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1. From hell’s heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

Author

Roger Burks, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, Lucian Fusu, John M. Heraty, Petr Janšta, Steve Heydon, Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud, Ralph S. Peters, Ekaterina V. Tselikh, James B. Woolley, Simon van Noort, Hannes Baur, Astrid Cruaud, Christopher Darling, Michael Haas, Paul Hanson, Lars Krogmann, and Jean-Yves Rasplus

Subjects
Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

The family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is reviewed with the goal of providing nomenclatural changes and morphological diagnoses in preparation for a new molecular phylogeny and a book on world fauna that will contain keys to identification. Most subfamilies and some tribes of Pteromalidae are elevated to family level or transferred elsewhere in the superfamily. The resulting classification is a compromise, with the aim of preserving the validity and diagnosability of other, well-established families of Chalcidoidea. The following former subfamilies and tribes of Pteromalidae are elevated to family rank: Boucekiidae, Ceidae, Cerocephalidae, Chalcedectidae, Cleonymidae, Coelocybidae, Diparidae, Epichrysomallidae, Eunotidae, Herbertiidae, Hetreulophidae, Heydeniidae, Idioporidae, Lyciscidae, Macromesidae, Melanosomellidae, Moranilidae, Neodiparidae, Ooderidae, Pelecinellidae (senior synonym of Leptofoeninae), Pirenidae, Spalangiidae, and Systasidae. The following subfamilies are transferred from Pteromalidae: Chromeurytominae and Keiraninae to Megastigmidae, Elatoidinae to Neodiparidae, Nefoeninae to Pelecinellidae, and Erotolepsiinae to Spalangiidae. The subfamily Sycophaginae is transferred to Pteromalidae. The formerly incertae sedis tribe Lieparini is abolished and its single genus Liepara is transferred to Coelocybidae. The former tribe Tomocerodini is transferred to Moranilidae and elevated to subfamily status. The former synonym Tridyminae (Pirenidae) is treated as valid. The following former Pteromalidae are removed from the family and, due to phylogenetic uncertainty, placed as incertae sedis subfamilies or genera within Chalcidoidea: Austrosystasinae, Ditropinotellinae, Keryinae, Louriciinae, Micradelinae, Parasaphodinae, Rivasia, and Storeyinae. Within the remaining Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae and Ormocerinae are confirmed as separate from Pteromalinae, the former tribe Trigonoderini is elevated to subfamily status, the former synonym Pachyneurinae is recognized as a distinct subfamily, and as the senior synonym of Austroterobiinae. The tribe Termolampini is synonymized under Pteromalini, and the tribe Uzkini is synonymized under Colotrechnini. Most former Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, and Sycoryctinae are retained in the tribe Otitesellini, which is transferred to Pteromalinae, and all other genera of Pteromalinae are treated as Pteromalini. Eriaporidae is synonymized with Pirenidae, with Eriaporinae and Euryischiinae retained as subfamilies. Other nomenclatural acts performed here outside of Pteromalidae are as follows: Calesidae: elevation to family rank. Eulophidae: transfer of Boucekelimini and Platytetracampini to Opheliminae, and abolishment of the tribes Elasmini and Gyrolasomyiini. Baeomorphidae is recognized as the senior synonym of Rotoitidae. Khutelchalcididae is formally excluded from Chalcidoidea and placed as incertae sedis within Apocrita. Metapelmatidae and Neanastatidae are removed from Eupelmidae and treated as distinct families. Eopelma is removed from Eupelmidae and treated as an incertae sedis genus in Chalcidoidea. The following subfamilies and tribes are described as new: Cecidellinae (in Pirenidae), Enoggerinae (incertae sedis in Chalcidoidea), Erixestinae (in Pteromalidae), Eusandalinae (in Eupelmidae), Neapterolelapinae (incertae sedis in Chalcidoidea), Solenurinae (in Lyciscidae), Trisecodinae (in Systasidae), Diconocarini (in Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae), and Trigonoderopsini (in Pteromalidae: Colotrechninae). A complete generic classification for discussed taxa is provided.

Published
2022
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2. The Chalcidoidea bush of life – a massive radiation blurred by mutational saturation

Author

Astrid Cruaud, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Junxia Zhang, Roger Burks, Gérard Delvare, Lucian Fusu, Alex Gumovsky, John T. Huber, Petr Janšta, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, John S. Noyes, Simon van Noort, Austin Baker, Julie Böhmová, Hannes Baur, Bonnie B. Blaimer, Seán G. Brady, Kristýna Bubeníková, Marguerite Chartois, Robert S. Copeland, Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud, Ana Dal Molin, Chrysalyn Dominguez, Marco Gebiola, Emilio Guerrieri, Robert L. Kresslein, Lars Krogmann, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Elizabeth A. Murray, Sabine Nidelet, José Luis Nieves-Aldrey, Ryan K. Perry, Ralph S. Peters, Andrew Polaszek, Laure Sauné, Javier Torréns, Serguei Triapitsyn, Ekaterina V. Tselikh, Matthew Yoder, Alan R. Lemmon, James B. Woolley, and John M. Heraty

Abstract

Capturing phylogenetic signal from a massive radiation can be daunting. The superfamily Chalcidoidea is an excellent example of a hyperdiverse group that has remained recalcitrant to phylogenetic resolution. Chalcidoidea are mostly parasitoid wasps that until now included 27 families, 87 subfamilies and as many as 500,000 estimated species. We combined 1007 exons obtained with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment with 1048 Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) for 433 taxa including all extant families, over 95% of all subfamilies and 356 genera chosen to represent the vast diversity of the superfamily. Going back and forth between molecular results and our collective morphological and biological knowledge, we detected insidious bias driven by the saturation of nucleotide data and highlighted morphological convergences. Our final results are based on a concatenated analysis of the least saturated exons and UCE data sets (2054 loci, 284,106 sites). Our analyses support a sister relationship with Mymarommatoidea. Seven of the previously recognized families were not monophyletic, so foundations for a new classification are discussed. Biology appears potentially more informative than morphology, as illustrated by the elucidation of a clade of plant gall associates and a clade of taxa with planidial first-instar larvae. The phylogeny suggests a shift from smaller soft-bodied wasps to larger and more heavily sclerotized wasps. Deep divergences in Chalcidoidea coincide with an increase in insect families in the fossil record, and an early shift to phytophagy corresponds with the beginning of the “Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution”. Our dating analyses suggest a Middle Jurassic origin of 174 Ma (167.3-180.5 Ma) and a crown age of 162.2 Ma (153.9–169.8 Ma) for Chalcidoidea. During the Cretaceous, Chalcidoidea underwent a rapid radiation in southern Gondwana with subsequent dispersals to the Northern Hemisphere. This scenario is discussed with regard to knowledge about host taxa of chalcid wasps, their fossil record, and Earth’s paleogeographic history.

Published
2022

3. Insect species described by Karl-Johan Hedqvist

Author

Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud, Hege Vårdal, Gavin R. Broad, and Mattias Forshage

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Entomology, Chalcidoidea, biology, Type catalogue, Ecology, media_common.quotation_subject, 010607 zoology, Biodiversity, Zoology, Hymenoptera, Insect, Biological Sciences, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Braconidae, Taxon, Insect Science, Biologiska vetenskaper, Biological sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Pteromalidae
Abstract

The Swedish entomologist, Karl-Johan Hedqvist (1917–2009) described 261 species of insects, 260 species of Hymenoptera and one of Coleoptera, plus 72 genera and a small number of family-level taxa. These taxa are catalogued and the current depositories of the types are listed, as well as some brief notes on the history of the Hedqvist collection. We also discuss some issues that can arise when type-rich specimen collections are put on the commercial market.

Published
2016

4. A first phylogenomic hypothesis for Eulophidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

Author

Astrid Cruaud, Nicole Fisher, Nathalie Gauthier, Lucian Fusu, Bonnie B. Blaimer, Roger A. Burks, John M. Heraty, Alex Gumovsky, Seán G. Brady, R. A. S. Pereira, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Sabine Nidelet, Michael W. Gates, Rosichon Ubaidillah, Gérard Delvare, Christer Hansson, Laure Sauné, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Smithsonian Institution, University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California, Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), CSIRO Agriculture and Food (CSIRO), I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NASU, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Lund University [Lund], Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași [Romania], Depto de Biologia/FFCLRP-USP, Partenaires INRAE, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), This work is part of a large NSF project (NSF DEB 1555808) led by John Heraty, Jim Woolley and Matt Yoder that attempts to solve the phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea with NGS approaches and was funded by the INRA SPE department (recurrent funding to JYR and AC)., European Project: 1555808(2016), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), National Museum of Natural History, University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), University of California (UC), Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, FFCLRP-USP, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Department of Life Sciences [NHM London], We are grateful to Cedric Mariac and Leila Zekraoui (IRD, DIADE, France) for providing access to the Bioruptor, Audrey Weber (INRA, AGAP, France) for sequencing libraries, and the Genotoul bioinformatics platform Toulouse Occitanie, France, for providing computing resources. We thank the following persons for the loan or gift of material: Natalie Dale-Skey Papilloud and Andrew Polaszek (NHM, London), Thibaud Decaëns (CEFE, Montpellier), and and Chris Burwell, Christine Lambkin and Susan Wright (Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia). Sampling in Brazil has been realised under the permanent permission for sampling zoological material (SISBIO 8775-1) delivered to Rodrigo A.S. Pereira. We thank the Queensland Government, Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing for delivering permits to sample in Queensland National Parks (Permits #WITK18248017‐WITK18278817 to AC & JYR). This work is part of a large NSF project (NSF DEB 1555808) led by John Heraty, Jim Woolley and Matt Yoder that attempts to solve the phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea with NGS approaches and was funded by the INRA SPE department (recurrent funding to JYR and AC).

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Phylogénie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 010607 zoology, Zoology, Hymenoptera, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Target enrichment, Phylogenetics, UCEs, capture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Eulophidae, biology, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, Parasitoïde, Morpho, Biodiversity, sequence, L10 - Génétique et amélioration des animaux, biology.organism_classification, ultraconserved element, sequence capture, target enrichment
Abstract

Fastq raw reads are available as NCBI Sequence Read Archives (BioSamples IDs are listed in TableS1). The concatenated data set and newick treefiles are available from Zenodo. We dedicate this work to the memory of our dear friend and colleague John LaSalle, specialist of Eulophidae, who influenced all authors and published the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of the family with one of us (NG). John sent JYR many of the eulophid genera from Australia for sequencing and was an enthusiastic member of our project on the UCE phylogenomics of Chalcidoidea.; International audience; Eulophidae is a hyper-diverse family of chalcidoid wasps with 324 genera, about 5300 described species and probably thousands of others to be described. Until now, the absence of unequivocal morphological apomorphies and the low resolution provided by the handful of Sanger sequenced genes have hampered the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within the family. Here, we used ultra-conserved elements and their flanking regions to resolve relationships among 84 species of eulophids included in 63 genera representing all subfamilies and most tribes, plus 15 outgroups. Our analyses recover all traditional Eulophidae subfamilies and tribes with high support and globally agree with the traditional classification of the family. Our results confirm that Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae is the sister group of (Opheliminae + Entiinae) + Entedoninae. At the generic level, our analyses provide high support for intergeneric relationships for which morphology and Sanger markers previously failed to provide resolution. Our results also confirm thatTrisecodesdoes not group with Eulophidae and may not belong to this family; however, its correct classification still awaits a large-scale phylogenomic hypothesis for Chalcidoidea. This work opens new avenues towards a better understanding of the evolutionary history, biogeography and evolution of host-parasitoid associations in this hyper-diverse family of chalcidoid wasps.

Published
2020

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