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Probiotics are known to impact positively on one’s health, but this statement may have many concerns and challenges especially when it comes to military dining. The purpose of this review is to determine whether there is scientific research based justification to the recommend promotion of probiotic containing food(s) for service personal consumption. Several research findings have shown its beneficial effect on various conditions such as respiratory tract infections, gastro-intestinal diseases such as infectious diarrhoea, as well as for treating nosocomial infections when admitted to ICU. Peer reviewed literature was searched to identify original research related to the efficacy of pro/pre-biotic containing food(s) in prophylaxis or treatment of several service related ailments viz., acute infectious diarrhoea, depression, service related GI and liver diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, respiratory tract infections, Allergic rhinitis, dental health issues and female urogenital conditions. Available scientific evidence can be wisely used by the practitioners for different conditions keeping in mind the probiotic strain, dose, and method of delivery as the effect is not always the same in every person.

The contamination of food and potable water with microorganisms may cause food-borne and water-borne diseases. The common contaminants include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella sp. etc. The conventional methods for monitoring the water quality for the presence of bacterial contaminants are time-consuming, expensive, and not suitable for rapid on-spot detection in field conditions. In the current study, super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized and conjugated with E. coli specific Aptamer I to detect E. coli cells qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The sludge consisting of E. coli- SPION complex was separated via magnetic separation. The presence of E. coli cells was confirmed with the help of standard techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) employing Aptamer II conjugated CdTe-MPA quantum dots (QDs). Finally, an ATmega 328P prototype biosensor based on Aptamer II conjugated CdTe MPA QDs exhibited quantitative and qualitative abilities to detect E.coli. This prototype biosensor can even detect low bacterial counts (up to 1 × 10

Herbal medicines are known to mitigate radical induced cell damage. Hence identification and scientific validation of herbal medicines contribute to better use in Ayurvedic/Unani research. In the present study, we investigated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of Convolvulus pluricaulis (C. pluricaulis). C. pluricaulis exhibited antioxidant potential evident by free radical scavenging activities. C. pluricaulis pretreatment inhibited H2O2 induced macromolecule damage such as plasmid DNA damage and AAPH induced oxidation of bovine serum albumin and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissues. Further to identify the neuroprotective properties of C. pluricaulis, SHSY5Y cells were treated with H2O2 with or without pretreatment of C. pluricaulis. The C. pluricaulis pretreatment at 50 μg/ml dose exhibited 50% cell survival against 100 μM H2O2 challenge for 24 h and it also decreased the lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Further C. pluricaulis pretreatment restored and regulated the antioxidant and apoptosis markers such as SOD, CAT, p53, and caspase-3 and inhibited, reactive oxygen species generation and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. C. pluricaulis possess a high content of flavonoids and polyphenols and GC-MS and FTIR analysis showed a wide variety of compounds which may contribute to the observed effects., Graphical abstract Image 1

Highlights • Development of a SYBR Green I based quantitative RT-PCR assay for emerging RRV. • Oral infection of Ae. aegypti with RRV revealed 100% infection and dissemination rate. • A transmission rate of 75% was observed in Ae. aegypti. • Assay was validated by screening potential antivirals against RRV. • qRT-PCR can be a remarkable tool for virus surveillance and antiviral screening., Ross River virus (RRV) is an emerging Alphavirus and is presently endemic in many parts of Oceania. Keeping in mind its emergence, we developed a molecular detection system and utilized it to study vector competence and evaluate activity of antiviral compounds against RRV. A SYBR Green I-based quantitative RT-PCR for detection of RRV was developed targeting the E2 gene, with a detection limit of 100 RNA copies/reaction. The specificity was confirmed with closely related Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses. The assay was applied to study the vector competence of Indian Aedes aegypti for RRV, which revealed 100% infection and dissemination rate with 75% transmission rate. Viral RNA was found in saliva as early as 3 day post infection (dpi). Further application of the assay in antiviral drug evaluation revealed the superior in vitro activity of ribavirin compared to chloroquine in Vero cells. Successful demonstration of this assay to detect RRV in low titre mosquito samples makes it a sensitive tool in vector surveillance. This study also showed that Indian Ae. aegypti are well competent to transmit RRV highlighting the risk of its introduction to naïve territories across continents. Further validation of this assay, revealed its utility in screening of potential antivirals against RRV.

Pelargonidin chloride (PC) is one of the major anthocyanin found in berries, radish and other natural foods. Many natural chemopreventive compounds have been shown to be potent inducers of phase II detoxification genes and its up-regulation is important for oxidative stress related disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PC in ameliorating citrinin (CTN) induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The cytotoxicity of CTN was evaluated by treating HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells with CTN (0–150 μM) in a dose dependent manner for 24 h, and the IC50 was determined to be 96.16 μM. CTN increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage (59%), elevated reactive oxygen species (2.5-fold), depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential as confirmed by JC-1 monomers and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Further, apoptotic and necrotic analysis revealed significant changes followed by DNA damage. To overcome these toxicological effects, PC was pretreated for 2 h followed by CTN exposure for 24 h. Pretreatment with PC resulted in significant increase in cell viability (84.5%), restored membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species level were maintained and cell cycle phases were normal. PC significantly up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzymes: heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and quinone reductase. Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus was also observed by immunocytochemistry analysis. These data demonstrate the protective effect of PC against CTN-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzyme levels through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition, antifungal activity of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPE) against Fusarium sporotrichioides. Methods: The phytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis and mycelia growth inhibition was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the morphological characterization was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the membrane permeability was determined by the release of extracellular constituents, pH, and total lipid content. Result: In GC MS analysis, 22 metabolites were identified such as menthol, l menthone, pulegone, piperitone, caryophyllene, menthol acetate, etc. The antifungal activity against targeted pathogen, with MIC and MFC 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The MPE altered the morphology of F. sporotrichoides hyphae with the loss of cytoplasm content and contorted the mycelia. The increasing concentration of MPE showed increase in membrane permeability of F. sporotrichoides as evidenced by the release of extracellular constituents and pH with the disruption of cell membrane indicating decrease in lipid content of F. sporotrichoides. Conclusion: The observed results showed that MPE exhibited promising new antifungal agent against Fusarium sporotrichioides. SUMMARY F. sporotrichioides, filamentous fungi contaminate to corn and corn--based productsF. sporotrichioides mainly responsible for the production of T-2 toxinPhytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry analysisMentha piperita essential oil (MPE) is commonly known as peppermintThe F. sporotrichioides growth was inhibited by MPE (minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration)Morphological observation by scanning electron microscope. Abbreviations Used: Cfu: Colony forming unit; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, °C: Degree celsius; F. Sporotrichoides: Fusarium sporotrichioides; EOs: Essential oils; M: Molar, g: Gram/gravity, mg: Milligram; μg: Microgram, ml: Milliliter; mm: Millimeter, min: Minutes; M. piperita: Mentha piperita, MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentration; MAE: Mentha arvensis essential oil; Na2SO4: Sodium sulfate; pH: Potential Hydrogen; PDB: Potato Dextrose Broth; SEM: Scanning electron microscope

Due to several limitations of existing cyanide antidotes, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) has been proposed as a promising treatment for cyanide.This study reports the accelerated stability and bioassay of a new oral α-KG formulation.Amber-colored PVDF bottles containing 100 ml of 10% α-KG in 70% sorbitol, preservative (sodium methyl paraben and sodium propyl paraben), sweetener (sodium saccharine), flavor (American ice-cream soda and peppermint) and color (tartrazine), at pH 7.0-8.0 were stored in stability chamber (40 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5% humidity) for 6 months in a GMP compliant facility. Various physical (pH, color, evaporation, extractable volume and clarity), chemical (identification and quantification of active ingredient) and microbiological (total aerobic count) analyses, together with protection studies were carried periodically in mice. Acute toxicity of the formulation and bioavailability of α-KG were assessed in rats at the beginning of the experiment.No physical changes and microbiological growth were observed in the formulation. After 6 months, α-KG content in the formulation diminished by ∼24% but its protective efficacy against cyanide remained at 5.9-fold. Protection was further characterized spectrophotometrically by disappearance of α-KG spectrum in the presence of cyanide, confirming cyanohydrin formation. Oral LD50 of α-KG formulation in rats was7.0 g/kg body weight, and did not produce any acute toxicity of clinical significance. Also, an appreciable amount of α-KG was measured in blood.As per the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization, the new α-KG formulation exhibited satisfactory stability, bioefficacy and safety as cyanide antidote.

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of novel Swine Origin Influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) was engineered for expression in Pichia pastoris as a soluble secreted protein. The full length HA-synthetic gene having α secretory tag under the control of AOX1 promoter was integrated into P. pastoris genome through homologous recombination. The resultant Pichia clones having single and multiple copy integrants of the expression cassettes were screened for the expression of full length HA protein in the culture supernatant. In order to completely exploit the expression potential of the P. pastoris expression system, a systematic investigation on the influence of gene copy number on the expression of the recombinant protein was made. A panel of Pichia clones carrying increasing copies of the heterologous gene was selected based on Geneticin resistance and SYBR green-based quantitative real-time PCR approach. Using these strategies, recombinant Pichia transformants carrying up to a maximum of four to six copies of the transgene were identified. After optimising the expression conditions for shaker flask culture, the resultant clones demonstrated that the increase in copy number results in a proportional elevation in the expression level of H1N1HA recombinant protein. Our findings clearly suggest that the gene dosage effect play a vital role in high level expression of the pandemic Influenza HA protein in yeast system.

Article history: Objective: To isolate strains of Actinomycetes from different locations of Gwalior to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant pathogenic strains. Method: Soil samples collected from different niche habitats of Gwalior were serially diluted and plated on selective media. Potential colonies were further purified and stored in agar slants and glycerol stocks. Isolates were biochemically characterized and purified isolates were test against pathogenic microorganisms for screening. Isolates with antagonistic properties were inoculated in production media and secondary metabolites or antimicrobial products were extracted. Result: The seven actinomycetes strains showing maximum antibacterial activity were isolated further characterized based on their colony characteristics and biochemical analyses. The isolates were screened for their secondary metabolites activity on three human pathogenic bacteria are Escherichia coli (E. coli), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE). Discussion: The strain MITS 1005 was found to be more active against the test bacteria.

Histidine-rich protein-2 (HRPII) secreted by Plasmodium falciparum finds its use as a compelling marker in malaria diagnosis and follow-up. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against P. falciparum HRPII are widely used in antibody-based diagnostic systems to detect HRPII protein in blood of malaria-suspected individuals. In this study, a set of five monoclonal antibodies against recombinant HRPII (rHRPII) were generated and assessed for their potential in diagnostics. Three among the five generated MAbs were of IgG1 isotype and the remaining were of IgM isotype. Probing the MAbs against proved P. falciparum infected serum and pooled control sera by immunoblotting revealed that the MAbs were successful in exposing malarial infection. Collectively, the generated MAbs have the potential to be used in immuno-based diagnostic systems uncovering P. falciparum infections.

Poly (γ-) glutamic acid is a polymer of L or D - Glutamic acid units produced by microorganisms as a defense mechanism as an act of stress tolerance. Production of γ-PGA by microbial source has been gaining attention due to its low cost of production and varied application with high compatibility and high biodegradability. Its application ranges from food industry to waste water treatment. γ-PGA is a major constituent of Japanese food - natto. PGA has vast applications in food, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, water treatment and other fields. The high research interest that currently is developing for γ-PGA is due to its potential as a biomedical material with a high biocompatibility and a fair biodegradability. In fact, γ-PGA is extensively used as a food additive and it is known to be hydrolytically degradable by water with or without intervening of proteases. An incessant number of publications dealing with the use of γ-PGA as drug delivery system are appearing in these last few years and several processes have been developed at large scale which are able to afford great amounts of this compound for industrial uses.

Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), owing to unique structural and kinetic properties, is a well known target for antimalarial compounds. To explore a new approach for high level soluble expression of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase ( Pf LDH) in E. coli, Pf LDH encoding sequence was cloned into pQE-30 Xa vector. When transformed E. coli SG13009 cells were induced at 37 °C with 0.5 mM isopropyl β- d -thiogalactoside (IPTG) concentration, the protein was found to be exclusively associated with inclusion bodies. By reducing cell growth temperature to 15 °C and IPTG concentration to 0.25 mM, it was possible to get approximately 82% of expressed protein in soluble form. Recombinant Pf LDH (r Pf LDH) was purified to homogeneity yielding 18 mg of protein/litre culture. r Pf LDH was found to be biologically active with specific activity of 453.8 μmol/min/mg. The enzyme exhibited characteristic reduced substrate inhibition and enhanced k cat [(3.2 ± 0.02) × 10 4 ] with 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide (APAD + ). The procedure described in this study may provide a reliable and simple method for production of large quantities of soluble and biologically active Pf LDH.

The wide use of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) in various applications has raised great concerns worldwide. In this work, we measured the potential harmful effects of Fe2O3 NP (

Value addition to foods may be done by several ways. It could be done by the use of preservative, food ingredients capable of eliciting functionalities and by fortification using micronutrients. There are novel and emerging food processing technologies that are possible to preserve the ingredients in the food intact. The shelf life enhancement of the processed food can be done by adapting newer packaging technologies. Food processing industries in many of the countries across the world generates huge quantity of by-products that can be put into use by value addition. These by-products have less use and create considerable environmental pollution. The by-products of the fruits, vegetables, etc. may be used for value addition adapting commercially viable approaches. Fermented foods are value added foods that could be developed using novel starters. It is also important to note the regulatory aspects of foods whenever the foods are preserved b y value addition

Quality determines the shelf life as well as selling price of fresh fruit or vegetable and therefore, quality monitoring and testing of fresh commodities have paramount importance in their postharvest handling and supply chain management. Most of the methods used to assess fruits and vegetables quality are destructive in nature. Now-a-days, various mechanical, optical, electromagnetic, and dynamic non-destructive methods are gaining importance due to ease in operations, faster turn over and reliability. Some of the non-destructive techniques (NDT) are currently being used in laboratories, research institutions and food packaging and processing industries, whereas, some methods are still at developmental stage. Various NDT with respect to their principle and applications such as impact test, electronic nose, time-resolved reflectance spectrometry (TSR), near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-Ray, ultra sonic, acoustic impulse response method, electrical conductivity methods etc., are discussed in this review.

Lactic acid bacteria are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms producingbacteriocins that help in inhibiting foodborne pathogens. However, its narrow spectrum activity is a major limitation for food applications. Thus, a combination of different methods were attemptedto broaden the antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocins produced using lactic acid bacteria. Initially, the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin from various combinations of mixed lactic acid bacteria and single culture were determined after 56 hours at 35ºC to select the desirable combination with maximum antimicrobial activity. Combination of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum DFR4, Enterococcus faecalis DFR4 and E.Faecalis DFRP1 showed maximumactivity against Listeria monocytogenes with zone of 31.24±0.33 mm in agar disc diffusion assay. The specific activity and purification of bacteriocins produced by these isolates werefound to be highest in gel permeation chromatography whereas, the yield was highest in 80 percent acetone precipitation. The partially purified bacteriocins were further investigated for the effect of pH, enzymes and temperature stability and were found to be thermostableand active at pH range of 3 to 5. Proteolytic enzymes such as protease and papain inactivedthe bacteriocinswhile amylase had no inhibitory effect. The antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin produced from bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) fibre immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum DFR4 was found to be more (zone size=20.91±0.35 mm) in comparison to free cells (zone size=8.52±0.26 mm) after 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Further, immobilization of Lactobacillus plantarum DFR4, Enterococcus faecalis DFR4 and E. Faecalis DFRP1 using bamboo fibre aided in faster production of bacteriocins in 24 h.Mosambi juice (Citrus limetta) supplemented with bacteriocins (produced from mixed bacterial isolates) had a shelf life of 26 days at 5ºC.

Plant molecular farming is simply defined as the production of proteins therapeutics (PT) in plants, which involves transient gene expression in plants and purification of expressed protein to a great scale for diagnosis, treatment and other applications. This is therapid,economical, safe and reproducible approach for the production of PTas compared to bacterial and mammalian systems. Protein yield and post-translational modifications are the major roadblocks that can be overcome byhigh expression strategies includes over expression constructs, suitable plant host systems and glycoengineering of proteins. The inherent ability of ideally producing safe, functional protein is the most striking phenomenon recognized by the pharmaceutical industries and developed many therapeutic products within few weeks to meet escalating demands during pandemic/epidemic outbreaks recently

Fibre and protein enriched chicken wheat crisps were evaluated for their adsorption behaviour at a temperature range of 5 °C - 40 °C and a water activity range of 0.1-0.9. Sigmoid type II isotherm was obtained for the product and the sorption data was fitted to 3 models namely BET, GAB, and Peleg model. Each model was statistically evaluated by means of root mean square (%) and coefficient of determination (R2). Peleg and GAB gave the best fits for the moisture sorption data evaluated on the basis of regression analyses and goodness of fit. Surface area of adsorption was evaluated using parameter values obtained from the BET model and the surface area decreased with increase in temperature. Equilibrium moisture content at a particular water activity and isosteric heat of sorption were seen to decrease with increasing temperature. We conclude that the chicken wheat crisps can be stored at 25 °C for a better shelf life.

In the modern era, world has experienced tremendous boost in the field of food science and technology, realising its impact on the economic growth and people’s standard of living. India is using its newer technology for food processing in the field of science and technology. We are among the world’s top nations in the number of scientific publications and patents in food technology. The government has made considerable investment and is encouraging public-private partnership to achieve self-reliance in different agricultural sectors. It has a strong presence in the field of biotechnology, particularly related to agriculture technology, including pre- and post-harvest management, processing technology etc.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition, antifungal activity of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPE) against Fusarium sporotrichioides. Methods: The phytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis and mycelia growth inhibition was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the morphological characterization was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the membrane permeability was determined by the release of extracellular constituents, pH, and total lipid content. Result: In GC MS analysis, 22 metabolites were identified such as menthol, l menthone, pulegone, piperitone, caryophyllene, menthol acetate, etc. The antifungal activity against targeted pathogen, with MIC and MFC 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The MPE altered the morphology of F. sporotrichoides hyphae with the loss of cytoplasm content and contorted the mycelia. The increasing concentration of MPE showed increase in membrane permeability of F. sporotrichoides as evidenced by the release of extracellular constituents and pH with the disruption of cell membrane indicating decrease in lipid content of F. sporotrichoides. Conclusion: The observed results showed that MPE exhibited promising new antifungal agent against Fusarium sporotrichioides.

Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as one of the most important arboviruses of public health significance in the past decade. The virus is mainly maintained through human-mosquito-human cycle. Other routes of transmission and the mechanism of maintenance of the virus in nature are not clearly known. Vertical transmission may be a mechanism of sustaining the virus during inter-epidemic periods. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether Aedes aegypti, a principal vector, is capable of vertically transmitting CHIKV or not. Methodology/Principal Findings Female Ae. aegypti were orally infected with a novel ECSA genotype of CHIKV in the 2nd gonotrophic cycle. On day 10 post infection, a non-infectious blood meal was provided to obtain another cycle of eggs. Larvae and adults developed from the eggs obtained following both infectious and non-infectious blood meal were tested for the presence of CHIKV specific RNA through real time RT-PCR. The results revealed that the larvae and adults developed from eggs derived from the infectious blood meal (2nd gonotrophic cycle) were negative for CHIKV RNA. However, the larvae and adults developed after subsequent non-infectious blood meal (3rd gonotrophic cycle) were positive with minimum filial infection rates of 28.2 (1∶35.5) and 20.2 (1∶49.5) respectively. Conclusion/Significance This study is the first to confirm experimental vertical transmission of emerging novel ECSA genotype of CHIKV in Ae. aegypti from India, indicating the possibilities of occurrence of this phenomenon in nature. This evidence may have important consequence for survival of CHIKV during adverse climatic conditions and inter-epidemic periods., Author Summary Although vertical transmission of arboviruses has been recognized for nearly a century, rates of transmission in laboratory experiments are low and their significance in terms of survival of virus during periods of low transmission appears debatable. Recently, major urban outbreaks of chikungunya have been recorded in many parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The occurrence of random sporadic cases of the disease in years following a major outbreak prompted us to investigate whether these might be attributable to survival of the virus by vertical transmission. Our experiments were designed to test two hypotheses: (1) The development of an egg-batch derived from an infectious blood meal is too rapid for the infection to reach ovaries; (2) The enormous distension of the membrane enveloping ovaries and ovarioles following oviposition, might facilitate virus penetration. We conclude that after the infected blood meal, oogenesis and oviposition were complete before virus had disseminated to infect the ovaries. Because similar experiments with infection in first gonotrophic cycle did not lead to infected progenies, it is presumed that expanded parous ovaries might support efficient infection. Therefore, it may be concluded that vertical transmission is a more common phenomena in mosquitoes during subsequent gonotrophic cycles following arboviral infection.

The activities of carboxylesterases (CaE, EC 3.1.1.1) from laboratory cultured susceptible and malathion-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus were estimated, and esterase bands were identified by electrophores. Total CaE activity in malathion-resistant larvae increased significantly with different CaE substrates, i.e., naphthyl acetate, naphthyl propionate, and naphthyl butyrate. Michaelis constant ( K m ) values of CaE for different naphthyl ester substrates showed that naphthyl propionate and butyrate are more specific substrates for CaE than naphthyl acetate. Arrhenius temperature plots showed decreased breakpoints for CaE from the malathion-resistant larvae with all three naphthyl ester substrates studied. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified CaE revealed a less intense esterase band (B 2 ) in the resistant larvae when the eletrophoretograms were stained with naphthyl butyrate. The possible use of these results for detection of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is discussed.

Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is one of the most important arboviral infections of medical significance. The objective of the present study is to identify and characterize the etiology of a focal febrile arthritis outbreak from Gwalior, northern India, during October-November 2010. A detailed virological (isolation) and molecular (end-point RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, and nucleotide sequencing) investigation of this outbreak was carried out by collecting and studying 52 clinical samples and 15 mosquito pools from the affected region. The investigation revealed the presence of CHIK viral RNA in 29% of clinical samples and 13% mosquito pool by RT-PCR. The quantification of CHIK viral RNA in samples varied from 102.50to 106.67 copies/mL, as demonstrated through quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, six CHIK viruses were isolated from RT-PCR positive samples. The nucleotide sequences of partial E1 gene of five representative CHIK viruses were deciphered, which revealed that all the viral strains from this outbreak belong to the recently emerging ECS African genotype. Identification of Chikungunya virus ECSA African genotype as the etiology of the present outbreak confirms the continued circulation of the novel genotype, since 2006, in India. The identification of CHIK virus inAedes aegyptialso confirmed it as the major vector in northern India.