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Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence and computer science that deals with the interaction between computers and humans in the form of natural language. It involves using algorithms and statistical models to analyze, generate, and understand human language, enabling computers to interpret and respond to human requests naturally and intelligently.

Mit fortschreitender Energiewende steigt der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien im Strommix. Deren Angebot variiert im Tagesverlauf, nach Wetterlage und saisonal. Um Angebot und Nachfrage zur Deckung zu bringen, benötigt es daher Speicher mit großen Kapazitäten. Von allen technologischen Optionen mit großer Speicherkapazität sind Wasser-Pumpspeicherwerke die einzige, die langjährig erprobt und wirtschaftlich ist. Diese könnten in Braunkohletagebauen, welche im Zuge der Energiewende aufgegeben werden, errichtet werden. Unsere Überschlagsrechnung am Beispiel eines Pumpspeicherwerks in den heutigen Tagebauen Hambach, Garzweiler und Inden zeigt, dass diese mit bis zu 400 GWh ein signifikantes technisches Speicherpotenzial haben. Dies entspricht etwa der kontinuierlichen Maximalleistung eines Kernkraftwerks über zwei Wochen. Im Kontext der Diskussion um den Braunkohleausstieg skizziert das Papier ein netzdienliches Nachnutzungskonzept für Braunkohletagebaue, das zumindest für einen Teil der heute in der Kohleförderung und -Verstromung Beschäftigten mögliche Zukunftsperspektiven bietet.

Taking into account the ongoing efforts to gain a better physical understand­ing of the oceanic tides, this article examines the impact of high and low tide on shipping, harbor construction, nearshore settlement aspirations and energy production.

Die Chemie büßt zugunsten physikalischer und lebenswissenschaftlicher Konzeptionen zunehmend an Deutungsmacht über die molekulare Welt ein. Die Autorin untersucht, inwiefern die Ausdifferenzierung der chemischen Wissenschaften mit sich ebenfalls ausdifferenzierenden Zugriffen auf das Molekulare zusammenhängt. Anhand der vier exemplarischen Grenzfelder Materialwissenschaften, Biomedizin, Pharmazie und Quantenchemie und deren Narrative zur molekularen Eigenschaft der Chiralität veranschaulicht sie die transformative Phase der Chemie angesichts sich wandelnder Innovationsdispositive.

Im Spannungsfeld des Medienwechsels von der gedruckten zur digitalen Edition wirken komplexe und oft konfligierende Kräfte. Aus der Perspektive der Informatik identifiziert der Autor die Ursprünge und Wechselwirkungen dieser Kräfte, präzisiert sie als wesentliche Konflikte und analysiert sie systematisierend durch Adaption etablierter Konzepte. Gestützt auf diese theoretischen Erkenntnisse leitet er technische Anforderungen an moderne Editionsinfrastrukturen ab, entwickelt innovative Konfliktlösungsstrategien (u.a. mit Hilfe von Blockchain-Technologien) und stellt auf Basis der Revisionssicherheit erstmals eine Methodik für die bewertende Einordnung dieses austarierenden Technikeinsatzes bereit.

Die direkte Abscheidung von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) aus der Luft, das sogenannte Direct Air Capture (DAC), wird vermehrt als eine der Möglichkeiten zur Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen und damit der Begrenzung der Klimaerwärmung diskutiert. Vorteilhaft gegenüber anderen technischen Ansätzen zur Entnahme von atmosphärischen CO2 (Negativemissionstechnologien) ist die genaue Planbarkeit, die geringen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und die Ausgabe von CO2 in Reinform. Das CO2 kann anschließend dauerhaft gespeichert (Direct Air Capture and Sequestration) oder zur Erzeugung von bspw. synthetischen Brennstoffen (Direct Air Carbon Capture and Utilization) in Power-to-X-Routen (PtX) genutzt werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, im Kontext der deutschen Klimaneutralitätsziele bis 2045 beispielhaft eine Auslegung von DAC-Anlagen in Deutschland zu untersuchen. Dabei werden die unterschiedlichen Ressourcenverbräuche (Energie, Wasser, Fläche) sowie Kosten und mögliche Einsparungen durch eine Abwärmenutzung dargestellt und verglichen. Dabei soll diese Arbeit zur Beantwortung der folgenden Forschungsfragen beitragen: Welche technologischen DAC-Ansätze sind für Deutschland realisierbar? Welche Mengen an CO2 müssen in Deutschland umgesetzt werden, um den Bedarf an Negativemission zu decken? Welcher Ressourcenverbrauch entsteht in Deutschland, wenn die betrachteten Fallstudien umgesetzt werden? Welchen Infrastrukturaufwand hat dies zur Folge? Ist eine Implementierung in den notwendigen Größenordnungen realisierbar, und welche Faktoren wirken hierbei beschränkend? Für eine systematische Analyse wurden die DAC-, die PtX- und die elektrischen und Wärmeenergieerzeugungsanlagen modular für die Jahre 2020, 2030, 2040 und 2045 aufbereitet. Die Bezugsgrößen wurden so gewählt, dass sie dem DAC-Modul entsprechen. In vier Fallstudien wurden mögliche Kombinationsmöglichkeiten und Implementierungspfade bis 2045 zusammengestellt, analysiert und diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass ein großskaliger Einsatz von D

Exploring existing climate knowledge infrastructures as the important backbone of service endeavours, the authors analysed how climate knowledge infrastructures are organised, how (far) they take into account the 'end user', and how processes of data infrastructure governance function. Following these themes, we first catalogued and mapped relationships of organisations involved in the climate data infrastructure value chain and conducted interviews with representatives of some of the mapped organisations in order to corroborate the literature research and obtain additional insights. We suggest viewing climate service infrastructure in the four dimensions of instrumentation, information, communication, and service infrastructures. We argue that success or failure of climate services will be determined, firstly, by the ability to view and practically embed users as integral partners in the co-construction of climate services rather than treating them as 'external factors' (cross-boundary reflexivity). Secondly, we argue that it will be crucial for the growth of the climate service market, and therefore wider societal resilience to pay more attention to communication and service infrastructures intersecting. This may take in multiple ways with instrumentation and information infrastructures (infrastructural reflexivity) in the sense of a "value network" (not simply a value chain) given all the fluidity of the service infrastructure.

Climate services bear the promise of becoming a new, remunerative market of knowledge-intensive services. Although several climate services have been developed, there has been little reflection on the kinds of services such a new market could encompass, and on the ways in which formats can be created that match supply and demand. Using a research approach based on Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA), this article presents a typology of climate services, with types called 'Maps & Apps', 'Expert Analysis', 'Climate-inclusive Consulting', and 'Sharing Practices'. This typology, which is conceptually elaborated and empirically illustrated, structures the variety in current and potential climate services. It provides a framework for the development of climate services and helps users and producers to explore and articulate alternatives for matching supply and demand. On the basis of our analysis we also point towards a more differentiated and broader conceptualization of climate services.

Katharina Ameli: Multispezies-Ethnographie - Zur Methodik einer ganzheitlichen Erforschung von Mensch, Tier, Natur und Kultur. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag 2021. 978-3-8376-5532-2

Ce travail a porté sur l’étude des arbres des forêts sacrées du secteur Lukumbe dans la province du Sankuru en RD Congo. Il s’est agi d’abord d’un inventaire et d’une analyse floristique, écologique et phytogéographique des arbres rencontrés dans les forêts sacrées du Secteur de Lukumbe. Deux méthodes ont été mises en contribution : observation et inventaire. Ces forêts sont riches et diversifiées ; on note l’absence de toutes pressions anthropiques et la promotion de stratégie de la conservation de ces forêts sacrées qui contribueront à leurs évolutions vers des forêts secondaires vieilles., This work focused on the study of the sacred forest trees in the Lukumbe sector in the province of Sankuru in the DRC. It was first of all an inventory and a floristic, ecological and phytogeography analysis of the trees encountered in the sacred forests of the Lukumbe sector. Two methods were contribution : observation and inventory. These forests are rich and diverse, there is the absence of any anthropogenic pressures and the promotion of the conservation strategy of these sacred forests that contribution to their evolutions to old secretaries.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have scarcely been considered in studies on green consumption. Likewise, little attention has been paid to the effects of informational feedback on household energy ICT-related consumption. This paper aims to fill these gaps in the literature. Using microdata from a representative sample of the European Union population, this paper analyzes, in a novel way, whether the provision of information about the energy consumed by online services would make internet users change to a greener ICT consumption behavior. To assess this issue, Heckman type selection models are estimated. The results show that people’s concerns about environmental problems, their environmental activism and self-perceived efficacy as consumers are directly related to the influence that information provision exerts. We also find that frequent internet users and those with better digital skills are more willing to change their online behavior if given information on energy consumption.

Vor bald zwanzig Jahren erblickte das Agile Manifest das Licht der Welt. In Zeiten von Corona helfen agile Methoden, den digitalen Kapitalismus flexibel und widerstandsfähig zu machen.

To meet current targets for greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, emissions, especially those originating from the road transport sector, need to be reduced. Plans are to achieve this goal by substituting fossil fuel vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). This article first discusses conceptually the impact of an increasing share of EVs on the electricity grid and suitable locations for charging stations with examples from a Case Study in Lower Bavaria. Secondly, the impact of purchase subsidies on EV purchases in Germany, a high-income country characterized by an important automotive industry and an increasing share of private vehicles is examined. To achieve this, yearly information on EV purchases were analyzed by applying the Synthetic Control Method. Combining data from different sources including the European Alternative Fuels Observatory, Eurostat, and the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association, an overall picture was developed. Results indicate a difference between private, semi-public, and public charging infrastructures. Its spatial distribution does not correspond to a specific development strategy. Moreover, EV subsidies have a limited effect in Germany when controlling for market size. Limiting the discussion to a trade-off between subsidizing infrastructures or EV purchases obviates the multidimensionality of the problem as neither of them may be sufficient to accelerate the transition per se. Furthermore, if electricity provided for EVs comes mainly from fossil carriers, the changes in the road transport sector will not yield the expected emission reductions. The transition towards renewables is directly intertwined with the effects of EVs on emission reductions in the road transport sector.

The article provides an overview of military, commercial and research ships used by Germany for the exploration of oceanographic conditions in the Baltic Sea at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth century. The transition from warships for oceanographic research to the first research steamer represents an important step in the history of German Baltic Sea research. This article traces the development of German research into the hydrographical conditions in the Baltic Sea in the second half of the nine-teenth century with examples of navy ships (gunboat Comet, S.M. Aviso Pommerania, S.M.S. Rhein, lightship Adlergrund, S.M.S. Niobe, S.M.S. Nautilus, S.M.S. Pelikan), chartered merchant ships (Kiel harbour steamer, freighter Holsatia) up to the first German research steamer (the imperial research steamer Poseidon). The ships are described briefly, the measurement instruments used on them are explained, and the results achieved are assessed in terms of their contribution to the advancement of knowledge in Baltic Sea oceanography. A major contribution to research in hydrography was made by the chemist Oscar Jacobsen (1840-1889) and the geographer Otto Krümmel (1854-1912). Jacobsen was responsible for the hydrographic and chemical observations during the Pommerania expedition, whose measurements were the first ever to provide an overview of the thermohaline conditions in the open Baltic Sea between the Kattegat and the central Baltic Sea, and of the currents in the Danish straits and the Baltic Sea. Krümmel made important contributions towards international collaboration in the Baltic Sea, coordinated the hydro-graphic research projects on the imperial research steamer Poseidon, and was director of the hydrographic laboratory of the "Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere" (Commission for Scientific Research of the German Seas) in Kiel from 1902 to 1911. His special interest lay in the field of physical oceanography. Here he devo

Science and arts, apparently, would be in opposite sides of the spectrum of the human knowledge. A closer look, however, reveals a relationship of more proximity than detachment. Photography is one of the areas that allows to point that the boundaries between this two fields of knowledge are less evident than we can imagine. That is discussion we make in this text, by analyzing the use of photography in the search of the expansion of the human knowledge about the Universe., Ciência e arte, aparentemente, estariam em lados opostos do espectro do conhecimento humano. Um olhar mais atento, no entanto, revela uma relação de maior proximidade do que de afastamento. A fotografia é uma das áreas que permite apontarmos que a fronteira entre estes dois campos de estudo é menos evidente do que se imagina. É esta discussão que promovemos neste texto, ao analisarmos o uso de fotografias na busca pela ampliação do conhecimento humano sobre o Universo.

This editorial presents a brief review of pandemics from antiquity to COVID-19. Although all large-scale epidemic diseases ("pandemics") can be considered ecological "checks" on human population size, and although COVID-19 is the biggest such pandemic since HIV/AIDS emerged it is not likely to approach the deathtoll of earlier pandemics, such as the plague. There are two major hypotheses to explain the origin of COVID-19. One is the "natural origin" hypothesis, the other is that it might have escaped from a laboratory, with its origin subsequently hidden. Although most scientists support the natural origin idea the other cannot yet be dismissed. Evidence for each hypothesis is presented. If the first theory is correct then it is a powerful warning, from nature, that our species is running a great risk. If the second theory is proven then it should be considered an equally powerful, indeed frightening, signal that we are in danger, from hubris as much as from ignorance. More pandemics are inevitable, but their severity can be reduced by greater transparency, international co-operation, and retreat from planetary boundaries.

Only a few birds besides domestic pigeons and poultry can be described as domesticated. Therefore, keeping a pet bird can be challenging, and the human-avian relationship will have a major influence on the quality of this cohabitation. Studies that focus on characterizing the owner-bird relationship generally use adapted cat/dog scales which may not identify its specific features. Following a sociological approach, a concept of human-animal relationship was developed leading to three types of human-animal relationship (impersonal, personal, and close personal). This concept was used to develop a 21-item owner-bird-relationship scale (OBRS). This scale was applied to measure the relationship between pet bird owners (or keepers) (n = 1,444) and their birds in an online survey performed in Germany. Factor analysis revealed that the relationship between owner and bird consisted of four dimensions: the tendency of the owner to anthropomorphize the bird; the social support the bird provides for the owner; the empathy, attentiveness, and respect of the owner toward the bird; and the relationship of the bird toward the owner. More than one quarter of the German bird owners of this sample showed an impersonal, half a personal, and less than a quarter a close personal relationship to their bird. The relationship varied with the socio-demographic characteristics of the owners, such as gender, marital status, and education. This scale supports more comprehensive quantitative research into the human-bird relationship in the broad field of human-animal studies including the psychology and sociology of animals as well as animal welfare and veterinary medicine.

The latest developments in artificial intelligence (AI) - a general-purpose technology impacting many industries - have been based on advancements in machine learning, which is recast as a quality-adjusted decline in forecasting ratio. The influence of Policy on AI and big data has impacted two key magnitudes which are known as diffusion and consequences. And these must be focused primarily on the context of AI and big data. First, in addition to the policies on subsidies and intellectual property (IP) that will affect the propagation of AI in ways close to their effect on other technologies, three policy categories - privacy, exchange, and liability - may have a specific impact on the diffusion of AI. The first step in the prohibition process is to identify the shortcomings of current hospital procedures, why we need acute care AI, and eventually how the direction of patient decision-making will shift with the introduction of AI-based research. The second step is to establish a plan to shift the direction of medical education in order to enable physicians to retain control of AI. Medical research would need to rely less on threshold decision-making and more on the prediction, interpretation, and pathophysiological context of contextual time cycles. This should be an early part of a medical student's education, and this is what their hospital aid (AI) ought to do. Effective contact between human and artificial intelligence includes a shared pattern of focused knowledge base. Human-to-human contact protection in hospitals should lead this professional transformation process.

The dawn of artificial intelligence (AI) as a platform for improved health care provides unparalleled opportunity to enhance patient and clinical team performance, minimize costs, and reduce the health effects of the community. It provides a broad description of the legal and legislative context of the AI tools intended for the implementation of health care; highlights the need for equality, accessibility, the need for a human rights goal for the work; and identifies important factors for further advancement. AI framework describes the obstacles, drawbacks, and best practices for AI development, adoption, and management. It brings in a paradigm shift to healthcare, driven by rising clinical data access and rapid advancement in analytical techniques. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going to revolutionize the practice of medicine and change the delivery of healthcare. This paper discusses the role of artificial intelligence in the advancement of health care and associated fields. It also discusses, the value of artificial intelligence in various healthcare sectors' transformation.

This paper sketches a new approach using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) to operably map and simulate digital transformation in architecture and urban planning. Today these processes are poorly understood. Many current studies on digital transformation are only treating questions of economic efficiency. Sustainability and social impact only play a minor role. Decisive definitions, concepts and terms stay unclear. Therefore this paper develops an open experimental testbed for sustainable and innovative environments (ETSIE) for three different digital transformation scenarios using FCMs. A traditional growth-oriented scenario, a COVID-19 scenario and an innovative and sustainable COVID-19 scenario are modeled and tested. All three scenarios have the same number of components, connections and the same driver components. Only the initial state vectors are different and the internal correlations are weighted differently. This allows for comparing all three scenarios on an equal basis. The mental modeler software is used (Gray et al. 2013). This paper presents one of the first applications of FCMs in the context of digital transformation. It is shown, that the traditional growth-oriented scenario is structurally very similar to the current COVID-19 scenario. The current pandemic is able to accelerate digital transformation to a certain extent. But the pandemic does not guarantee for a distinct sustainable and innovative future development. Only by changing the initial state vectors and the weights of the connections an innovative and sustainable turnaround in a third scenario becomes possible.

Los hallazgos recientes muestran que el calentamiento global puede causar cambios en la distribución espacial de diversas especies de reptiles e incluso llevar a su extinción. Se ha propuesto teóricamente que los lacertilios podrían migrar en un gradiente altitudinal; sin embargo, en estas propuestas no se ha considerado a la hipoxia (escasez de oxígeno) como un factor limitante de la migración. De acuerdo con lo anterior, en este artículo se discuten las posibles características morfofisiologicas que podrían permitir a los ectotermos migrar sobre un gradiente altitudinal aun con los efectos negativos de la hipoxia. Es fundamental estudiar a profundidad la vulnerabilidad de los ectotermos ante el calentamiento global tomando en cuenta no solo su biología térmica, sino también su fisiología., Global warming has a direct impact on the geographic distribution and abundance of reptile species, and it can even lead to their extinction. Theoretical models project that lacertilians could migrate following an altitudinal gradient, however, this prediction has not been considered the lack of oxygen or hypoxia as a constraint factor of migration. We discuss possible morphophysiological traits that could allow ectotherms to migrate over an altitudinal gradient even with the negative effects of hypoxia. It is fundamental that climate change research considers the vulnerability of ectotherms facing global warming, not only in terms of their thermal biology, but also considering their physiology.

Im Kontext der Energiewende und aktuellen Anstrengungen zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen erfahren Power-to-X Prozesse zunehmend Beachtung, da Sie die Minderung von Emissionen in schwer zu defossilisierenden Sektoren wie der chemischen Industrie oder dem Flugverkehrer möglichen. Die Auswahl geeigneter Technologiealternativen für die Prozessstufen der Wasserstofferzeugung und der CO2-Abscheidungstellt unter Berücksichtigung multipler Kriterien eine Herausforderung in der Gestaltung solcher Power-to-X Prozesse dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine multikriterielle Bewertung im Rahmen einer Fallstudie für verschiedene Elektrolyse und CO2-Capture Technologien auf Basis ökonomischer, ökologischer und technischer Kriterien vorgenommen. Die ausgewählte Fallstudie betrachtet den Anwendungsfall einer Power-to-Methanol Prozesskette am Standort der Raffinerie Heide in Schleswig-Holstein. Die Analyse und Bewertung werden auf Basis der etablierten Methoden des Analytical Hierarchy Process und der Nutzwertanalyse durchgeführt. Für den Prozessschritt der Wasserstofferzeugung wurden die alkalische und die Protonen-Austausch-Membran-Elektrolyse jeweils in einer Hoch-und einer Niederdruck Ausführung berücksichtigt. Für die CO2-Abscheidung wurde zwischen einem Niedertemperatur Direct Air Capture Verfahren und einer Abscheidung aus dem raffinerieeigenen Kraftwerksrauchgasstrom mittels Aminwäsche differenziert. Die Analyse zeigt, dass eine atmosphärisch betriebene alkalische Elektrolyse, unter Berücksichtigung von insgesamt 10 Kriterien, die präferierte Technologie zur Wasserstoffbereitstellungdarstellt. Kohlenstoffdioxid sollte entsprechend der ausgeführten Bewertung unter Berücksichtigung von 6 Kriterien vorzugsweise durch Aminwäsche aus den raffinerieeigenen Kraftwerksrauchgasen abgeschieden werden.

Digital technologies provide novel ways of visualizing cities and buildings. They also facilitate new methods of analyzing the built environment, ranging from artificial intelligence (AI) to crowdsourced citizen participation. Digital representations of cities have become so refined that they challenge our perception of the real. However, computers have not yet become able to detect and analyze the visible features of built structures depicted in photographs or other media. Recent scientific advances mean that it is possible for this new field of computer vision to serve as a critical aid to research. Neural networks now meet the challenge of identifying and analyzing building elements, buildings and urban landscapes. The development and refinement of these technologies requires more attention, simultaneously, investigation is needed in regard to the use and meaning of these methods for historical research. For example, the use of AI raises questions about the ways in which computer-based image recognition reproduces biases of contemporary practice. It also invites reflection on how mixed methods, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches, can be established and used in research in the humanities. Finally, it opens new perspectives on the role of crowdsourcing in both knowledge dissemination and shared research. Attempts to analyze historical big data with the latest methods of deep learning, to involve many people - laymen and experts - in research via crowdsourcing and to deal with partly unknown visual material have provided a better understanding of what is possible. The article presents findings from the ongoing research project ArchiMediaL, which is at the forefront of the analysis of historical mediatizations of the built environment. It demonstrates how the combination of crowdsourcing, historical big data and deep learning simultaneously raises questions and provides solutions in the field of architectural and urban planning history.

Objectives: To identify the main challenges and security issues of virtualization in cloud computing environments. It reviews the alleviation techniques for improving the security of cloud virtualization systems. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: Virtualization is a fundamental technology for cloud computing, and for this reason, any cloud vulnerabilities and threats affect virtualization. In this study, the systematic literature review is performed to find out the vulnerabilities and risks of virtualization in cloud computing and to identify threats, and attacks result from those vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we discover and analyze the effective mitigation techniques that are used to protect, secure, and manage virtualization environments. Findings: Thirty vulnerabilities are identified, explained, and classified into six proposed classes. Furthermore, fifteen main virtualization threats and attacks ar defined according to exploited vulnerabilities in a cloud environment. Application/Improvements: A set of common mitigation solutions are recognized and discovered to alleviate the virtualization security risks. These reviewed techniques are analyzed and evaluated according to five specified security criteria.

The proliferation of large, complex data spatial data sets presents challenges to the way that regional science - and geography more widely - is researched and taught. Increasingly, it is not ‘just’ quantitative skills that are needed, but computational ones. However, the majority of undergraduate programmes have yet to offer much more than a one-off ‘GIS programming’ class since such courses are seen as challenging not only for students to take, but for staff to deliver. Using evaluation criterion of minimal complexity, maximal flexibility, interactivity, utility, and maintainability, we show how the technical features of Jupyter notebooks - particularly when combined with the popularity of Anaconda Python and Docker - enabled us to develop and deliver a suite of three ‘geocomputation’ modules to Geography undergraduates, with some progressing to data science and analytics roles.

The paper provides an overview of the most important technical requirements for railway infrastructure as regulated by the standards proposed by the European Union. More precisely, the paper gives an insight into the following Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) requirements: track gauge, axle load, train length, electrification and speed. In addition, each parameter is illustrated by a practical case where appropriate., Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten technischen Anforderungen an die Eisenbahninfrastruktur, die durch europäische Normen geregelt sind. Der Beitrag ermöglicht einen Einblick in die folgenden Anforderungen des Transeuropäischen Verkehrsnetzes (TEN-V): Spurweite, Achslast, Zuglänge, Elektrifizierung und Geschwindigkeiten. Jeder der genannten Parameter wird gegebenenfalls durch ein Beispiel veranschaulicht.

In the present article we analyze the understanding and the use of the Kantian philosophy by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize of Physics of 1932, formulator of the principle of uncertainty. Heisenberg seems to adopt a neo-Kantian understanding of the nature of science, according to which science would not deal with the real itself, but only with the way it appears, which inescapably depends on the interaction between the subject and the object of knowledge. However, in spite of this conception, Heisenberg considers that the Kantian definitions of "space", "time" and "causality" are not compatible with the developments of the quantum mechanics. In this opportunity we will see more carefully the conception of science and the problem of causality.

Die gegenwärtige Interface-Krise bei digitalen Medien nehmen Informatiker und Informatikhistoriker in diesem Band zum Anlass für eine Langzeitbilanz der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion. Sie legen sowohl Gesamtüberblicke der Entwicklung aus technik- und geistesgeschichtlicher Sicht vor als auch spezielle Studien zur Bedienproblematik einzelner Epochen. Dadurch entsteht ein großer Bogen von den Bedienschnittstellen der frühen Mainframe-Welt über die interaktiven PC-Interfaces bis zu den neuesten Entwicklungen des Wearable Computing und der proaktiven Ambient Intelligence. Die historisch-genetischen Analysen münden in theoretische Betrachtungen und kritische Rückblicke auf die Forschung zu Mensch-Computer-Interfaces sowie Ausblicke auf die Zukunft.

The article focuses on meteorology and geomagnetics and their growing significance in the nineteenth century, and discusses the substantial impact of these complex sciences on the economy. In both cases it became obvious that data from higher latitudes was essential for further progress in the respective discipline - a circumstance which served as a strong catalyst for the realization of polar expeditions. However, what was needed was isochronal data of the kind that could only be obtained with a sufficient number of circumpolar observation sites located - to the extent possible - at equal distances from one another. This task exceeded the capacities of individual countries; international cooperation became a must, and the first International Polar Year was carried out in 1882/83. In the course of the International Polar Years I, II (1932/33) and III (International Geophysical Year 1957/58), the focus of scientific interest broadened to include ever higher layers of the atmosphere. The first satellites were employed, and the threshold to outer space thus crossed. The fourth Polar Year (2007-09) did not follow this trend. Instead, it concentrated strongly on researching the changes in the biosphere brought about by man. The article is interspersed with reflections on the interrelationship between politics and science which played a major role in the development of the exemplary Antarctic Treaty Systems.

The article investigates the reliability primarily of historical annals for the reconstruction of the weather and atmospheric conditions in the period from the sixth to the tenth centuries, above all in north-western Europe. One chief focus lies here on reports pertaining to marine weather, whose representativeness regarding the overall chronicle sources is analyzed by means of references to insular and continental sources. It becomes evident that a periodically structured history of weather and atmospheric conditions is possible and can furthermore be placed in a context with scientific data cited here only summarily. Exceptional events such as the "St. Stephen's Flood" of 26 December 838 as well as references to weather in the Old Nordic historiography are treated separately in order to draw appropriate attention the mechanisms of literary reflections, and thus also to the reliability of these references for a history of weather in ge neral and of marine weather in particular.