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1. Complete mitochondrial genome of the branching octocoral Paramuricea grayi (Johnson, 1861), phylogenetic relationships and divergence analysis

Author

Márcio A. G. Coelho, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Joana Boavida, Diogo Paulo, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Paula López-Sendino, Carlo Cerrano, Silvija Kipson, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Joaquim Garrabou, Ester A. Serrão, and Gareth A. Pearson

Subjects
octocorallia, gorgonian, gray’s sea fan, mitogenome, rna-seq, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

The Gray’s sea fan, Paramuricea grayi (Johnson, 1861), typically inhabits deep littoral and circalittoral habitats of the eastern temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean. Along the Iberian Peninsula, where P. grayi is a dominant constituent of circalittoral coral gardens, two segregating lineages (yellow and purple morphotypes) were recently identified using single-copy nuclear orthologues. The mitochondrial genomes of 9 P. grayi individuals covering both color morphotypes were assembled from RNA-seq data, using samples collected at three sites in southern (Sagres and Tavira) and western (Cape Espichel) Portugal. The complete circular mitogenome is 18,668 bp in length, has an A + T-rich base composition (62.5%) and contains the 17 genes typically found in Octocorallia: 14 protein-coding genes (atp6, atp8, cob, cox1-3, mt-mutS, nad1-6, and nad4L), the small and large subunit rRNAs (rns and rnl), and one transfer RNA (trnM). The mitogenomes were nearly identical for all specimens, though we identified a noteworthy polymorphism (two SNPs 9 bp apart) in the mt-mutS of one purple individual that is shared with the sister species P. clavata. The mitogenomes of the two species have a pairwise sequence identity of 99.0%, with nad6 and mt-mutS having the highest rates of non-synonymous substitutions.

Published
2022
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2. Evolution of marine heatwaves in warming seas: the Mediterranean Sea case study

Author

Justino Martínez, Francesca Elisa Leonelli, Emilio García-Ladona, Joaquim Garrabou, Diego K. Kersting, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Andrea Pisano

Subjects
marine heatwaves, Mediterranean Sea, sea surface temperature, extreme events, climate change, warming seas, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Anomalous warming of the upper ocean is increasingly being observed in the Mediterranean Sea. Extreme events, known as marine heatwaves (MHWs), can have a profound impact on marine ecosystems, and their correct detection and characterization are crucial to define future impact scenarios. Here, we analyze MHWs observed over the last 41 years (1982–2022) in the Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that the intensification in frequency, intensity, and duration of Mediterranean MHWs in recent years is mainly due to a shift in SST mean that occurred in the last two decades and largely reduced when analyzing detrended SST data. Detrending thus allows the use of a fixed climatology without overestimating MHW properties over time and distinguishes long-term warming (i.e., trend) from transient and abrupt SST changes. Analogous results are also found over a shorter temporal period, by analyzing 13 years (2007–2020) of in situ data collected at different depths (5 to 40 m) at Columbretes Islands. Additionally, the in situ analysis reveals that atmospheric summer heatwaves could affect a layer of 10 m in depth. Lastly, a catalogue of the major Mediterranean MHWs that have occurred since 1982 is presented. This catalogue evidences an exceptionally long-lasting and intense MHW, starting in May 2022 and persisting, at least, until the end of the year, resulting in the event with the highest cumulative intensity just after the well-known 2003 MHW event.

Published
2023
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3. Collaborative Database to Track Mass Mortality Events in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Cristina Linares, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Paula López-Sendino, Hocein Bazairi, Free Espinosa, Mohamed Ramdani, Samir Grimes, Mouloud Benabdi, Jamila Ben Souissi, Emna Soufi, Faten Khamassi, Raouia Ghanem, Oscar Ocaña, Alfonso Ramos-Esplà, Andres Izquierdo, Irene Anton, Esther Rubio-Portillo, Carmen Barbera, Emma Cebrian, Nuria Marbà, Iris E. Hendriks, Carlos M. Duarte, Salud Deudero, David Díaz, Maite Vázquez-Luis, Elvira Alvarez, Bernat Hereu, Diego K. Kersting, Andrea Gori, Núria Viladrich, Stephane Sartoretto, Ivane Pairaud, Sandrine Ruitton, Gérard Pergent, Christine Pergent-Martini, Elodie Rouanet, Nuria Teixidó, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Simonetta Fraschetti, Irene Rivetti, Ernesto Azzurro, Carlo Cerrano, Massimo Ponti, Eva Turicchia, Giorgio Bavestrello, Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti, Marzia Bo, Marco Bertolino, Monica Montefalcone, Giovanni Chimienti, Daniele Grech, Gil Rilov, Inci Tuney Kizilkaya, Zafer Kizilkaya, Nur Eda Topçu, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, Maria Sini, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Silvija Kipson, and Jean G. Harmelin

Subjects
climate change, ocean warming, marine heat wave impacts, marine disease, marine conservation and protection, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Published
2019
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4. Estimation of photosynthesis and calcification rates of Corallina elongata Ellis and Solander, 1786, by measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH and total alkalinity

Author

Bouazza El Haïkali, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Jean Claude Romano, and Vincent Bousquet

Subjects
photosynthesis, calcification, dissolved oxygen, ph, total alkalinity, inorganic carbon, corallina elongata, ulva rigida, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract

Experiments were conducted on the calcareous red alga, Corallina elongata, a species representative of shallow water vegetal cover in Mediterranean areas with biomass ranging from 820 to 2544 gDW.m-2, in order to estimate its productivity and calcification rates. Carbonate and oxygen budgets were estimated on samples incubated in situ under natural light cycles, by measuring initial and final dissolved oxygen, pH and alkalinity levels. In light conditions, oxygen concentrations and pH values increased as a consequence of oxygen production and carbon dioxide consumption due to the productivity process, and were a direct function of sample biomass. Strictly-reverse dynamics were recorded in dark conditions. A comparison of photosynthetic performances was conducted on a non-calcareous green alga, Ulva rigida, which showed higher rates of oxygen production and pH modification than C. elongata, but no significant change in total alkalinity. For C. elongata, a significant decrease in total alkalinity with incubation time was observed under light conditions, which was directly related to the algal sample biomass (R2 = 0.95; n=16). Light to dark calcification ratio (L/D) was about 3.6. In these experiments, the photosynthetic quotient of C. elongata was 0.89, its net carbon productivity was 2.5 g C.m-2.d-1, gross production to daily respiration (Pg/R) was about 4.9 and its calcification rate was estimated at 13.8 g CaCO3.m-2.d-1.

Published
2004
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5. Long-term responses of the endemic reef-builder Cladocora caespitosa to Mediterranean warming.

Author

Diego K Kersting, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Cristina Linares

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Recurrent climate-induced mass-mortalities have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea over the past 15 years. Cladocora caespitosa, the sole zooxanthellate scleractinian reef-builder in the Mediterranean, is among the organisms affected by these episodes. Extensive bioconstructions of this endemic coral are very rare at the present time and are threatened by several stressors. In this study, we assessed the long-term response of this temperate coral to warming sea-water in the Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean) and described, for the first time, the relationship between recurrent mortality events and local sea surface temperature (SST) regimes in the Mediterranean Sea. A water temperature series spanning more than 20 years showed a summer warming trend of 0.06°C per year and an increased frequency of positive thermal anomalies. Mortality resulted from tissue necrosis without massive zooxanthellae loss and during the 11-year study, necrosis was recorded during nine summers separated into two mortality periods (2003-2006 and 2008-2012). The highest necrosis rates were registered during the first mortality period, after the exceptionally hot summer of 2003. Although necrosis and temperature were significantly associated, the variability in necrosis rates during summers with similar thermal anomalies pointed to other acting factors. In this sense, our results showed that these differences were more closely related to the interannual temperature context and delayed thermal stress after extreme summers, rather than to acclimatisation and adaption processes.

Published
2013
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6. Temperature anomalies and mortality events in marine communities: insights on factors behind differential mortality impacts in the NW Mediterranean.

Author

Carolina Crisci, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Jean-Claude Romano, and Joaquim Garrabou

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Two large-scale mass mortality events (MMEs) of unprecedented extent and severity affecting rocky benthic communities occurred during the summers of 1999 and 2003 along the coasts of the NW Mediterranean Sea. These mortality outbreaks were associated with positive thermal anomalies. In this study, we performed an analysis of inter-regional and inter-annual differences in temperature (T) conditions associated with MMEs of the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata by analyzing high resolution T time series (hourly records for 3 to 8 years) from four regions of the NW Mediterranean with differing hydrological conditions and biological impacts. High resolution records allowed a detailed analysis using classical and new descriptors to characterize T anomalies. We were able to determine that the MMEs were triggered by two main types of positive thermal anomalies, with the first type being characterized by short periods (2 to 5 days) with high Mean T reaching more than 27°C in some regions and being associated with high intra-day and intra-period variability, while the second type of anomaly presented long duration (near one month) at warm T (24°C) with low intra-period variability. Inter-regional patterns arose; some regions displayed both types of anomalies, while others exhibited only one type. The results showed that T conditions should be considered as the main factor that explains the observed inter-regional and inter-annual differences in mortality impacts. In explaining these differences, the late timing of T anomalies, in addition to their magnitude was found to be determinant. Finally, by combining thermotolerance experimental data with the maximal T stress conditions observed in the four regions, we were able to determine the differential risk of mass mortality across regions. We conclude that expanding high resolution T series is important for the development of sound management and conservation plans to protect Mediterranean marine biodiversity in the face of climate change.

Published
2011
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7. Not out of the Mediterranean: Atlantic populations of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata are a separate sister species under further lineage diversification

Author

Márcio A. G. Coelho, Gareth A. Pearson, Joana R. H. Boavida, Diogo Paulo, Didier Aurelle, Sophie Arnaud‐Haond, Daniel Gómez‐Gras, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Paula López‐Sendino, Carlo Cerrano, Silvija Kipson, Tatjana Bakran‐Petricioli, Eliana Ferretti, Cristina Linares, Joaquim Garrabou, Ester A. Serrão, Jean‐Baptiste Ledoux, Centre of Marine Sciences [Faro] (CCMAR), University of Algarve [Portugal], Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare [Rome, Italie] (CoNISma), University of Zagreb, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), This work was funded by program BIOMARES, a Pew Marine Fellowship, and FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology UIDB/04326/2020, UIDP/04326/2020, LA/P/0101/2020, PTDC/BIA-CBI/6515/2020, EU-BiodivERsA BiodivRestore-253 (FCT: DivRestore/0013/2020), EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (MERCES: Grant no. 689518), as well as the Inaqua Conservation Fund (Oceanário de Lisboa and National Geographic Channel) and National Geographic Society/Waitt Grant no. W153-11., BIOMARES, Foundation for Science and Technology, European Commission, Inaqua Conservation Fund, National Geographic Society, European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, Ministério da Economia (Portugal), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)

Subjects
Incomplete lineage sorting, Atlantic-Mediterranean transition, cryptic diversity, incomplete lineage sorting, Octocorallia, phylotranscriptomics, species delimitation, Atlantic-Mediterranean transition, Ecology, Cryptic diversity, Species delimitation, Octocorallia, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Phylotranscriptomics, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

21 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9740.-- Data Availability Statement: Raw RNA-seq data and mt-mutS sequences have been uploaded to NCBI's SRA (BioProject ID: PRJNA847883) and GenBank databases (Accessions numbers: ON804207-ON804214), respectively. Final sequence alignments and microsatellite data are available on DRYAD (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r7sqv9sfm), The accurate delimitation of species boundaries in nonbilaterian marine taxa is notoriously difficult, with consequences for many studies in ecology and evolution. Anthozoans are a diverse group of key structural organisms worldwide, but the lack of reliable morphological characters and informative genetic markers hampers our ability to understand species diversification. We investigated population differentiation and species limits in Atlantic (Iberian Peninsula) and Mediterranean lineages of the octocoral genus Paramuricea previously identified as P. clavata. We used a diverse set of molecular markers (microsatellites, RNA-seq derived single-copy orthologues [SCO] and mt-mutS [mitochondrial barcode]) at 49 locations. Clear segregation of Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages was found with all markers. Species-tree estimations based on SCO strongly supported these two clades as distinct, recently diverged sister species with incomplete lineage sorting, P. cf. grayi and P. clavata, respectively. Furthermore, a second putative (or ongoing) speciation event was detected in the Atlantic between two P. cf. grayi color morphotypes (yellow and purple) using SCO and supported by microsatellites. While segregating P. cf. grayi lineages showed considerable geographic structure, dominating circalittoral communities in southern (yellow) and western (purple) Portugal, their occurrence in sympatry at some localities suggests a degree of reproductive isolation. Overall, our results show that previous molecular and morphological studies have underestimated species diversity in Paramuricea occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, which has important implications for conservation planning. Finally, our findings validate the usefulness of phylotranscriptomics for resolving evolutionary relationships in octocorals, This work was funded by program BIOMARES, a Pew Marine Fellowship, and FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology UIDB/04326/2020, UIDP/04326/2020, LA/P/0101/2020, PTDC/BIA-CBI/6515/2020; EU-BiodivERsA BiodivRestore-253 (FCT: DivRestore/0013/2020); EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (MERCES: Grant no. 689518); as well as the Inaqua Conservation Fund (Oceanário de Lisboa and National Geographic Channel) and National Geographic Society/Waitt Grant no. W153-11. This article is also a product of the French network on Marine Connectivity (GDR MarCo). M.C. was supported by postdoctoral fellowships of projects HABMAR (Grant no. MAR-01.04.02-FEAMP-0018) co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the Operational Program MAR 2020 for Portugal (Portugal 2020), and BiodivAMP (Grant no. FA_06_2017_045) financed by the Directorate-General for Sea Policy of the Ministry of Economy and Sea for Portugal under the Operational Program Fundo Azul. JBL was funded by assistant researcher contract framework of the RD Unit—UID/Multi/04423/2019 – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE2020—Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). JB was funded by a FCT PhD scholarship SFRH/BD/72501/2010, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Published
2023
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8. Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez‐Gras, Alba Medrano, Carlo Cerrano, Massimo Ponti, Robert Schlegel, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Eva Turicchia, Maria Sini, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, Nuria Teixido, Alice Mirasole, Laura Tamburello, Emma Cebrian, Gil Rilov, Jean‐Baptiste Ledoux, Jamila Ben Souissi, Faten Khamassi, Raouia Ghanem, Mouloud Benabdi, Samir Grimes, Oscar Ocaña, Hocein Bazairi, Bernat Hereu, Cristina Linares, Diego Kurt Kersting, Graciel la Rovira, Júlia Ortega, David Casals, Marta Pagès‐Escolà, Núria Margarit, Pol Capdevila, Jana Verdura, Alfonso Ramos, Andres Izquierdo, Carmen Barbera, Esther Rubio‐Portillo, Irene Anton, Paula López‐Sendino, David Díaz, Maite Vázquez‐Luis, Carlos Duarte, Nuria Marbà, Eneko Aspillaga, Free Espinosa, Daniele Grech, Ivan Guala, Ernesto Azzurro, Simone Farina, Maria Cristina Gambi, Giovanni Chimienti, Monica Montefalcone, Annalisa Azzola, Torcuato Pulido Mantas, Simonetta Fraschetti, Giulia Ceccherelli, Silvija Kipson, Tatjana Bakran‐Petricioli, Donat Petricioli, Carlos Jimenez, Stelios Katsanevakis, Inci Tuney Kizilkaya, Zafer Kizilkaya, Stephane Sartoretto, Rouanet Elodie, Sandrine Ruitton, Steeve Comeau, Jean‐Pierre Gattuso, Jean‐Georges Harmelin, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Biología Marina, Ecología Microbiana Molecular, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-MPGA-0001,4Oceans,Predicting future oceans under(2017), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Garrabou, Joaquim, Gómez-Gras, Daniel, Medrano, Alba, Cerrano, Carlo, Ponti, Massimo, Schlegel, Robert, Bensoussan, Nathaniel, Turicchia, Eva, Sini, Maria, Gerovasileiou, Vasili, Teixido, Nuria, Mirasole, Alice, Tamburello, Laura, Cebrian, Emma, Rilov, Gil, Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste, Souissi, Jamila Ben, Khamassi, Faten, Ghanem, Raouia, Benabdi, Mouloud, Grimes, Samir, Ocaña, Oscar, Bazairi, Hocein, Hereu, Bernat, Linares, Cristina, Kersting, Diego Kurt, la Rovira, Graciel, Ortega, Júlia, Casals, David, Pagès-Escolà, Marta, Margarit, Núria, Capdevila, Pol, Verdura, Jana, Ramos, Alfonso, Izquierdo, Andre, Barbera, Carmen, Rubio-Portillo, Esther, Anton, Irene, López-Sendino, Paula, Díaz, David, Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Duarte, Carlo, Marbà, Nuria, Aspillaga, Eneko, Espinosa, Free, Grech, Daniele, Guala, Ivan, Azzurro, Ernesto, Farina, Simone, Cristina Gambi, Maria, Chimienti, Giovanni, Montefalcone, Monica, Azzola, Annalisa, Mantas, Torcuato Pulido, Fraschetti, Simonetta, Ceccherelli, Giulia, Kipson, Silvija, Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana, Petricioli, Donat, Jimenez, Carlo, Katsanevakis, Stelio, Kizilkaya, Inci Tuney, Kizilkaya, Zafer, Sartoretto, Stephane, Elodie, Rouanet, Ruitton, Sandrine, Comeau, Steeve, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Harmelin, Jean-Georges, Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez-Gra, Alba Medrano, Carlo Cerrano, Massimo Ponti, Robert Schlegel, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Eva Turicchia, Maria Sini, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, Nuria Teixido, Alice Mirasole, Laura Tamburello, Emma Cebrian, Gil Rilov, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Jamila Ben Souissi, Faten Khamassi, Raouia Ghanem, Mouloud Benabdi, Samir Grime, Oscar Ocaña, Hocein Bazairi, Bernat Hereu, Cristina Linare, Diego Kurt Kersting, Graciel la Rovira, Júlia Ortega, David Casal, Marta Pagès-Escolà, Núria Margarit, Pol Capdevila, Jana Verdura, Alfonso Ramo, Andres Izquierdo, Carmen Barbera, Esther Rubio-Portillo, Irene Anton, Paula López-Sendino, David Díaz, Maite Vázquez-Lui, Carlos Duarte, Nuria Marbà, Eneko Aspillaga, Free Espinosa, Daniele Grech, Ivan Guala, Ernesto Azzurro, Simone Farina, Maria Cristina Gambi, Giovanni Chimienti, Monica Montefalcone, Annalisa Azzola, Torcuato Pulido Manta, Simonetta Fraschetti, Giulia Ceccherelli, Silvija Kipson, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Donat Petricioli, Carlos Jimenez, Stelios Katsanevaki, Inci Tuney Kizilkaya, Zafer Kizilkaya, Stephane Sartoretto, Rouanet Elodie, Sandrine Ruitton, Steeve Comeau, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Jean-Georges Harmelin

Subjects
Aquatic Organisms, Foundation species, Coralligenous habitats, Marine conservation, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Impact assessment, climate change, coralligenous habitats, foundation species, habitat-forming species, impact assessment, marine conservation, marine heatwaves, temperate reefs, Marine heatwaves, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Coralligenous Assemblages, climate change, coralligenous habitats, foundation species, habitat-forming species, impact assessment, marine conservation, marine heatwaves, temperate reefs, Mediterranean Sea, Responses, Environmental Chemistry, Climate change, Temperate reefs, Medio Marino, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Climate-Change, Ecology, Surface Temperature, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Coastal, Habitat-forming species
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 18 páginas, 4 figuras., Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves (MHWs) and mass mortality events (MMEs) of marine organisms are one of their main ecological impacts. Here, we show that during the 2015–2019 period, the Mediterranean Sea has experienced exceptional thermal conditions resulting in the onset of five consecutive years of widespread MMEs across the basin. These MMEs affected thousands of kilometers of coastline from the surface to 45 m, across a range of marine habitats and taxa (50 taxa across 8 phyla). Significant relationships were found between the incidence of MMEs and the heat exposure associated with MHWs observed both at the surface and across depths. Our findings reveal that the Mediterranean Sea is experiencing an acceleration of the ecological impacts of MHWs which poses an unprecedented threat to its ecosystems' health and functioning. Overall, we show that increasing the resolution of empirical observation is critical to enhancing our ability to more effectively understand and manage the consequences of climate change., This paper was supported by Euromarine. Joaquim Garrabou acknowledges the funding by the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” (CEX2019-000928-S), the MCIU/AEI/FEDER [HEATMED; RTI2018-095346-B-I00], Interreg-Med Programme MPA-Engage (1MED15_3.2_M2_337), the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Futuremares SEP-210597628). Nuria Teixido acknowledges the French National Research Agency (4Oceans-MOPGA grant, ANR-17-MPGA-0001) and internal funds from the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. Gil Rilov was supported by the Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection. Hocein Bazairi, Free Spinosa, and Vasilis Gerovasileiou acknowledge the funding by the MAVA Fondation (MedKeyHabitats I Project) and the European Commission (Ecap-MED II Project; projects implemented by UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA). Alfonso Ramos was supported the CIESM “Tropical Signals,” Stelios Katsanevakis and Maria Sini were supported by the Project “Coastal Environment Observatory and Risk Management in Island Regions AEGIS+” (MIS 5047038), implemented within the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014–2020), co-financed by the Hellenic Government (Ministry of Development and Investments) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund, Cohesion Fund), Stelios Katsanevakis, Maria Sini and Vasilis Gerovasileiou acknowledge the support of the MARISCA Project, co-funded by 85% by the EEA GRANTS, 2009–2014, and 15% by the Public Investments Programme (PIP) of the Hellenic Republic. Ivan Guala and Daniele Grech thanks thank the support of the project “Pinna nobilis—ricerca per la sopravvivenza: un'iniziativa di Citizen Science per tracciare la mortalità di massa di Pinna nobilis in Sardegna” project and the L/7 grant (CUP 87G17000070002) funded by the Regione Autonoma Sardegna. Jean-Baptiste Ledoux was funded by an assistant researcher contract framework of the RD Unit—UID/Multi/04423/2019—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE2020—Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). This research was supported by the Strategic Funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 through national funds provided by the FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the program PT2020. Bernat Hereu and Cristina Linares acknowledge the support of the long-term monitoring programme of the catalan Natural Parks, funded by the Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Cristina Linares acknowledges the support of the ICREA Academia programme. David Díaz acknowledges the support the research grant CTM2016-77027-R of the Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad and Program of Marines Strategies of Spain funded by MITERD. Jamila Ben Soussi was partially funded by the Fondation Albert 2 Monaco (MIMOSA Project) and the Tropical Signals Program of CIESM. Giovanni Chimienti was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (PON 2014–2020, AIM 1807508–1, Linea 1), by the Ente Parco Nazionale del Gargano (Research agreement with CoNISMa N. 21/2018), and by the National Geographic Society (Grant EC-176R-18). Nathaniel Bensoussan acknowledges financial support from the European Commission through the programme “Caroline Herschell” in the context of the action “Developing Downstream applications and services on BIO-PHYsical characterization of the seascape for COASTal management” (BIOPHYCOAST). Monica Montefalcone and Annalissa Azzola collected some of their data on MMEs in the frame of the project “Mare Caldo” funded by Greenpeace Italy. Núria Marbà acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2012-32603, CGL2015-71809-P) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-095441-B-C21). Diego K. Kersting acknowledges support by the postdoctoral fellowship programme Beatriu de Pinós funded by the Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia) and the Horizon 2020 programme of research and innovation of the European Union under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801370.

Published
2022
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9. Climate change transforms the functional identity of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages

Author

Nathaniel Bensoussan, Viviana Brambilla, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Joshua S. Madin, Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Cristina Linares, Maria Dornelas, Paula López-Sendino, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Fondation Total, Ministerio de Educación (España), Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, John Templeton Foundation, and Generalitat de Catalunya

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Letter, warming, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate Change, European Regional Development Fund, Library science, Reefs, stability, Temperate, warming, Functional diversity, functional ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, functional change, reefs, Excellence, Political science, media_common.cataloged_instance, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Letters, European union, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, media_common, Accreditation, disturbance, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Disturbance, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, stability, functional diversity, Anthozoa, Functional ecology, Community structure, Functional change, Christian ministry, temperate
Abstract

14 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13718.-- Data availability statement: The data and code related to the manuscript have been placed in the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.69p8cz91g, Quantifying changes in functional community structure driven by disturbance is critical to anticipate potential shifts in ecosystem functioning. However, how marine heatwaves (MHWs) affect the functional structure of temperate coral‐dominated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used five long‐term (> 10 years) records of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages in a multi‐taxa, trait‐based analysis to investigate MHW‐driven changes in functional structure. We show that, despite stability in functional richness (i.e. the range of species functional traits), MHW‐impacted assemblages experienced long‐term directional changes in functional identity (i.e. their dominant trait values). Declining traits included large sizes, long lifespans, arborescent morphologies, filter‐feeding strategies or calcified skeletons. These traits, which were mostly supported by few sensitive and irreplaceable species from a single functional group (habitat‐forming octocorals), disproportionally influence certain ecosystem functions (e.g. 3D‐habitat provision). Hence, MHWs are leading to assemblages that are deficient in key functional traits, with likely consequences for the ecosystem functioning, We acknowledge the funding of the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019‐000928‐S). This research has also been partially funded by the HEATMED project (RTI2018‐095346‐B‐I00, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), Interreg Med Programme (Projects MPA‐ENGAGE; 5216 | 5MED18_3.2_M23_007 and MPA‐Adapt, 1MED15_3.2_M2_337) 85% cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund, the MIMOSA project funded by the Foundation Prince Albert II Monaco, the Perfect project funded by the TOTAL Foundation, the Medchange project funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grants agreements 689518 (MERCES) and SEP‐210597628 (FutureMARES). D.G.G. is supported by an FPU grant (FPU15/05457) from the Spanish Ministry of Education. CL gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. VB is supported by the Templeton Foundation (grant #60501, ‘Putting the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis to the Test’). J‐B.L is supported by the strategic Funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020. [...] D.G.G, C.L, J‐B.L, N.B, P.L.S & J.G are part of the Marine Conservation research group (www.medrecover.org) (2017 SGR 1521) from the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Published
2021

10. Gradients of genetic diversity and differentiation across the distribution range of a Mediterranean coral: Patterns, processes and conservation implications

Author

Annie Machordom, Cristina Linares, Jamila Ben Souissi, Oscar H. Ocaña, Valèria Romero-Soriano, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Raouia Ghanem, Mathilde Horaud, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Paula López-Sendino, Raphaël Leblois, José Templado, Agostinho Antunes, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Joaquim Garrabou, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research [Matosinhos, Portugal] (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), University of Liverpool, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), Fundacion Museo del Mar Ceuta, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), JBL was funded by a Postdoctoral Grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This research was supported by national funds through FCT within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 and by the MIMOSA project funded by the Foundation Prince Albert II Monaco. JG, DGG and PL acknowledge the funding of the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). This work was partially supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement SEP-210597628 (FutureMARES, https://www.futuremares.eu)., ANR-16-CE02-0008,GenoSpace,Nouveaux outils statistiques pour l'analyse spatiale des données génétiques(2016), European Project: 869300,FutureMARES, Universidade do Porto, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Postglacial range expansion hypothesis, Range (biology), Coral, marine protected area, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Distribution (economics), Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, genetic gradient, 03 medical and health sciences, Mediterranean sea, postglacial range expansion hypothesis, Central-peripheral hypothesis, Marine protected areas, Mediterranean Sea, 14. Life underwater, coral, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Coralls, 030304 developmental biology, Marine Protected Area, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Mediterrània (Mar), business.industry, Ecology, 15. Life on land, Genetic gradient, central-peripheral hypothesis, Corals, Marine protected area, business, human activities, Àrees marines protegides
Abstract

20 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13382.-- Data availability statement: Microsatellite genotypes are available on Dryad (DOI https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xgxd254gw), Aim: How historical and contemporary eco-evolutionary processes shape the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation across species’ distribution range remains an open question with strong conservation implications. Focusing on the orange stony coral, Astroides calycularis, we (a) characterized the pattern of neutral genetic diversity across the distribution range; (b) gave insights into the underlying processes; and (c) discussed conservation implications with emphasis on a national park located on a hotspot of genetic diversity. Location: South Mediterranean Sea and Zembra National Park. Methods: We combined new data from 12 microsatellites in 13 populations located in the Centre and in the Western Periphery of the distribution range with a published dataset including 16 populations from the Western and Eastern Peripheries. We analysed the relationship among parameters of genetic diversity (He, Ar(g)) and structure (population-specific FST) and two measures of geographic peripherality. We compared two estimators of pairwise genetic structure (GST, DEST) across the distribution range. The evolutionary and demographic history of the populations following the Last Glacial Maximum was reconstructed using approximate Bayesian computations and maximum-likelihood analyses. We inferred the contemporary connectivity among populations from Zembra National Park and with the neighbouring area of Cap Bon. Results: We demonstrate a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation from the Centre to the Eastern and Western Peripheries of the distribution range. Populations from Zembra show the highest genetic diversity reported in the species. We identified a spillover effect towards Cap Bon. Main conclusions: The patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation are most likely explained by “the postglacial range expansion hypothesis” rather than the “central–peripheral hypothesis.” Enforcement of conservation measures should be considered to protect this genetic diversity pattern, in particular when considering the low effective population size inferred at many sites, JBL was funded by a Postdoctoral Grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This research was supported by national funds through FCT within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 and by the MIMOSA project funded by the Foundation Prince Albert II Monaco. JG, DGG and PL acknowledge the funding of the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). This work was partially supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement SEP-210597628 (FutureMARES)

Published
2021
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11. Sporadic wind-driven upwelling/downwelling and associated cooling/warming along Northwestern Mediterranean coastlines

Author

Roxane Odic, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Christel Pinazo, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Vincent Rossi, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Geology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022
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13. Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems

Author

Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Cristina Linares, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Jean-Baptiste Ledoux

Subjects
Marine biodiversity, Mediterranean climate, Mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, Geography, Oceanography, Climate change, Ecosystem
Abstract

Climate change is one of the biggest emerging threats to marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. In this chapter, we focus on the recurrent and large scale mass mortality events (MMEs) induced by marine heatwaves (MHWs), and their immediate and long-term impacts on structural octocorals from highly diverse coralligenous communities. By combining an accurate characterization of present and expected thermal stress conditions in coastal seawater from the surface down to 40 m depth with the state of the art on demography, population genetics, and responses to thermal stress, we analyze the ongoing eco-evolutionary impacts and explore future trajectories of these emblematic Mediterranean communities.

Published
2021
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14. Biologists ignore ocean weather at their peril

Author

Ana M. Queirós, Brian Helmuth, Gil Rilov, Michael T. Burrows, Dan A. Smale, Amanda E. Bates, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Rui Seabra, Fernando P. Lima, Robert Marsh, Jonathan Belmaker, Tamar Guy-Haim, Antonios D. Mazaris, Martin Wahl, Murray I. Duncan, Joaquim Garrabou, and Yunwei Dong

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global temperature, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology (disciplines), Climate change, BATES, Environmental ethics, Marine life, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Conservation biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

3 pages, Ecologists must understand how marine life responds to changing local conditions, rather than to overall global temperature rise, say Amanda E. Bates and 16 colleagues. The ocean can turn on a dime. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels and salinity can vary drastically - across distances of centimetres and within time frames of minutes1-3. That’s the latest view being revealed by measurements from thousands of instruments anchored to shores or attached to floats, ocean gliders and ships. [...]

Published
2018
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15. Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species

Author

Nathaniel Bensoussan, Enric Ballesteros, Cristina Linares, María Jesús Uriz, Rafael Coma, Emma Cebrian, Jana Verdura, and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Espanya)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Hot Temperature, Longevity, Population Dynamics, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Bioengineering, Biology, Ecologia marina, Thermoregulation, Article, Marine ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Mediterranean Sea, Mortalitat, Animals, Caulerpa, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Mortality, lcsh:Science, Extinció (Biologia), Biologia de la conservació, Invertebrate, Marine biology, Multidisciplinary, Conservation biology, ved/biology, Ecology, lcsh:R, Species diversity, Biologia marina, Climatic changes, 15. Life on land, Termoregulació, Anthozoa, 030104 developmental biology, Extintion (Biology), Habitat, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Species richness, Paramuricea clavata, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Canvis climàtics
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 11 páginas, 7 figuras, 2 tablas., Stochastic perturbations can trigger major ecosystem shifts. Marine systems have been severely affected in recent years by mass mortality events related to positive thermal anomalies. Although the immediate effects in the species demography affected by mortality events are well known, information on the mid- to long-term effects at the community level is much less documented. Here, we show how an extreme warming event replaces a structurally complex habitat, dominated by long-lived species, by a simplified habitat (lower species diversity and richness) dominated by turf-forming species. On the basis of a study involving the experimental manipulation of the presence of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, we observed that its presence mitigated the effects of warming by maintaining the original assemblage dominated by macroinvertebrates and delaying the proliferation and spread of the invasive alga Caulerpa cylindracea. However, due to the increase of sediment and turf-forming species after the mortality event we hypothesize a further degradation of the whole assemblage as both factors decrease the recruitment of P.clavata, decrease the survival of encrusting coralligenous-dwelling macroinvertebrates and facilitate the spreading of C. cylindracea., Financial support has been provided by a Spanish Ministry Project ANIMA (CGL2016-76341-R), OAPN project (CORCLIM 759S/2012 and 766S/2012) and European Union’s Horizon 2020 (grant agreement No. 689518) MERCES Project. This output reflects only the authors’ view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. J.V. has been funded by a IFUdG2016 grant. Managers of ACNP are acknowledged for sampling permissions. We also thank to David Díaz, Eneko Aspillaga, Pol Capdevila, Bernat Hereu and Fiona Tomas for their collaboration in fieldwork. J.V., C.L. and E.C. are members of the Marine Conservation Research Group (www.medrecover.org; 2017 SGR 1521) and R.C. is part of the Marine Biogeochemistry and Global Change Research Group (2017SGR1011) from the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Published
2019

16. Separate the wheat from the chaff: genomic scan for local adaptation in the red coral Corallium rubrum

Author

Didier Aurelle, Pierre Pontarotti, Guillaume Mitta, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Marine Pratlong, Kelly Brener, Joaquim Garrabou, Anne Haguenauer, Eve Toulza, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Microbes évolution phylogénie et infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), IPSO FACTO [Marseille], Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille (I2M), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-LABX-0061,OTMed,Objectif Terre : Bassin Méditerranéen(2011), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), ANR-12-ADAP-0016,ADACNI,Processus adaptatifs chez les cnidaires: étude intégrative de la réponse au stress thermique et au changement climatique, des gènes aux populations(2012), ANR-10-LABX-0046,EGID,EGID Diabetes Pole(2010), ANR-10-EQPX-0007,LIGAN PM,Plate forme Lilloise de séquençage du génome humain pour une médecine personnalisée(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Cnidaria, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, biology, Coral, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Chaff, Evolutionary biology, Genetic structure, Identification (biology), 14. Life underwater, Corallium rubrum, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Selection (genetic algorithm), 030304 developmental biology, Local adaptation, Environmental gradient
Abstract

Genomic data allow an in-depth and renewed study of local adaptation. The red coral (Corallium rubrum, Cnidaria) is a highly genetically structured species and a promising model for the study of adaptive processes along an environmental gradient. Here, we used RAD-Sequencing in order to study the vertical genetic structure of this species and to search for signals of local adaptation to depth and thermal regime in the red coral. Previous studies have shown different thermotolerance levels according to depth in this species which could correspond to genetic or environmental differences. We designed a sampling scheme with six pairs of ‘shallow vs deep’ populations distributed in three geographical regions as replicates. Our results showed significant differentiation among locations and among sites separated by around 20 m depth. The tests of association between genetics and environment allowed the identification of candidate loci under selection but with a potentially high rate of false positive. We discuss the methodological obstacles and biases encountered for the detection of selected loci in such a strongly genetically structured species. On this basis, we also discuss the significance of the candidate loci for local adaptation detected in each geographical region and the evolution of red coral populations along environmental gradients.A colony of red coral,Corallium rubrum, near Marseille. Photo: F. Zuberer / OSU Pythéas / CNRS

Published
2018
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17. Estimating ecosystem metabolism from continuous multi-sensor measurements in the Seine River

Author

Nicolas Escoffier, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Nicolas Flipo, Alexis Groleau, A. David, François Métivier, Lauriane Vilmin, Vincent Rocher, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), IPSO FACTO, SCOPARL, Pôle Océanologie et Limnologie, Centre de Géosciences (GEOSCIENCES), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University (PSL), SIAAP - Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, SIAAP, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle - Montpellier GenomiX (IGF MGX), Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IPGP, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Siaap - Direction du développement et de la prospective, NKE instrumentation, entreprise, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), IPSO FACTO [Marseille], MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geochemistry, and Bio-, hydro-, and environmental geochemistry

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecosystem respiration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Continuous monitoring, Phytoplankton, Environmental Chemistry, River metabolism, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Continuous monitoring . River metabolism . Primary production . Ecosystemrespiration . Phytoplankton . Urban pressures, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Primary production, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, General Medicine, Plankton, Annual cycle, Pollution, 6. Clean water, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Urban pressures, Eutrophication
Abstract

International audience; Large rivers are important components of the global C cycle. While they are facing an overall degradation of their water quality, little remains known about the dynamics of their metabolism. In the present study, we used continuous multi-sensors measurements to assess the temporal variability of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) rates of the anthropized Seine River over an annual cycle. Downstream from the Paris urban area, the Seine River is net heterotrophic at the annual scale (−226 gO2m−2 year−1 or −264 gC m−2 year−1). Yet, it displays a net autotrophy at the daily and seasonal scales during phytoplankton blooms occurring from late winter to early summer. Multivariate analyseswere performed to identify the drivers of river metabolism. Daily GPP is best predicted by chlorophyll a (Chla), water temperature (T), light, and rainfalls, and the coupling of daily GPP and Chla allows for the estimation of the productivity rates of the different phytoplankton communities. ER rates are mainly controlled by T and, to a lesser extent, by Chla. The increase of combined sewer overflows related to storm events during the second half of the year stimulates ER and the net heterotrophy of the river. River metabolism is, thus, controlled at different timescales by factors that are affected by human pressures. Continuous monitoring of river metabolism must, therefore, be pursued to deepen our understanding about theresponses of ecosystem processes to changing human pressures and climate.

Published
2018
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18. Regional and local environmental conditions do not shape the response to warming of a marine habitat-forming species

Author

Carolina Crisci, Joaquim Garrabou, Christian Marschal, Cristina Linares, Rafael Coma, Frederic Zuberer, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Marc Bally, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Marta Ribes, Paula López-Sendino, Emma Cebrian, Didier Aurelle, Kenza Mokhtar-Jamaï, Núria Teixidó, Marie La Riviere, Jean-Pierre Féral, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMS 3343 (OSU), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale ( IMBE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie ( MIO ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Université de Toulon ( UTLN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), UMS 3343 ( OSU ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes ( OSUR ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Population genetics, 01 natural sciences, Algues marines -- Mediterrània, Mar, Natural environment, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Ecology, Global warming, Temperature, Biodiversity, Anthozoa, Adaptation, Physiological, Fauna marina, Marine fauna, Medicine, Climate Change, Science, Population, Climate change, Medi ambient, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Genetic drift, Stress, Physiological, Temperate climate, Animals, 14. Life underwater, education, Ecosystem, Local adaptation, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ved/biology, Escalfament global, Marine algae -- Mediterrània, Mar, 15. Life on land, Biodiversitat, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Paramuricea clavata
Abstract

13 páginas, 7 figuras, 1 tabla., The differential response of marine populations to climate change remains poorly understood. Here, we combine common garden thermotolerance experiments in aquaria and population genetics to disentangle the factors driving the population response to thermal stress in a temperate habitatforming species: the octocoral Paramuricea clavata. Using eight populations separated from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers, which were differentially impacted by recent mortality events, we identify 25°C as a critical thermal threshold. After one week of exposure at this temperature, seven of the eight populations were affected by tissue necrosis and after 30 days of exposure at this temperature, the mean % of affected colonies increased gradually from 3 to 97%. We then demonstrate the weak relation between the observed differential phenotypic responses and the local temperature regimes experienced by each population. A significant correlation was observed between these responses and the extent of genetic drift impacting each population. Local adaptation may thus be hindered by genetic drift, which seems to be the main driver of the differential response. Accordingly, conservation measures should promote connectivity and control density erosion in order to limit the impact of genetic drift on marine populations facing climate change., The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding support given by the Alan Program (CC Doctoral Fellowship), by CSIC-Uruguay (Call Programa de pasantías en el exterior 2015) and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciència e a Tecnologia; FCT) which funded JBL Postdoctoral grant (SFRH/ BPD/74400/2010). Authors are also grateful to the MEDCHANGE project funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) and to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (http://www.mineco.gob.es) through the Biorock (CTM2009-08045), Smart (CGL2012-32194) and CSI-Coral (CGL2013-43106-R). Temperature data series data is part of the regional temperature observation network T-MEDNet (www.t-mednet.org); we thank J.M. Dominici for providing the data for the Réserve Naturelle de Scandola. The authors also thank the staff of Experimental Aquarium Facilities at the Institute of Marine Sciences E. Martinez and M. Delgado for the technical support provided. EC, JG, CL, PL and NT are part of the Marine Conservation research group MEDRECOVER www.medrecover.org (2009 SGR 1174) while RC and MR are part of the Marine Biogeochemistry and Global Change Research group (2014SGR1029) from the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Published
2018
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19. Potential for adaptive evolution at species range margins: contrasting interactions between red coral populations and their environment in a changing ocean

Author

Jean-Pierre Féral, Christian Marschal, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Didier Aurelle, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Joaquim Garrabou, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale ( IMBE ), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] ( ICM ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), IPSO FACTO, SCOPARL, Pôle Océanologie et Limnologie, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and IPSO FACTO [Marseille]

Subjects
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA, Species distribution, Population, Population genetics, Biology, PHYLOGENETIC TREES, LOCAL ADAPTATION, Effective population size, Genetic drift, PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Original Research, Corallium rubrum, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Local adaptation, education.field_of_study, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Deep refugia hypothesis, potential for local adaptation, Ecology, phenotypic buffering, deeprefugia hypothesis, deep refugia hypothesis, technology, industry, and agriculture, GENETIC-VARIATION, reciprocal transplants, Q(ST)-F-ST COMPARISONS, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, RUBRUM L, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, marginal populations, Common garden, Adaptation, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract

15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, supporting information http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1324/suppinfo, Studying population-by-environment interactions (PEIs) at species range margins offers the opportunity to characterize the responses of populations facing an extreme regime of selection, as expected due to global change. Nevertheless, the importance of these marginal populations as putative reservoirs of adaptive genetic variation has scarcely been considered in conservation biology. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems for which the deep refugia hypothesis proposes that disturbed shallow and marginal populations of a given species can be replenished by mesophotic ones. This hypothesis therefore assumes that identical PEIs exist between populations, neglecting the potential for adaptation at species range margins. Here, we combine reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments with population genetics analyses to decipher the PEIs in the red coral, Corallium rubrum. Our analyses reveal partially contrasting PEIs between shallow and mesophotic populations separated by approximately one hundred meters, suggesting that red coral populations may potentially be locally adapted to their environment. Based on the effective population size and connectivity analyses, we posit that genetic drift may be more important than gene flow in the adaptation of the red coral. We further investigate how adaptive divergence could impact population viability in the context of warming and demonstrate differential phenotypic buffering capacities against thermal stress. Our study questions the relevance of the deep refugia hypothesis and highlights the conservation value of marginal populations as a putative reservoir of adaptive genetic polymorphism. In marine conservation, the deep-refugia hypothesis proposes that disturbed shallow and marginal populations of a given species can be replenished by mesophotic populations. Combining reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments with population genetics analyses we question the relevance of this hypothesis in the red coral, Corallium rubrum. Our study highlights the conservation value of marginal populations as a putative reservoir of adaptive genetic polymorphism. © 2015 Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd., This study was funded by the “Provence–Alpes–Côte d'Azur” region (J-B. Ledoux Doctoral Fellowship) and by the IFB Foundation (Institut Français de la Biodiversité), the environmental department of TOTAL-FINA-ELF group, an “Action Concertée Initiative” (ACI) program “Jeunes chercheurs 2003” (number JC5360) from the French Research Ministry and the MEDCHANGE project funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) J-B. L. is supported by a post-doctoral grant SFRH/BPD/74400/2010 from Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)

Published
2015
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20. Sexual reproduction and early life-history traits of the Mediterranean soft coral Alcyonium acaule

Author

Núria Teixidó, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Nuria Viladrich, Ida Fiorillo, Andrea Gori, European Commission, Fondation Total, Teixidó, Núria, Bensoussan, Nathaniel, Gori, Andrea, Fiorillo, Ida, and Viladrich, Núria

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Coral, media_common.quotation_subject, Soft corals, Population, Asexual reproduction, Aquatic Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Larvae, Alcyonium acaule, Mediterranean Sea, Metamorphosis, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Soft coral, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Reproduction, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematic, Sexual reproduction, Long-lived specie, Long-lived species, Sex ratio
Abstract

11 pages, 7 figures, supporting information http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maec.12255/suppinfo, Understanding processes that contribute to a better comprehension of the population dynamics of long-lived species is critical for the maintenance and potential recovery of such species. Despite the abundance of soft corals in Mediterranean rocky reefs, little information exists on their life histories and reproductive patterns. In this study, we assessed the main reproductive characteristics and early life-history traits of the long-lived soft coral Alcyonium acaule. The sex ratio was 1:1; the smallest fertile colonies were one finger in size (2.1 ± 0.6 cm in height), and both colony and polyp fertility increased with colony size. Likewise, the number of eggs and spermary sacs per polyp increased significantly with colony size, whereas the diameter of the female and male sexual products did not. Over 6 years of observations (2007–2012), spawning occurred primarily in July, after the seawater reached 20 °C, in a single spawning episode per year. Approximately 80% of female colonies released eggs, which were retained on the surface of the mother colony by mucous strings for up to a few days. High fertilization rates were observed during spawning in 2008 and 2009 (94.9% and 87.0%, respectively). The timing of development was ~24 h for the blastulae, ~48–72 h for the planulae and 8–22 days for metamorphosis into primary polyps. Survivorship of planulae was relatively high (~50% at 45 days after release), but only 24% of larvae metamorphosed into primary polyps, and their survivorship was moderate after 2 months (65% in 2008 and 74% in 2009). Asexual reproduction was negligible, indicating that sexual reproduction is the main mechanism supporting the maintenance and recovery of populations, This study was partially funded by the Marie Curie Reintegration Grant Mechanisms (FP7 no.207632) and Total Foundation (medDIVERSA project, http:// meddiversa.medrecover.org)

Published
2015
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21. Hydrology and circulation in a coastal area off Marseille: Validation of a nested 3D model with observations

Author

Ivane Pairaud, Pierre Garreau, J. Gatti, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Romaric Verney

Subjects
Flood myth, Stratification (water), Westerlies, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Nested set model, Salinity, Mediterranean sea, Downwelling, Climatology, Bay, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geology
Abstract

A high resolution 3D coastal ocean model has been applied to the forecast of the oceanic circulation off Marseille (from the Rhone River to the Cap Sicie). The realistic numerical simulations were forced by the Rhone River, meteorological fields and by the surrounding general circulation. A lot of observations providing the stratification and currents in the area were acquired at moorings and from vessel cruises during the last decade. In order to validate the nested forecasting system, quantitative comparisons between observations and model results were performed for the years 2007 and 2008. Statistics over long time series of temperature at moorings were computed to show the model skills in capturing the monthly to seasonal variability of the thermal structure. The comparison also demonstrated the model's ability to reproduce the observed features over the shelf, like the warming or cooling of the sea due to upwelling and downwelling events. The model also reproduced an intrusion of the Rhone River plume observed into the southern bay of Marseille during a flood event, inducing a salinity decrease at the Frioul station under westerlies and south-easterlies. Hence, although the wind constrains the coastal circulation, the general circulation is also of great influence, with intrusions of the Northern Current from the south of the domain observed and reproduced by the model in winter, due to the penetration of meanders over the narrow eastern part of the shelf. This process was better reproduced by the nested high resolution model than by the North Western Mediterranean Sea model. The nested model was also found to be more suitable to reproduce the plumes of diluted pollutants emanating from coastal discharges.

Published
2011
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22. Physiological response of the symbiotic gorgonianEunicella singularisto a long-term temperature increase

Author

Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Sylvie Tambutté, N. Segonds, Pierre-Laurent Merle, Thamilla Zamoum, Joaquim Garrabou, Denis Allemand, Eric Tambutté, and Nathaniel Bensoussan

Subjects
Chlorophyll, Cnidaria, Mediterranean climate, Physiology, Climate Change, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Thermal stress, Mediterranean, Aquatic Science, Photosynthesis, Calcification, Calcification, Physiologic, Mediterranean sea, Symbiosis, Stress, Physiological, Eunicella singularis, Gorgonians, Mediterranean Sea, Climate change, Animals, Seawater, Molecular Biology, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, ved/biology, Ecology, Temperature, biology.organism_classification, Gorgonian, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract

9 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, Increase in seawater temperature is one of the major effects of global climate change that affects marine organisms, including Cnidaria. Among them, gorgonians from the NW Mediterranean Sea, such as the species Eunicella singularis, have suffered spectacular and extensive damage. We thus investigated in a controlled laboratory experiment the response of E. singularis to a long-term increase in temperature and we took a special interest in its photosynthetic and calcification response to the stress. Two populations collected at 15 and 35 m depths were studied in order to determine whether there was a difference in sensitivity to thermal stress between living depths. Our results show: (a) that calcification and photosynthesis were impacted only when gorgonians were maintained for more than two weeks at 26°C, and (b) that colonies of E. singularis living in shallow waters were less tolerant than those living in deep waters. Because E. singularis is a symbiotic species, we have also discussed the potential role of symbiosis in the thermotolerance response., This research was supported by the Government of the Principality of Monaco and the Medchange project (www.medchange.org) funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR).

Published
2009
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23. Community primary production and calcification in a NW Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by calcareous macroalgae

Author

Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Alkalinity, Primary production, Aquatic Science, Biology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Salinity, Oceanography, Temperate climate, Seawater, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Autotroph, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The community metabolism of a shallow infralittoral ecosystem dominated by the calcareous macroalgae Corallina elongata was investigated in Marseilles (NW Mediterranean), by monitoring hourly changes of seawater pH and total alkalinity over 6 d in February 2000. Fair weather conditions prevailed over the study period as indicated by oceanographic (temperature, salinity, and current velocity and direction) and meteorological variables, which validated the standing water hypothesis. This temperate ecosystem exhibited high community gross primary production (GPP = 519 +/- 106 mmol C m(-2) d(-1), n = 6) and also supported high rates of community respiration (R). As a result, the system was slightly autotrophic (net community production, NCP = 20 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)), with a GPP/R ratio of 1.06. NCP exhibited circadian variations with 2- to 3-fold changes in community respiration, both in the light and in the dark. Rates of net community calcification also exhibited circadian variations, with positive rates (up to 24 mmol CaCO3 m(-2) h(-1)) for irradiance values > 300 W m(-2) (about 1380 mu mol photon m(-2) s(-1)). Below this irradiance threshold, net community dissolution prevailed. Daily net calcification (G) was on average 8 mmol CaCO3 m(-2) d(-1). CO2 fluxes generated by primary production, respiration, and calcification suggest that the study site was a potential atmospheric CO2 sink of 15 mmol CO2 m(-2) d(-1) at the time of measurement.

Published
2007
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24. Suivis temporels comparés de la structure thermique d'eaux côtières libanaises (Batroun) et françaises (Marseille) entre juin 1999 et octobre 2002

Author

Marie Abboud-Abi Saab, Jean-Claude Romano, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Milad Fakhri

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

Resume Entre juin 1999 et octobre 2002, des profils thermiques d'eaux cotieres ont ete realises (au moins mensuellement) en deux points de la Mediterranee, un dans le bassin oriental (Batroun, Liban ; 0–100 m) et un autre dans le bassin occidental (Marseille, France ; 0–55 m). Dans les deux sites, saisonnalite des traces thermiques et formation de la thermocline sont tres semblables. En revanche, a profondeur comparable, les temperatures sont plus elevees au Liban de 4 a 5 °C, et la thermocline estivale est plus longue (au moins six mois), permanente et plus profonde (40–50 m) qu'a Marseille (20–30 m), ou elle disparait frequemment en saison chaude, lors des refroidissements brusques consecutifs aux vents de nord-ouest. Cette specificite est due principalement aux differences entre les regimes de vents dominants sur les deux cotes. Documentant l'evolution temporelle d'eaux cotieres representatives au niveau regional des bassins mediterraneens, perennisee, cette observation couplee peut contribuer a apporter des enseignements sur des tendances a long terme et leurs consequences dans le cadre du rechauffement global de la Mediterranee. Pour citer cet article : M. Abboud-Abi Saab et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).

Published
2004
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25. Importance du choix des échelles de temps pertinentes pour l'étude du fonctionnement d'écosystèmes marins littoraux

Author

Jean-Claude Romano, Bouazza El-Haikali, Michel-Guy Lafont, and Nathaniel Bensoussan

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

Resume Des enregistrements semi-continus (1/30 min) de parametres physico-chimiques ( T , S , OD et pH) ont ete realises de 1998 a 2000, a 1,50 m de profondeur dans des eaux littorales mediterraneennes (Marseille), associes a des enregistrements d'irradiance et de vitesse et direction du vent. Les donnees physico-chimiques ont ete traitees pour en synthetiser l'information a differentes echelles de temps (inter-annuel, saisonnier, quotidien et horaire) et, en particulier, examiner la reponse des parametres semi-conservatifs OD et pH aux variables hydroclimatiques. A l'echelle de la journee, des variations circadiennes importantes resultent d'une activite biologique variant avec l'eclairement, avec un fort couplage OD–pH. La reflexion menee sur ces donnees peut contribuer a la definition d'enregistreurs automatiques, outils d'avenir pour l'observation des eaux cotieres. Pour citer cet article : N. Bensoussan et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).

Published
2004
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26. Seasonal and interannual variations (1996–2000) of the coastal waters east of the Rhone river mouth as indicated by the SORCOM series

Author

Denise Arlhac, Jean-Claude Romano, Michel-Guy Lafont, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Walid A.N Younes

Subjects
long term observation, 0106 biological sciences, Panache de dilution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Rhône, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, salinity, Salinité, Mediterranean sea, dilution plume, Observation à long terme, River mouth, medicine, 14. Life underwater, Transect, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Plume, Rhone river, Salinity, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, fluorescence, Bloom
Abstract

Between 1996 and 2000, 79 cruises have been achieved following always the same transect between Marseilles and the Rhone river's mouth. While cruising, salinity, temperature and fluorescence of surface waters (1.5 m) were recorded every minute, in association with precise GPS position. The whole set of data. (i.e. 128 measured points per cruise) constitutes the Sorcom series whose synthetic results ate presented here. Despite the high spatial and temporal. variability encountered between two successive cruises, the regularity and duration of the sampling strategy permitted to define coherent spatial zonation and temporal evolutions. In the Cape Couronne vicinity the dynamic of the eastern extension of the dilution plume clearly changes. Westward, waters are frequently under its influence, but more sporadically to the east, with a less pronounced gradient. In few cases, salinity lowering has been measured up to the gulf of Marseilles. In these two areas, which can be divided in two sub zones, seasonal evolutions are different. In the eastern area (Cape Couronne-Marseilles), the classical rhythm prevailing over marine waters is observed but with earlier phytoplanktonic bloom than usually reported. In the western part, and as getting closer to the Rhone river mouth, a weaker seasonal variability is observed for the phytoplanktonic biomass then salinity and temperature differences remain high. The better knowledge of the eastern dilution plume is of important socio-economical concern due to the numerous population living on this coast and the presence of pollutants in the river waters., Entre 1996 et 2000, toujours selon le même trajet entre Marseille et l’embouchure du Rhône, soixante dix neuf missions ont été conduites. Le navire en route, toutes les minutes sont réalisées dans les eaux de surface (1,5 m) des mesures de salinité, température, fluorescence ainsi qu’un positionnement GPS. L’ensemble de ces données (soit 128 points de mesure par sortie) constitue la série Sorcom dont la synthèse de ces résultats est présentée ici. Malgré la forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle pouvant se manifester d’une sortie à l’autre, la stratégie de l’étude et sa durée permettent de dégager une zonation spatiale et des évolutions temporelles. C’est au voisinage du Cap couronne que se situe un changement net dans la dynamique d’extension, vers l’est, de l’influence du Rhône. A l’ouest, les eaux sont en quasi-permanence sous cette influence et plus sporadiquement vers l’est, avec un gradient moins marqué, mais dans certains cas une dessalure peut être détectée jusqu’à Marseille. Dans ces deux parties, chacune pouvant être découpée en deux sous zones, les évolutions saisonnières sont différentes. Si dans la partie est (cap Couronne–Marseille) on retrouve le rythme classique des eaux marines (avec une première poussée phytoplanctonique plus précoce que ce qui est reporté habituellement), la partie ouest (cap Couronne–Rhône) voit se mettre en place, au fur et à mesure que l’on se rapproche de l’embouchure, une plus faible variabilité inter saisonnière pour la biomasse phytoplanctonique alors que les écarts de salinité et surtout de température restent importants. La connaissance de la branche est de dilution des eaux du Rhône, sans doute moins étudiée car ne correspondant pas à la direction privilégiée du panache, revêt une importance socio-économique particulière du fait de la population qui vit sur cette côte et de la présence, dans les eaux du fleuve, d’un cortège de polluants amenés par le drainage du bassin versant.

Published
2003
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27. Anomalie thermique dans les eaux du golfe de Marseille durant l’été 1999. Une explication partielle de la mortalité d’invertébrés fixés ?

Author

Jean-Claude Romano, Denise Arlhac, Nathaniel Bensoussan, and Walid A.N Younes

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Ecology, ved/biology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Environmental factor, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Water column, Mediterranean sea, Benthic zone, medicine, Paramuricea clavata, Thermocline, Surface water, Geology
Abstract

During summer 1999, a massive mortality of attached benthic invertebrates was reported at several points along the French Mediterranean coast, east of the Rhone River. Such a wide geographical extension suggested the occurrence of a climatic anomaly as a direct or an indirect cause of this phenomenon. The systematic observations of surface water temperature (1 record/30 min) and vertical thermal structure from 0 to 55 m (semi-monthly frequency) performed by the service of observation of centre d’oceanologie de Marseille since 1994 in the Gulf of Marseilles (northwestern Mediterranean) compared with historical data obtained for the summer periods (June till October) indicates a thermal anomaly during summer 1999. Although the surface temperatures do not strictly show exceptional values, the stability during long periods of high temperatures (24.1 °C ± 0.5 in September, n = 1 018) and the thermal structure of the water column are remarkable. The vertical temperature profiles of 1999 reflect a general warming of 2–3 °C in the water layer overlying the thermocline, accompanied by its deepening (up to 30–40 m). This situation can be explained by the scarcity of NW winds with a marked drop of their relative frequency during July and October 1999 (13–27 % versus 42 %, mean value calculated from the previous 12 years) and the short duration of these windy periods (between 30 min and 5 h as a mean). Parallel to this, a large number of no wind registrations (125–250 h/month as a mean) were observed during this period. A similar thermal stratification, of lesser amplitude, associated with comparable meteorological conditions was also observed in 1997. The hypothesis that this summer 1999 temperature anomaly could constitute a partial explanation for the recorded massive mortality is discussed.

Published
2000
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28. Impacts of climate change on coastal benthic ecosystems: assessing the current risk of mortality outbreaks associated with thermal stress in NW Mediterranean coastal areas

Author

Nathaniel Bensoussan, Pierre Garreau, Ivane Pairaud, Joaquim Garrabou, Vincent Faure, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Model validation, Ocean modelling, Climate change, Impact mapping, Marine life, Oceanography, Spatial distribution, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Benthic communities, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Risk of mortality, Environmental science, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Topical Collection on the 16th biennial workshop of the Joint Numerical Sea Modelling Group (JONSMOD) in Brest, France 21-23 May 2012.-- 13 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, In the framework of climate change, the increase in ocean heat wave frequency is expected to impact marine life. Large-scale positive temperature anomalies already occurred in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea in 1999, 2003 and 2006. These anomalies were associated with mass mortality events of macrobenthic species in coastal areas (0-40 m in depth). The anomalies were particularly severe in 1999 and 2003 when thousands of kilometres of coasts and about 30 species were affected. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to assess the current risk of mass mortality associated with temperature increase along NW Mediterranean continental coasts. A 3D regional ocean model was used to obtain the temperature conditions for the period 2001-2010, for which the model outputs were validated by comparing them with in situ observations in affected areas. The model was globally satisfactory, although extremes were underestimated and required correction. Combined with information on the thermo-tolerance of a key species (the red gorgonian P. clavata) as well as its spatial distribution, the modelled temperature conditions were then used to assess the risk of mass mortality associated with thermal stress for the first time. Most of the known areas of observed mass mortality were found using the model, although the degree of risk in certain areas was underestimated. Using climatic IPCC scenarios, the methodology could be applied to explore the impacts of expected climate change in the NW Mediterranean. This is a key issue for the development of sound management and conservation plans to protect Mediterranean marine biodiversity in the face of climate change. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, This work was supported by the CLIMCARES project funded by the TOTAL foundation (http://climcares.medrecover.org). [...] This study was also part of the ‘Mistrals Mermex WP2-ICOCE’ and international ‘IMBER’, ‘SOLAS’ and ‘LOICZ’ projects

Published
2014
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29. Long-term responses of the endemic reef-builder Cladocora caespitosa to Mediterranean warming

Author

Cristina Linares, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Diego K. Kersting, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Coral, Climate, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Oceanography, Global Warming, Marine Conservation, Mediterranean sea, Global Change Ecology, lcsh:Science, Islands, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Mediterrània (Mar), Coral Reefs, Global warming, Marine Ecology, Temperature, Coral reef, Anthozoa, Zooxanthellae, Corals, Seasons, Coastal Ecology, Research Article, Context (language use), Marine Biology, Biology, Necrosis, Marine Monitoring, Temperate climate, Mediterranean Sea, Animals, Seawater, Mortality, Ocean Temperature, Ecosystem, Coralls, geography, Population Biology, Escalfament global, lcsh:R, Sea surface temperature, Spain, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Population Ecology
Abstract

Recurrent climate-induced mass-mortalities have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea over the past 15 years. Cladocora caespitosa, the sole zooxanthellate scleractinian reef-builder in the Mediterranean, is among the organisms affected by these episodes. Extensive bioconstructions of this endemic coral are very rare at the present time and are threatened by several stressors. In this study, we assessed the long-term response of this temperate coral to warming sea-water in the Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean) and described, for the first time, the relationship between recurrent mortality events and local sea surface temperature (SST) regimes in the Mediterranean Sea. A water temperature series spanning more than 20 years showed a summer warming trend of 0.06°C per year and an increased frequency of positive thermal anomalies. Mortality resulted from tissue necrosis without massive zooxanthellae loss and during the 11-year study, necrosis was recorded during nine summers separated into two mortality periods (2003–2006 and 2008–2012). The highest necrosis rates were registered during the first mortality period, after the exceptionally hot summer of 2003. Although necrosis and temperature were significantly associated, the variability in necrosis rates during summers with similar thermal anomalies pointed to other acting factors. In this sense, our results showed that these differences were more closely related to the interannual temperature context and delayed thermal stress after extreme summers, rather than to acclimatisation and adaption processes.

Published
2013

30. Corrigendum to 'Marine ecosystems' responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean' [Prog. Oceanogr. 91 (2011) 97-166]

Author

P. L. Merle, Frédéric Mélin, David Doxaran, D. Ruiz Pino, Christian Tamburini, Christophe Migon, Marcel Babin, B. Bonsang, Stéphane Gasparini, Romaric Verney, J. L. Gonzalez, F. Eyrolles, Thierry Moutin, Jordi Dachs, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, Andrew P. Rees, William L. Miller, Jean-François Ghiglione, Lars Stemmann, Camila Fernandez, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, F. Van Wambeke, René Galzin, Tsuneo Tanaka, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Bruno Charrière, Jean-Claude Gaertner, J. F. Cadiou, Ioanna Bouloubassi, Bastien Mérigot, Malik Chami, Olivier Radakovitch, Richard Sempéré, Christophe Rabouille, Wade H. Jeffrey, Anne Petrenko, Jean-François Rontani, M. Eléaume, C. Mellon, Vincent Taillandier, J. Para, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Cécile Guieu, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Behzad Mostajir, Louis Marie Prieur, Karine Leblanc, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Catherine Goyet, L. Mousseau, Thierry Perez, Melika Baklouti, Sophie Bonnet, Frédéric Gazeau, Frédéric Diaz, Marc Mallet, R. Lemé, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Christophe Brunet, Franck Touratier, Francois Carlotti, Sandrine Vaz, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Fabien Joux, Patrick Raimbault, S. H.M. Jacquet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Benedicte Thouvenin, Pulido-Villena, Lionel Guidi, Dominique Lefèvre, Claude Estournel, Pierre Testor, Françoise Elbaz-Poulichet, Hervé Thébault, L. Méjanelle, Vincent Vantrepotte, P. Le Hir, Caroline Ulses, Sabine Charmasson, Daniel Cossa, S. Fowler, Laurent Mortier, Jacek Tronczynski, Philippe Koubbi, Katell Guizien, Sauveur Belviso, X. Durrieu de Madron, Patrice Francour, Pascal Conan, Marc Tedetti, Jean-Claude Dutay, Christophe Lejeusne, Céline Ridame, Paléoclimats, proxies, processus ( PALEOPROXUS ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone ( PHYBIOCAR ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marine (LBCM), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléoclimats, proxies, processus (PALEOPROXUS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010505 oceanography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geology, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oceanography, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Environmental science, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Not Available

Published
2011
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31. High-frequency monitoring of phytoplankton dynamics within the European water framework directive: application to metalimnetic cyanobacteria

Author

Catherine Freissinet, E. Rioust, B. Le Vu, Y. Dégrés, Bruno J. Lemaire, François Prévot, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Nicolas Escoffier, A. Groleau, Gérard Paolini, Bruno Tassin, José-Frédéric Deroubaix, C. Drezen, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, Catherine Quiblier, Michel Calzas, Jean-François Humbert, laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS DT-INSU, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-Organismes (MCAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), NKE instrumentation, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire de géochimie des Eaux (LGE), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecosystèmes et Interactions Toxiques, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), ANR-PRECODD, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), entreprise, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, stratified lakes, WFD, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, cyanobacteria, Water column, Phytoplankton, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, metalimnetic fluorescence peak, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, Biomass (ecology), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Internal wave, 6. Clean water, monitoring, Water Framework Directive, 13. Climate action, phytoplankton, Environmental science, Water quality, time series, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Eutrophication
Abstract

Large, sub-alpine, stratified lakes are directly within the scope of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and need adapted monitoring systems. Moreover, anthropogenic eutrophication was frequently the main cause of their water quality degradation in the 20th century. This paper is primarily aimed at demonstrating how in situ sensor-equipped buoys could be the base of monitoring designs to support the WFD objectives. The core of this paper, mainly methodological, focuses on single-depth, high frequency (4 per hour) fluorescence measurements. It shows that the internal wave pattern provides additional information to the single-depth time series to assess phytoplankton dynamics in a stratified water column displaying strong, vertical biomass heterogeneity. The paper deals with the following three aspects: (1) definition of an indicator to determine whether or not the sensor actually detects the metalimnetic fluorescence peak, (2) vertical representation of chlorophyll distribution from single-depth series; (3) time evolution of the fluorescence peak (maximum value, depth and associated temperature, peak width).

Published
2011
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32. Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean

Author

Romaric Verney, William L. Miller, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Pierre-Laurent Merle, Louis Marie Prieur, Sauveur Belviso, Scott W. Fowler, Frédéric Gazeau, Francois Carlotti, D. Ruiz Pino, Richard Sempéré, Bastien Mérigot, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Lars Stemmann, Camila Fernandez, David Doxaran, Stéphane Gasparini, Patrice Francour, Marc Tedetti, Sabine Charmasson, Laure Mousseau, Marcel Babin, Jean-Claude Dutay, R. Lemé, Frédéric Diaz, Stéphan Jacquet, F. Van Wambeke, J. L. Gonzalez, Jean-François Ghiglione, Vincent Vantrepotte, P. Le Hir, Hervé Thébault, Christophe Lejeusne, Marc Mallet, X. Durrieu de Madron, Françoise Elbaz-Poulichet, Pulido-Villena, Benedicte Thouvenin, Malik Chami, Pascal Conan, Philippe Koubbi, Claude Estournel, Laurent Mortier, Christian Tamburini, Bruno Charrière, Dominique Lefèvre, Catherine Goyet, Jean-François Rontani, C. Mellon, B. Bonsang, Thierry Moutin, René Galzin, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Radakovitch, Jacek Tronczynski, Katell Guizien, Behzad Mostajir, F. Eyrolles, Daniel Cossa, Christophe Rabouille, Frédéric Mélin, Andrew P. Rees, Wade H. Jeffrey, Jordi Dachs, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, M. Eléaume, Sandrine Vaz, Laurence Méjanelle, Thierry Perez, Tsuneo Tanaka, Melika Baklouti, J. Para, Christophe Brunet, Ioanna Bouloubassi, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Caroline Ulses, Anne Petrenko, Sophie Bonnet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Fabien Joux, Franck Touratier, Lionel Guidi, Pierre Testor, Cécile Guieu, Patrick Raimbault, Jean-Francois Cadiou, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Christophe Migon, Jean-Claude Gaertner, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Karine Leblanc, Céline Ridame, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Océanographie côtière, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biogéochimique (LOPB), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), IPSO FACTO [Marseille], Laboratoire de Robotique de Versailles (LRV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etudes Radioécologiques des milieux Continental et marin (IRSN/PRP-ENV/SESURE/LERCM), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude radioécologique du milieu continental et marin (IRSN/DEI/SESURE/LERCM), Service d'étude et de surveillance de la radioactivité dans l'environnement (IRSN/DEI/SESURE), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire catalyse et spectrochimie (LCS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marine Environment Laboratories [Monaco] (IAEA-MEL), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), The MerMex Group, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie biologique de Banyuls (LOBB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques (LBCM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre atlantique, Nantes, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC (UMR_7057)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biologique (LOPB), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis - Unité de Recherche Synthèse et Analyse des Matériaux, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), IPSO FACTO, SCOPARL, Pôle Océanologie et Limnologie, Paléoclimats, proxies, processus (PALEOPROXUS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude radioécologique du milieu continental et marin (LERCM), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Intervention, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne (BETM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of west Florida, IFREMER (IFREMER), College of Marine Studies (CMS), University of Delaware [Newark], Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine (DIMAR), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systématique, adaptation, évolution (SAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (Ecosym), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie et de biogéochimie (LOB), CE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Austral Boréal, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Aubert & Duval, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Nantes (IFREMER Nantes), Université de Nantes (UN), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Océan et Interfaces (OCEANIS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation [Pensacola] (UWF | CEDB), University of West Florida [Pensacola] (UWF), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Sciences [Athens], University of Georgia [USA], Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Austral Boréal (AB), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Image, Modélisation, Analyse, GEométrie, Synthèse (IMAGES), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des organismes marins et écosystèmes (BOME), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), CBETM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyse en Géo-Environnement et Santé (IMAGES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Département Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA), Department of Marine Sciences [Athènes], Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), Biogéochimie des contaminants organiques (LBCO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Paléoclimats, proxies, processus ( PALEOPROXUS ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone ( PHYBIOCAR ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ipso Facto ScopARL, Association Arkaeos, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), CNRS UMR 7057 - Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) (MSC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversity, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mediterranean sea, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Global change, 15. Life on land, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract

Corrigendum : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.08.003; International audience; The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its smaller inertia due to the relative short residence time of its water masses, make it highly reactive to external forcings, in particular variations of water, energy and matter fluxes at the interfaces. This region, which has been identified as a “hotspot” for climate change, is therefore expected to experience environmental impacts that are considerably greater than those in many other places around the world. These natural pressures interact with the increasing demographic and economic developments occurring heterogeneously in the coastal zone, making the Mediterranean even more sensitive. This review paper aims to provide a review of the state of current functioning and responses of Mediterranean marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems with respect to key natural and anthropogenic drivers and to consider the ecosystems’ responses to likely changes in physical, chemical and socio-economical forcings induced by global change and by growing anthropogenic pressure at the regional scale. The current knowledge on and expected changes due to single forcing (hydrodynamics, solar radiation, temperature and acidification, chemical contaminants) and combined forcing (nutrient sources and stoichiometry, extreme events) affecting the biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem functioning are explored. Expected changes in biodiversity resulting from the combined action of the different forcings are proposed. Finally, modeling capabilities and necessity for modeling are presented. A synthesis of our current knowledge of expected changes is proposed, highlighting relevant questions for the future of the Mediterranean ecosystems that are current research priorities for the scientific community. Finally, we discuss how these priorities can be approached by national and international multi-disciplinary research, which should be implemented on several levels, including observational studies and modeling at different temporal and spatial scales.

Published
2011
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33. Temperature Anomalies and Mortality Events in Marine Communities: Insights on Factors behind Differential Mortality Impacts in the NW Mediterranean

Author

Nathaniel Bensoussan, Jean-Claude Romano, Carolina Crisci, Joaquim Garrabou, COMA, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Aquatic Organisms, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population Dynamics, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, lcsh:Medicine, Climate change, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Global Change Ecology, Mediterranean Sea, Animals, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Mortality, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Conservation Science, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, ved/biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Mortality rate, Anomaly (natural sciences), lcsh:R, Marine Ecology, Temperature, Anthozoa, Marine Environments, Adaptation, Physiological, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, lcsh:Q, Seasons, Physical geography, Paramuricea clavata, Coastal Ecology, Research Article, Ecological Environments
Abstract

13 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, Two large-scale mass mortality events (MMEs) of unprecedented extent and severity affecting rocky benthic communities occurred during the summers of 1999 and 2003 along the coasts of the NW Mediterranean Sea. These mortality outbreaks were associated with positive thermal anomalies. In this study, we performed an analysis of inter-regional and inter-annual differences in temperature (T) conditions associated with MMEs of the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata by analyzing high resolution T time series (hourly records for 3 to 8 years) from four regions of the NW Mediterranean with differing hydrological conditions and biological impacts. High resolution records allowed a detailed analysis using classical and new descriptors to characterize T anomalies. We were able to determine that the MMEs were triggered by two main types of positive thermal anomalies, with the first type being characterized by short periods (2 to 5 days) with high Mean T reaching more than 27°C in some regions and being associated with high intra-day and intra-period variability, while the second type of anomaly presented long duration (near one month) at warm T (24°C) with low intra-period variability. Inter-regional patterns arose; some regions displayed both types of anomalies, while others exhibited only one type. The results showed that T conditions should be considered as the main factor that explains the observed inter-regional and inter-annual differences in mortality impacts. In explaining these differences, the late timing of T anomalies, in addition to their magnitude was found to be determinant. Finally, by combining thermotolerance experimental data with the maximal T stress conditions observed in the four regions, we were able to determine the differential risk of mass mortality across regions. We conclude that expanding high resolution T series is important for the development of sound management and conservation plans to protect Mediterranean marine biodiversity in the face of climate change, Funding: This work was supported by the Alßan Program (C. Crisci doctoral fellowship, fellowship code: E06D103213UY; www.programalban.org); Parc National de Port-Cros; The IFB Foundation (Institut Français de la Biodiversite´ ); Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) (MEDCHANGE Project (http://www.agencenationale-recherche.fr; http://sudek.esil.univmed.fr/medchange/spip); Ministry of Science and Innovation (Biorock project ref. CTM2009-08045). These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Dr. Nathaniel Bensoussan is employed by IPSO-FACTO SARL; he contributed to the analysis of the data and the writing of the manuscript

Published
2011
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34. High resolution characterization of northwest Mediterranean coastal waters thermal regimes: To better understand responses of benthic communities to climate change

Author

Nathaniel Bensoussan, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Jean-Claude Romano, Joaquim Garrabou, COMA, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine (DIMAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Coastal oceanography, Thermal structure, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Mortality outbreak, Distribution (economics), Climate change, Stratification (vegetation), Aquatic Science, Mediterranean, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Benthos, Effects of global warming, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global warming, 15. Life on land, Geography, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, Spain, Positive temperature anomalies, Gulf of Lions, Effects of climate change, France, business, Thermal regime
Abstract

11 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, In the North West Mediterranean (NWM), mass mortality events (MME) of long-lived benthic species that have occurred over the last two decades have been related to regional warming trend. Gaining robust data sets on thermal regimes is critical to assess conditions to which species have adapted, detect extreme events and critically evaluate biological impacts. High resolution temperature (T) time series obtained during 1999-2006 from 5 to 40 m depth at four contrasted sites of the NWM were analyzed: Area Marina Protegida de les Illes Medes (NE Spain), Riou (Marseilles, France), Parc National de Port-Cros (France), and Réserve Naturelle de Scandola (Corsica, France). The seasonal pattern showed winter T around 11-13 °C, and summer T mainly around 22-24 °C near surface to 18-20 °C at depth. Stratification dynamics showed recurrent downwellings (>40 m) at Medes, frequent observation (1/3rd of the summer) of deep and cold upwelled waters at Riou, while Scandola exhibited stable summer stratification and highest suprathermoclinal T. Port-Cros showed an intermediate regime that oscillated between Riou and Scandola depending on the occurrence of northern winds. Data distribution study permitted to identify and to characterize 3 large scale positive anomalies concomitant with the mass mortality outbreaks of summers 1999, 2003 and 2006. The analysis of biological surveys on gorgonian populations showed significant impacts during the 3 years with temperature anomalies. Besides the degree of impact showed inter-annual differences which could be related to different T conditions concomitant to mortality events, from slight increase in T extreme of only 1-2 °C over short duration, to lengthened more classical summer conditions. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that shallow NWM populations of long-lived benthic species are living near their upper thermal thresholds. Given actual trends and projections in NWM, the repetition of new MMEs in the next decades is extremely likely. In such context, the acquisition of dedicated high resolution T series proves to be crucial for increasing our detection, understanding and forecasting abilities, This research was funded by the Parc National de Port-Cros, the IFB Foundation (Institut Français de la Biodiversité), the environmental department of the TOTAL-Fina-Elf group, an “Action Concertée Incitative” (ACI) program “Jeunes chercheurs 2003” (number JC5360) from the French Research Ministry, and the MEDCHANGE project funded by the “Agence Nationale pour la Recherche” (ANR)

Published
2010
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35. Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities : effects of the 2003 heat wave

Author

Rafael Coma, Pierre Chevaldonné, Núria Teixidó, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Joaquim Garrabou, Cristina Linares, Christophe Lejeusne, Christian Marschal, Diego K. Kersting, Carlo Cerrano, Mikel Zabala, M. Cigliano, Eduard Serrano, Jean-Claude Romano, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Maria Cristina Gambi, David Díaz Díaz, Nathaniel Bensoussan, O. Torrents, Marc Bally, Thierry Perez, Frederic Zuberer, Marta Ribes, Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine (DIMAR), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMA, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine ( DIMAR ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Sciences pour l'environnement ( SPE ), Université Pascal Paoli ( UPP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pascal Paoli ( UPP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie ( MIO ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Université de Toulon ( UTLN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, LIFE-HISTORY, Dynamical climatology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Biodiversity, Community, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean sea, effects of climate change, SUMMER 1999, Climate change, Marine biodiversity, Global change, General Environmental Science, disturbance, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, mortality outbreak, [ SDU.STU.OC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, CLIMATE-CHANGE, SEA, Ecology, Temperature, Aquatic environment, Perturbation, Oceanography, Geography, Benthic zone, EUROPEAN HEATWAVE, PARAMURICEA-CLAVATA, marine biodiversity, Mortality outbreak, 010603 evolutionary biology, WESTERN ENGLISH-CHANNEL, Benthos, Eunicella singularis, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, PATHOGEN VIBRIO-SHILOI, Mortality, Marine environment, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, ved/biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Outbreak, Disturbance, Mass, Heat, Environmental factor, Benthic organism, 13. Climate action, MUCILAGE EVENT, Effects of climate change, SUSPENSION FEEDERS, Paramuricea clavata
Abstract

14 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables, Late in summer 2003, extensive mass mortality of at least 25 rocky benthic macro-invertebrate species (mainly gorgonians and sponges) was observed in the entire Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean region, affecting several thousand kilometers of coastline. We were able to characterize the mortality event by studying six areas covering the main regions of the NW Mediterranean basin. The degree of impact on each study area was quantified at 49 sites by estimating the proportion of colonies affected in populations of several gorgonian species compared with reference data obtained in years without mortality signs. According to these data, the western areas (Catalan coast and Balearic Islands) were the least affected, while the central areas (Provence coast and Corsica-Sardinia) showed a moderate impact. The northernmost and eastern areas (Gulf of Genoa and Gulf of Naples) displayed the highest impact, with almost 80% of gorgonian colonies affected. The heat wave of 2003 in Europe caused an anomalous warming of seawater, which reached the highest temperatures ever recorded in the studied regions, between 1 and 3 °C above the climatic values (mean and maximum). Because this exceptional warming was observed in the depth ranges most affected by the mortality, it seems likely that the 2003 anomalous temperature played a key role in the observed mortality event. A correlation analysis between temperature conditions and degree of impact seems to support this hypothesis. Under the present climate warming trend, new mass mortality events may occur in the near future, possibly driving a major biodiversity crisis in the Mediterranean Sea, This research was partly supported by the IFB Foundation (Institut Français de la Biodiversité), the environmental department of TOTAL-Fina-Elfgroup, an 'Action Concertée Iniciative' (ACI) program 'Jeunes chercheus 2003' (number JC5360) from French Research Ministry, research grants CTM2006-01463 and CGL2007-66757

Published
2009
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