study highlights the importance of careful consideration before initiating therapy, particularly in patients with comorbidi­ties and concomitant medication. It emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and individualized treatment approaches to reduce adverse effects. In addition, genetic factors, particularly HLA-B*5801, play an important role in determining susceptibility to allopurinol hypersensitivity reactions. This paper highlights the importance of informed decision making in the management of hyperuricemia to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing the risks associated with treatment.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Physical activity during pregnancy has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of excessive gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Quality of life (QOL) often decreases during pregnancy which may be linked to reduced physical activity (PA). This article emphasizes the importance of exercise during pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS An extensive examination of articles published in scientific journals was carried out through online research platforms PubMed and Google Scholar. We searched articles by entering keywords in appropriate configuration: “physical activity”, “pregnancy”, “pregnant exercises”, “pregnant woman”, “quality of life”, “QOL”. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS Gestational overweight and obesity are linked to negative outcomes for both mother and child. Additionally, physical activity plays a vital role in reducing postpartum depressive disorders and managing conditions such as gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders. WHO recommends to get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) similarly advises engaging in a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, like brisk walking, each week during and after pregnancy. SUMMARY Physical activity can play a crucial role in preventing depressive disorders in women during the postpartum period. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2017 revealed that women who engaged in aerobic exercise for 30 to 60 minutes, 2 to 7 times a week, had a significantly lower risk of gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational hypertension, and cesarean delivery compared to those who were more sedentary.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare condition. In this study we describe the diagnosis of the disease in a 73-year old female, presenting dementia. Diagnostic tests unveiled characteristic features of CJD. The diagnosis of CJD was confirmed. It is important to always take into consideration the diagnosis of CJD in the diagnostic process of dementia. Purpose: The aim of this scientific paper is to present symptoms and diagnostic methods of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease on the basis of a clinical case. Review Methods: We conducted our study as a literature review based on information gathered from PubMed, Embase, GoogleScholar using combinations of the following. As a part of study, we also present a case description from our materials from clinical practice.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been a global epidemic since the 1980s, with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) aiming to eliminate it as a public health threat by 2030. As of 2017, 36.9 million individuals were living with HIV worldwide, making HIV infection a leading cause of death globally. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical prevention method that can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 90% when taken consistently. This review examines the awareness and knowledge of PrEP among students, focusing on variations across gender, race, sexual orientation, study type, university type, and country of residence. A literature search conducted in the MEDLINE database between February and March 2024 identified 26 relevant studies published in the last ten years. Findings reveal significant disparities in PrEP awareness and knowledge, influenced by factors such as field of study and geographic location. While healthcare students generally show higher awareness levels, gaps remain, particularly among non-healthcare students and in different regions. Targeted educational initiatives are crucial to enhance PrEP acceptance and utilization. Addressing these gaps is essential for improving HIV prevention efforts and ultimately achieving UNAIDS' 2030 objective.