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An indisputable fact in Global Value Chains (GVCs) is the rapid catching-up of China with U.S.A.; however, the convergence speed and depth have yet remained to be explored. On the one hand, the heterogeneity of different business functional activities, i.e. management, R&D, marketing and fabrication, is barely discussed. On the other hand, the international income transfers further complicate catching-up issue, since wedge between value-added and national income exists. Taking account of both them in a global multi-country input-output setting enables us to better understand the speed and depth of catching-up for China vis-à-vis U.S.A. China has made progress on narrowing the gap, albeit slowing down in the mid-2010s, but far from complete. This convergence speed is unevenly proceeded across business functions/industries. Similar catching-up finding holds for our new national income approach, but to a lesser extent. GVC participation scale enlarging and productivity improvement jointly lead to this catching-up, wherein scale contributes more than does productivity. We also find that the scale role is quite heterogeneous across business functions and industries. Despite catching-up in productivity at all levels, but starting from an extremely low level, a major lagging productivity gap remains. Also, the increasingly important role of productivity is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Economics / Economia Internazionale is the property of Camera di Commercio di Genova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Remittance inflows (remittances) to Jamaica have shown steady growth after slumping during the 2007–2009 Great Recession. At the same time, inequality, measured as the share of pretax national income held by the top 1% of earners, has remained stubbornly high. We employ quadratic match-averaging and the bounds-testing approach to cointegration from 2010 to 2019 to elucidate the dynamics between inequality and remittances. There are two central findings. First, we find cointegration running from remittances per capita to inequality. Second, a 1% increase in remittances per capita is associated with a 0.278% reduction in income inequality in the long run. One policy implication of our finding is that policymakers could consider strengthening financial channels for remittance transfers; this can improve the accessibility and effectiveness of these inflows in reducing income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economy of Ethiopia has been ranked among the fastest-growing in the world, but its development has trailed. The nation continues to be among the poorest in the world, with a gross national income (GNI) of USD 960 per capita and high levels of inequality. Its rapid population expansion of 2.5 % annually is one of the major obstacles to its development, straining resources and making it challenging to produce enough jobs to accommodate the expanding workforce. Despite these obstacles, Ethiopia has advanced significantly recently. The government has implemented several measures to enhance the economic climate and attract foreign investment. This study focuses on the statistical possibility of Ethiopia reaching middle-income status by the end of 2025. It conducts a variance autoregression model analysis to determine the variables affecting Ethiopia’s GNI per capita and forecasts the GNI per capita through the CAGR method. Forecasting showed higher chances for the nation to reach middle-income status by 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruption in schooling worldwide. Global test score data is used to estimate learning losses by modeling the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the most recent results from a linear trend using data from all rounds of PISA. Mathematics scores declined an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses are greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, for boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students. Educational losses may translate into significant national income losses over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-tech industries, represented by artificial intelligence (AI), plays an important role in driving renewable energy innovation (REI). This paper analyzes the effects and mechanisms of AI on REI, using data from 51 countries from 1993 to 2019. The results show that AI can promote REI by increasing research and development (R&D) investment, improving labor productivity and institutional quality. The impact varies depending on the level and type of REI, the type of AI, the level of national income, and the extent of digital infrastructure. In addition, by constructing a spatial Durbin model, this paper also shows that AI inhibits the innovation level of neighboring countries while promoting REI at home. In view of this, countries should make full use of the advantages of AI, increase investment in R&D of AI in the field of RE, improve the efficiency of RE production and use, and establish an international cooperation framework of AI for energy innovation among countries in an effort to promote REI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt is fortunate to be less prone to natural disasters compared to other parts of the world. However, the seismic activity is low to moderate. Therefore, this relative stability is a positive factor for preserving the archeological sites. This cultural heritage is a major source of national income. Consequently, there is a strong interest from the state to preserve these sites from any probable natural hazards, especially the earthquakes. In the current study, the seismic hazard assessment has been conducted for south of Egypt, in particular at eight pharaonic temples' sites, utilizing the probabilistic seismic hazard approach within a logic-tree framework. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values on rock site conditions have been estimated according to NEHRP site classification. The obtained seismic hazard maps show that Kalabsha, Abu Dabbab and Gulf of Suez seismic zones control the distribution of the ground-motion parameters. In addition, the uniform hazard spectra have been estimated to display that, the temple of Abu Simble is located away from Kalabsha seismic active zone, where the expected PGA and SA values at different return periods is relatively low in comparison with the other temples. Moreover, the ground-motion levels are also deaggregated at the temples' sites and the results indicate that, the distance to the seismic sources which mostly contributes to the seismic hazard is almost controlled by the nearby seismic sources. Therefore, the obtained results could serve as starting point to evaluate and mitigate the seismic risk at those precious historic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Korea aims to consolidate its influence in the global development agenda and strengthen its position as a middle power. Among its key foreign policy instruments, the Official Development Assistance (oda) stands out not only to promote its development experience from being a less developed to a high-income country, but to reinforce the political and economic co-operation with its partner countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. By 2030, Korea has committed to allocate 0.3% of its Gross National Income (gni) to fund its global oda. Reaching this purpose demands doubling its current annual budget from US 3,331 million to more than US 6,700 million in the next five years. If the conditions for economic growth remain stable, a progressive increase in Korean co-operation is expected towards its 27 key partner countries by setting up bilateral co-operation strategies. Thus, the new programmatic agenda with Korea unveils the most favourable scenario to assure a "truly strategic" co-operation, leveraging international contributions to Colombia's socio-economic progress. This article analyses Korea's geopolitical setting and its relationship with Colombia within the global co-operation ecosystem, towards the consolidation of the new "Country Partnership Strategy (cps) 2026-2030. Firstly, it reviews Korea's foreign policy, considering its historical transformations, priorities, and challenges. Secondly, it explains the Korean cooperation policy and the performance of its oda flows, highlighting the added value of knowledge as a catalyst for sustainable development. Finally, it proposes recommendations to Colombia's new bilateral strategy, focusing on unexplored co-operation mechanisms and potential co-operation sectors, in accordance with its dual role (oda recipient/ssc provider) and its development aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The trend over time and across different geographical areas of outcomes and management with noninvasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and treated with ventilatory support is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes and identify variables associated with survival for patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [aeCOPD] who received noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation worldwide. Methods: Retrospective, multi-national, and multicenter studies, including four observational cohort studies, were carried out in 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016 for the VENTILAGROUP following the same methodology. Results: A total of 1,848 patients from 1,253 ICUs in 38 countries admitted for aeCOPD and need of ventilatory support were identified in the four study cohorts and included in the study. The overall incidence of aeCOPD as a cause for ventilatory support at ICU admission significantly decreased over time and varied widely according to the gross national income. The mortality of patients admitted to ICU for aeCOPD and ventilatory support significantly decreased over time regardless of the geographical area and gross national income; however, there is a remarkable variability in ICU mortality according to geographical area and gross national income. The use of NPPV as the first attempt at ventilatory support has significantly increased over time, with a parallel reduction of invasive mechanical ventilation regardless of gross national income. Conclusion: In this worldwide observational study, including four sequential cohorts of patients over 18 years from 1998 to 2016, the mortality of patients admitted to ICU for aeCOPD and ventilatory support significantly decreased regardless of the geographical area and gross national income. Future research will need to investigate the reason for the remarkable variability in ICU mortality according to the geographical area, gross national income, and methods to select patients for the appropriate ventilatory support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the consequences of World War II on the study of national income and the changing approach to economic planning in Italy. It concentrates on Corrado Gini's original definition of national income in terms of well-being with respect to the meaning that will prevail after the war, which was instrumental for a planning policy. Both the development of an accounting system and attempts to implement economic planning contributed to the establishment of economic expertise and to the transformation of the language of economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are more aid-dependent and indebted countries more likely to include women in their cabinets? Several studies have suggested that such countries seek to please donors and lenders. Focusing on Africa, we test whether leaders respond to international incentives and, specifically, signal donors and lenders that they value gender equality in political decision-making. Although leaders have more direct control over the gender composition of the cabinet than the legislature, our analyses do not show that aid dependence and indebtedness result in more women in either the cabinet or the legislature. We operationalize aid dependence and indebtedness as a proportion of recipient gross national income, which we argue better reflects the aid and loan recipients' vulnerability to external pressure. Using regression analysis techniques and multiple robustness checks to evaluate our panel data, our findings remain consistent with arguments that African states have stronger bargaining positions than the foreign aid literature has acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impacts of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperatures on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub‐Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analyzing a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys, we find that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. Our findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) can play a pivotal role in various economic and geostrategic spheres by facilitating trade integration between Asia and Europe. The study portrays the mechanism through which the IMEC participating economies can achieve their respective policy goals. The study is focused on a dual research objective. Firstly, it attempts to develop an inter-country input–output (ICIO) and linear programming (LP) impact analysis framework to address the potential of trade integration across the IMEC participating members phase-wise, initially within the Asian countries and later expanded to some European countries. For a comparison between north–south and south-south trade, the study conducts separate simulation modeling exercises based on the entire IMEC and the Eastern Corridor IMEC respectively. Secondly, the study intends to present some first-hand alternative policy choices for IMEC negotiators and trade enthusiasts both from economic and environmental perspectives. The findings demonstrate that as the IMEC network expands, trade diversion away from other parts of the world decreases, leading to the creation of trade opportunities shared with a larger number of trading partners. This results in a minor reduction in national income growth for the European member economies, while significantly improving the economic prospects for the IMEC Asian members. The study also indicates that the emphasis on environmental priorities is impeding the economic objectives, particularly among Asian IMEC members, resulting in a policy trade-off. The restructuring of energy systems to lower CO2 emissions is diminishing national income growth to nearly half of the figures achievable when economic policy goals take precedence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research investigates the impact of financial development, digitalization, green trade, manufacturing, and national income on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of six Mediterranean countries (MEDIT-6). The study uses a nonlinear panel quantile regression model with panel data of MEDIT-6 countries from 1994 to 2022. The study asserts that higher financial development will reduce CO2 emissions for MEDIT-6 countries, as it provides more financing options to invest in green energy and potentially curb excessive energy consumption which in turn reduces CO2 emissions. The study also provides evidence that digitalization in MEDIT-6 countries has led to dematerialization, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Digitalization makes trade and commerce platforms more efficient by facilitating the smooth flow of information and enhancing the efficiency of production processes. The positive relationship between manufacturing and national income and CO2 emissions exhibits a U-shaped pattern, which supports the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The study shows how the MEDIT-6 countries have been successful in promoting financial development and digitalization, which helps reduce their CO2 emissions. However, it also raises concerns for policymakers as promoting developmental activities such as manufacturing is inevitable, but it comes with environmental challenges such as higher CO2 emissions. The current study contributes to the reservoir of existing literature by providing fresh evidence from the Mediterranean region on the impact of financial development and digitalization on CO2 emissions. Highlights: • Policymakers have difficulties since encouraging developmental activities is unavoidable, but it leads to increased CO2 emissions. • Study examines the asymmetric impact of digitization and financial development on CO2 emissions of MEDIT-6 countries. • The MEDIT-6 countries have been effective in advancing digitization and financial development, which lowers their carbon footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of income level on family care organizations in Mexico to elucidate how families apportion care responsibilities according to their economic standing. The study design employed a quantitative approach, utilizing two distinct methodologies to construct two indices: one representing the time devoted to care and the other representing care transferred to the market. Factor analysis converts minutes and hours into a time index and transforms the number of domestic workers and health and hospital expenses into a market index. A regression model estimates the effect of income on these indices, aiming to analyze the relationship between income and spending on health and services and between income and time spent on home care. The results are based on data from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2010–2020, using a nationally representative sample of 81 thousand dwellings. The data analysis concluded that households with higher incomes spend a more significant proportion of their expenditure on domestic care-paid services and have greater access to professional care. In contrast, lower-income households face significant challenges due to their limited financial resources and the higher demands for unpaid care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of racial diversity on child stunting and underweight in post-apartheid South Africa, which has a strong history of systemic racial segregation. Using five waves of longitudinal data from the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS), and employing instrumental variable and propensity score matching methods, we find that racial diversity significantly reduces child stunting and underweight. This result is consistent across alternative measures of racial diversity, child stunting and underweight, and is also robust to different endogeneity-correction methods. The negative effect of racial diversity on child stunting and underweight is more pronounced among children under 5 years of age. Further analyses highlight increased employment opportunities, food expenditure per capita and financial inclusion as important channels through which racial diversity decreases stunting and underweight. We discuss the policy implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the relationship between information and communications technology (ICT) development and its impact on a country's economy during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study has two primary objectives: (1) to understand how ICT development influences a country's economic resilience during a crisis, and (2) to examine the interrelationships between various country‐level ICT development measures. We use multi‐year, country‐level data made available by the United Nations, the World Bank, and World Health Organization to empirically examine our research model. Partial least squares path analysis is the primary research methodology employed in this study. Our results suggest that ICT development has a positive impact on economic resilience in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, our results specify the interrelationships between individual ICT development measures and economic resilience. This research contributes to the extant body of knowledge on the impact of country‐level ICT development on economy by empirically validating a research model that explores the relationships between the various measures of ICT development and economic resilience of countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Route Educational & Social Science Journal (Ress Journal) is the property of Ress Academy Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent years have seen intense debate about the causes of the observed decline in the labor share. We extend this inquiry by investigating whether the design and enforcement of competition law and policy are associated with changes in the labor share. Using a panel of 22 industries in 12 OECD economies, we find a positive statistical association between the effectiveness of competition policy and changes in the labor share over the period 1995–2005. This suggests a potential link between the design and effectiveness of competition policy and the labor share, and more broadly to distributional outcomes. Our results reinforce the importance of accounting for country-specific factors, including the design and enforcement of local laws, when examining dynamics in the labor share. The analysis implies that effective competition law and policy could mitigate the decline of the labor share, particularly in settings characterized by low levels of labor protection and limited labor bargaining power. (JEL : E21, E24, E64, J01, J21, K21, L40). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study sheds light on the discovery of oil in Iraq during its time as an Ottoman province, and the subsequent rush by Western powers to claim this resource for themselves rather than allowing it to benefit the Iraqi people. The study describes how these nations vied for control over Iraq's oil wealth like fierce predators, albeit using sweet words and imposing realities rather than claws and fangs. The study reviews Iraq's negotiations with oil companies that were forced upon the country, leading to a monopoly over its oil resources. It also explores the intermittent attempts by Iraq's leaders to break free from this oppressive monopoly, culminating in a series of nationalizations of oil companies in Iraq, which were completed by 1975. The study seeks to analyze the role of oil in Iraq's economy, whether through maximizing its benefits and the associated industries or by diversifying Iraq's national income sources as a precaution against future oil depletion or sudden price drops, as has happened multiple times before. The study highlights the importance of security stability, development, social justice, and Iraq's need to overcome the divisive practice of sectarianism, which has been destructive wherever it has taken root, with Lebanon serving as a cautionary example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How fairly national income is shared is as important as the increase and continuity of national income in ensuring social welfare. Income distribution, which occurs in the market and is described as primary distribution, is often criticized as being unfair. For this reason, the state redistributes income in order to ensure justice in income distribution. One of the most effective tools in redistributing income by the state is transfer expenditures. However, transfer expenditures are carried out in different ways depending on their subtypes, and not all of them have an improving effect on income distribution. Today, ensuring justice in income distribution is a very important goal in both developed and developing countries, and transfer expenditures are among the basic tools used in this direction. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of transfer expenditures on income distribution on a country group basis, based on the Gini coefficient. In this context, it is seen that the share of transfer expenditures in total public expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It has also been determined that the share of social aid in transfer expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It is seen that the transfer expenditures of countries and the shares allocated to their subtypes are reflected in the Gini coefficients. Accordingly, income distribution in developed countries has a more egalitarian structure than in developing countries. In country-specific evaluations, the reflection of the share of social expenditures on the Gini coefficients is directly proportional to what is expected in theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector is a strategic sector for country economies as it meets the food needs of the population, increases national income, and provides input to non-agricultural sectors. T.C. Ziraat Bank A. Ş. is the commercial bank that has been the most active in providing credit to the agricultural sector from past to present. This paper aims to reveal the impact of agricultural credits on real agricultural value added in Türkiye. For the aim, annual data sets, which cover from 1977 to 2022, were collected The collected data sets were analyzed by applying Fractional-Frequency Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Fractional-Frequency Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag, and Fractional-Frequency Fourier Toda-Yamamoto tests, respectively. The findings of the analysis reveal that the dependent and independent variables are 1(1). There is a cointegration relationship between them. A 1% increase in the agricultural credit balance increases the real agricultural value added by 0.04% in the short run and 0.06% in the long run. The causality test confirms this positive relationship. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the amount of state-supported agricultural credits be gradually increased in order to continuously increase the contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, is the most important species in the North Sinai fisheries; it represents about 85 % of the total catch in the North Sinai fisheries, yet the fishing activities are still based on traditional methods, like gathering information from fellow fishermen. The fishing grounds constantly change due to environmental factors; therefore, determining the potential fishing zones (PFZs) must depend on effective and advanced techniques to monitor the optimal (PFZs) for Sardinella aurita along the North Sinai coastal zone. This study integrated the daily Sentinel-3 satellite's remotely sensed data, advanced digital imagery processing techniques, and fish yield data obtained from the General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) for Sardinella aurita in the North Sinai fisheries during 2021 to build a suitable model for determining, monitoring, and predicting the other optimal (PFZs) for Sardinella aurita along the North Sinai coastal zone. The results confirmed that, regarding the total catch of Sardinella aurita in 2021, the highest catch reached 73, 68, and 47 tons in April, December, and November, respectively, while the lowest catch reached 6 tons in January. The predicted PFZs resulting from the model are estimated to be 7 times more than the fishing grounds where fishermen currently fish. Moreover, the results confirmed the strong linkage between Sardinella aurita abundance and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration with sea surface temperature (SST). This study highlighted the importance of using remotely sensed data to help increase the national income from the fisheries sector by determining and predicting new fishing zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Historian John Hiden once called pre-WWI Latvia "the Belgium of the East" due to its highly advanced manufacturing, serving the Russian market. The independent Latvian nation-state (1918–1940) lost this status together with the industrial equipment, evacuated in 1915–1916 to mainland Russia and never returned. Inter-war Latvia did attempt to "Denmarkize", i.e., to become an internationally important exporter of food and to re-industrialize. Both its economic success and growth performance are severely contested. According to Roses and Wolf (in: Broadberry S, O'Rourke KH (eds) The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe, vol 2. 1870 to the present. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, pp 183–207, 2010), Latvia's GDP per capita growth rate was the highest among the European countries in 1929–1938. According to the most authoritative expatriate Latvian account by Aizsilnieks (Latvijas saimniecības vēsture, 1914–1945. Daugava, Stockholm, 1968), the growth stagnated in the years of the authoritarian Karlis Ulmanis regime (1934–1940). Roses and Wolf estimates are indirect. Aizsilnieks grounds his conclusions in the methodologically outdated national income estimates from inter-war times. This paper resolves the controversy by providing direct supply-side time series of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 1920–1939, based on a benchmark estimate of Latvia's GDP in 1935 by Norkus et al. (Cliometrica, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-022-00260-x, 2022). Main findings: The economic growth continued after 1934, but it was not Europe´s top growth performer in 1929–1938. However, in 1922–1938, its growth performance was the best, also due to a very low baseline after the extreme war-related economic destruction. The "Denmarkization" process was only partially successful because agricultural productivity remained low, and the re-industrialization was mainly import-substitution. We also did find that since 1936, Latvia's GDP per capita grew with substantial stagnation of the sectoral share of agriculture and a re-shift from services to manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax is one of the main sources of national income in Indonesia, playing a crucial role in supporting the country's finances and development. For companies, tax is considered a financial burden that can reduce profits. Therefore, companies tend to engage in legal tax planning, known as tax avoidance, to reduce the tax burden. This study aims to examine the influence of independent board of directors, audit committee, and leverage on tax avoidance in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018-2022. The sampling method used is purposive sampling, resulting in 12 companies out of a total of 33 companies in the population. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS version 29. The results show that leverage has an effect on tax avoidance, while independent board of directors and audit committee do not affect tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local tourism is an economic factor that can be developed as a source of regional income, especially for local communities. The aim of this research is to 1) find out whether the number of tourist visits has an effect on national income, and 2) find out whether the length of stay of tourists has an effect on national income. 3) Find out whether the number of trips affects a person's income. The data used in this research is qualitative data obtained from interviews with respondents. This data was recorded to compare each opinion with the information provided by respondents related to the research questions. The results of this research show that the number of tourist trips is related to the income of the surrounding community, SME owners, as well as length of stay and number of tours, and in general Puncak Tourism Park has been successful. in moving and influencing the economy. We encourage the development of local communities through recruitment and creating business opportunities. BerdLocal tourism is an economic factor that can be developed as a source of regional income, especially for local communities. The aim of this research is to 1) find out whether the number of tourist visits has an effect on national income, and 2) find out whether the length of stay of tourists has an effect on national income. 3) Find out whether the number of trips affects a person's income. The data used in this research is qualitative data obtained from interviews with respondents. This data was recorded to compare each opinion with the information provided by respondents related to the research questions. The results of this research show that the number of tourist trips is related to the income of the surrounding community, SME owners, as well as length of stay and number of tours, and in general Puncak Tourism Park has been successful. in moving and influencing the economy. We encourage the development of local communities through recruitment and creating business opportunities. Based on research findings that the Unchak Tourist Park plays an important role in the economic recovery of the surrounding community, the government should pay more attention to the development of tourism in the Sydenleng Lapang area in the future. is important in the economic recovery of the surrounding community, so the government should pay more attention to the development of tourism in the Baamang area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most noteworthy benefits that new technological opportunities bring to economies is Financial technologies (FinTech), which makes it easier for financial services to be cheap, fast, and accessible, especially by creating more digital payment services. This high rate of digitalization in payment services changes the liquidity preferences of economic agents daily and may affect the demand for central bank money. However, the prerequisite for the central bank to carry out monetary policy and be effective is accurately predicting the demand for its own money. Therefore, the developments in FinTech, in the last decade, are among the most attention-grabbing issues for demand in money, as well as being in the leading position for central banks, which followed intimately. In this context, the aim of this study is to reveal the impacts of developments in FinTech on monetary policy for Türkiye's real money demand. For this purpose, in order to represent the developments in financial technologies, The FinTech index, which is formed for the first time in the relevant economy using the PCA method over the period 2012:Q1-2021:Q4, is included in the model where national income, interest rate, exchange rate, and inflation are explanatory variables. Results from the ARDL approach show that FinTech developments and demand for money are co-integrated, and also an increase in FinTech reduces money demand both in the short and long-run. The causality analysis handled with the Toda-Yamamoto approach has revealed the existence of a bidirectional causality relationship between FinTech and money demand. Accordingly, Fintech developments in Türkiye have a huge potential to shape economic agents' liquidity preferences. To maintain the effectiveness of monetary policy, the policymakers in the central bank should closely follow FinTech developments and supervise and regulate activities that will create an alternative to its currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are differences in preferences for redistribution between right- and left-wing voters amplified because of misperceptions of inequality? To address this question, we conduct three nationally representative, randomized survey experiments with 7020 Australians, in which respondents are informed about either the level of national inequality and economic mobility, their position in the national income distribution, or given no information. We show that correcting misperceptions of inequality reduces the gap in support for redistribution between right-wing and left-wing voters by between 21 to 37 percent. This is predominantly due to right-wing voters, who held more inaccurate priors, increasing their support for redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed daily life greatly. As a result of the restrictions implemented during the spread of COVID-19, most transactions were undertaken online. All economic sectors, including the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector, were affected by the new norms. At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, online transactions were challenging to implement. Nevertheless, they are becoming easier and help entrepreneurs maintain consistent operations until the economic situation becomes stable. The MSME sector is crucial in comparison with other primary sectors in the acquisition of national income. This review article discusses the impact of the adoption of ecommerce platforms among MSME entrepreneurs based on three aspects of technology, organisation, and environment in a recovering economy after the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The three primary aspects of the technology, organisation, and environment (TOE) model are widely adopted in the study of e-commerce platform adoption. In the future, this study will continue with the methodology, findings, and discussion sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMPACT: This article presents novel analyses of the income sources of National Health Service (NHS) acute trusts in England. The results suggest that there are variations according to deprivation in the extent of private financial resources available to NHS institutions. They suggest a need to open up discussions about how best to mitigate spatial differences in the charitable and private patient income of NHS trusts, particularly if these sources of income grow in importance going forward. The article provides—for the first time—an analysis of spatial variation in the income sources of National Health Service (NHS) acute trusts in England. It shows that, compared to trusts serving less deprived communities, trusts serving more deprived communities receive a lower proportion of income from charitable sources; and that trusts serving deprived communities also receive a lower proportion of income from private patients. The study serves to provide evidence of spatial inequality in the private resources that support local public institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional GDP measurements often overlooks the significant contribution of the environment to a country’s long-term economic performance, leading to inaccurate assessments and the concealment of important environmental and economic benefits. The aim of this study is to estimate the level of environmental capital and sustainable income. To determine the contribution of environmental capital to GDP, the concept of the neoclassical growth model was used. This analytical approach begins by defining the two types of capital inputs, such as: human capital and environmental capital used in the production of final goods and services. The study found that the total share of environmental capital in GDP was 32% over the study period, while the contribution of environmental capital to gross national production fell from 39% in 2000 to 29% in 2018. The gap between GDP and sustainable GDP estimate also widened between 2003 and 2011. A comparison between GDP and sustainable GDP shows that environmental resource damage can account for up to 15.5% of GDP, leading to an overestimation of GDP. The decline in the share of environmental capital may have long-term implications for the potential of low-income countries to grow sustainably. Therefore, policymakers need to pay adequate attention to environmental capital investments to ensure the long-term sustainability of the economy. Institutions directly involved in GDP estimation also should have been transformed to a more comprehensive and environmental integrated GDP measurement.

Background: Subjective wellbeing (SWB) and health are important facets of any person's life, and they tend to influence each other. This importance is reflected in the vastness of literature aiming to explore this association. However, most of this literature is based on sampling national population which may present different population characteristics to those of a province. Thus, the paper aims to investigate if the association between perceived health and SWB is moderated by population characteristics at a provincial level. We intend to add value to subjective wellbeing and health literature by reviewing the relationship between SWB and health in the Eastern Cape stratified by age, gender, rural and urban and different income classifications. Methods: Different population characteristics tend to associate to subjective wellbeing and health differently, therefore influencing how these two variables influence each other. Thus, the paper aims to investigate if the association between perceived health and SWB is moderated by population characteristics at a provincial level. Utilising the South African National Income Dynamics Survey from 2008 to 2017, this study examined the relationship between subjective wellbeing and health using a random effects model stratified according to aforementioned population characteristics. Results: A better perceived health status is associated with higher subjective wellbeing. A better subjective wellbeing is also associated with a higher health status. Determinants of subjective wellbeing and health associate with these variables differently besides income and employment which led to higher subjective wellbeing and health. Health associates to subjective wellbeing different across populations characteristics. Conclusion: Subjective wellbeing and health are interdependent as reflected in the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nation (UN) statements. Higher income and level of education and being employed is associated with both higher SWB and health. Therefore, improving these economic outcomes maybe associated with an improvement in well-being and health as desired by WHO and UN. Provinces differ, and different population characteristics tend to associate with subjective wellbeing and health differently, therefore influencing how these two variables influence each other. Health improvement policies must consider subjective wellbeing. Well-being improvement policies need to be cognisant of the differences in provincial and population characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This analysis can guide national science policy for enhancing research in blockchain, privacy, and cybersecurity. Policymakers can use the findings to allocate resources effectively. For blockchain and cybersecurity research, countries might focus on economic development and research funding. To boost privacy research, nations could strengthen democratic institutions alongside economic factors. International organizations could use this analysis to identify high-potential countries for targeted support. This study examines the factors influencing scientific productivity in blockchain, privacy, and cybersecurity research across countries. While previous research has explored the determinants of general scientific output, less is known about the patterns of influence in these technological fields, which have been dominantly studied with a bibliometric focus. Using regression models, we analyze the impact of economic, political, educational, and social factors on the publication rates in these domains. Data from international databases on country-level indicators and scientific publications form the basis of our analysis. The results show that Gross National Income per capita is the strongest predictor of research output across all the fields studied. Research spending as a percentage of GDP also demonstrates a consistent positive relationship with publication rates. However, the impact of the factors varies across fields. This research provides insights for policymakers and institutions aiming to enhance research capabilities in these critical areas of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world experienced an unprecedented health shock (COVID-19) which caught everyone by surprise, and destabilized many sectors, especially the agri-food sector. This unpleasant situation caused upset in the food production and distribution chain, and continues to threaten the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 2 which underscores zero hunger in society. Many people in South Africa were disproportionately affected with severe consequences on their livelihood activities, food security status, health status, and general welfare conditions; and as a result, social relief intervention was put in place or expanded. This study examined the factors influencing rural households’ food security status among the recipients of social relief grants in rural areas of South Africa. The study used a secondary dataset from Wave 5 of National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). The research applied descriptive statistics to describe the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, and pattern of income flow. Food Insecurity Access Scale was employed to investigate the respondents’ food security status, while multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of food security. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were black (99%), female-headed (54.15%), dwelling in flats (74.01%), with secondary education (88.6%), and heavily dependent on government grants (58.61%). Also, most households were food secure (71.69%) during the pandemic. Moreover, households headed by men were more food secure (62.84%) compared to the ones headed by the female counterparts (37.08). Multinomial regression estimates revealed that formal education (p<0.1), employment status (p<0.05), dwelling type (p<0.01), as well as household size (p<0.01) significantly determined rural households’ food security status. The study concluded that social relief grants significantly reduced the food insecurity situation among the rural households in South Africa, and recommended that the government should ensure the continuation of the social relief of distress grant to the vulnerable people who are mostly domiciled in the rural areas, especially women who are disproportionately affected by these health shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Survey highlights the role of urbanisation as a growth engine for Indonesia. With the country's economy growing steadily, including by 5.11% in the first quarter of 2024, this Survey highlights the vital contribution of urban productivity to national income. Despite growth driven by non-tradable sectors and relatively strong consumption patterns due to Idul Fitri and general election events, urbanised areas face problems that hinder their productivity. Constraints in urbanisation—such as congestion, housing and pollution—decrease urban potential. Further, this Survey discusses institutional policies and alternative urban financing to improve urban productivity and foster sustainable urban development to help strengthen national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally Agriculture sector is a back-bone for Indian economy. It allows for economic expansion, increased revenues, and the fulfillment of food demand. Here, the present study has undergone the relationship between the Agricultural productivity and the economy growth of BIMSTEC countries. The BIMSTEC member countries consist of 7 nations namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand. From the analysis, Bhutan and Nepal had better performance on economy. Because, in those countries maximum number of peoples are involving in various agriculture & allied activities and making the economy growth. Through this unemployment rate, GDP, National Income and Exchange Rate are raising. The finding of the study shows that agricultural sector is significant and has a greater influence in the economy growth of GDP, National Income and Exchange Rate. So the study insight to increase the production on the agricultural sector and to have a maximum growth on economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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UK top income shares have varied hugely over the past two centuries, ranging from more than 30% to less than 7% of pre‐tax national income allocated to the top 1 percentile. We build a congruent dynamic linear regression model of the top 1% income share allowing for economic, political and social factors. Saturation estimation is used to model outliers and trend breaks, proxying underlying structural changes driving income inequality in the UK. We use the model to forecast the top 1% income share over the last 15 years, and compare to a range of forecast devices. Despite a well‐specified constant parameter model conditioning on significant explanatory variables, the best performing forecasts are obtained from a random walk and a smoothed random walk. These results are explained by the presence of shifts in the income share over the forecast period, resulting in forecasts from equilibrium correction models converging to the wrong equilibrium. Our best prediction for 2026 based on the most recent data from 2021 (a 5‐year ahead projection) is that the pre‐tax top 1% income share will remain at the most recent realized value of 12.7%, but there is a large degree of uncertainty, with a 95% confidence band ranging from 10% to 15.7%. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. David Forbes Hendry received his MSc and PhD from the LSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a trade model with (1) intermediate inputs, (2) link commodities, and (3) Keynesian unemployment. The model has linear input coefficients, stable commodity prices, and short‐run adjustment of the quantity supplied on the occasion of demand changes, making it compatible with international input–output tables and analysis. Given production techniques, labor endowments, upper limits of unemployment rates, markup rates, and final demand in each country, this model specifies feasible trade patterns and determines commodity prices, wage rates, gross outputs, employment/unemployment rates, national income, income distribution, and trade volumes/values for each pattern. Starting with a two‐country, three‐commodity case, this model expands to a multi‐country, multi‐commodity case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We use doubly robust difference‐in‐differences models to estimate the causal effect of successful coups on national incomes. We find that real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by 10%–12% 5 years after a coup and the effect has not begun to diminish at that point. When we investigate the economic and political mechanisms behind this outcome, we find that our result is mostly driven by a fall in investment and in the rule of law, along with an increase in repression. Given the size of the effect, preventing coups can be seen as a significant development issue, and though the international community has taken steps to discourage coups, further consideration of anticoup policies seems well‐warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a novel dataset of human capital-weighted population size (HCWP) for 185 countries from 1970 to 2100. HCWP summarizes a population's productive capacity and human capital heterogeneity in a single metric, enabling comparisons across countries and over time. The weights are derived from Mincerian earnings functions applied to multi-country census data on educational attainment. The model used to compute the returns to schooling accounts for the diminishing positive relative relationship between education and wages as the overall education of populations rises. The population weights are adjusted by a skills assessment factor representing differences in education quality across countries and years. HCWP is calculated by applying these adjusted human capital weights to population estimates and projections disaggregated by age, sex and education, spanning the period 1970–2020 and 2020–2100 for five Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. Validation analyses demonstrate the utility of the new HCWP data in explaining national income trends. As a more comprehensive population measure than basic size and age-sex indicators, HCWP enhances the power of statistical models aimed at the assessment of socioeconomic change impacts and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]