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Traditional agriculture relies heavily on chemical inputs, which pose significant threats to the environment and deplete natural resources. The environmental challenges posed by chemical-based agriculture and emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable alternatives in the face of climate change. Acknowledging the detrimental impact of environmental stressors on global agriculture sets the stage for exploration of PGPR as a promising solution. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as a sustainable alternative, fostering plant development, and enhancing stress resilience. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying signalling pathways and stress management mechanisms is essential to maximizing their potential. Plant health has been demonstrated, nutrient uptake has improved, and environmental stress has been reduced with the help of PGPR. Identifying the specific plant signalling pathways that are impacted by PGPR and comprehending their function in stress mitigation are critical to creating efficient and sustainable farming practises. Utilizing PGPR-mediated stress control may reduce the need for chemical inputs, encouraging environmentally friendly farming methods. By creating genetically engineered crops with increased stress tolerance, the knowledge gathered in this review can help ensure food security in the face of climate change. The signalling pathways involved, the processes underpinning PGPR-plant interactions, and the responses of plants to diverse stressors when PGPR is present have been explored. This review offers helpful insights into the intricate link between PGPR and plants, putting light on the uncertainties that beg for additional research by critically analysing the present literature and highlighting knowledge gaps.

The case report describes a multidisciplinary approach using orthodontic forced eruption to facilitate prosthetic restoration of a maxillary permanent lateral incisor and canine with poor restorability for a young patient. Restoration after orthodontic eruption presents a more conservative treatment choice in young patients compared with prosthetic restoration after extraction. On examination, the patient had root stumps in the region of 22 and 23. We decided to treat the patient by orthodontic extrusion followed by endodontic post and core. The case was treated with the help of 19 gauge wire and gold posts.

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Scheduling a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) on voltage frequency islands involves dividing the available processing units into multiple islands with varying voltage and frequency levels and then mapping the tasks of the DAG to the islands while minimizing the makespan and overall energy consumption. In this research work, a novel DAG task scheduling model is introduced with the assistance acquired from the deep learning paradigm. The proposed model includes four major phases: (a) DAG modelling, (b) Voltage frequency island partitioning, (c) core temperature prediction and (d) scheduling optimization. Initially, the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model is designed. The nodes of DAG represent tasks, and the edges represent dependencies between tasks. Then, in the Voltage frequency island partitioning, the available processing units are into multiple voltage frequency islands. This can be done based on the power consumption of each unit and the task requirements. Subsequently, the Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN) is trained to predict the core temperature of each voltage frequency island based on the multi-objectives like execution time, makespan, and overall energy consumption. Then, the scheduling of the DAG on the voltage frequency islands is optimized using the Self-Improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm (SI-POA). The proposed SI-POA model is an extended version of the standard POA model. The SI-POA model is inspired by the behaviour by the natural behaviour of pelicans during hunting. In the scheduling optimization phase, the SI-POA algorithm optimizes the scheduling of the DAG on the voltage frequency islands while taking into account the predicted core temperature of each island based on the Recalling-enhanced recurrent neural network (RERNN) model. The goal is to minimize the makespan and overall energy consumption of the DAG while keeping the core temperature of each island within safe limits.

Purpose: To determine the level of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma surgery and post-surgery counseling amongst paramedical staff at a tertiary eye-care hospital. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included a random sample of 94 hospital personnel: 37 general nurse midwives, 47 ophthalmic assistants, and 10 patient caretakers (PCTs). Participants were administered a questionnaire about glaucoma surgery and post-surgery counseling of patients. Results: The study included 41 (43.6%) females and 53 (56.4%) males. The mean age of the participants was 24.85 ± 4.54 years. All participants were aware of trabeculectomy surgery in glaucoma (100%). A total of 95.7% knew that surgery helps in controlling IOP, of whom 57 (60.6%) participants got information during their course of learning. Overall 53 (56.4%) believed that surgery is done when medication failure occurs, and 58 (61.7%) knew that surgery helps in preserving vision. A total of 63 (67.0%) participants knew to counsel patients to visit an ophthalmologist when called for and take the treatment as advised, whereas 74 (78.7%) correctly said to visit an ophthalmologist immediately if pain/diminution of vision/discharge occurs. Overall, PCTs were found to be having significantly better knowledge (P = 0.01) compared to others and they also reported ophthalmologists as the chief source of information. Conclusion: This study revealed that paramedical staff had an excellent awareness of trabeculectomy surgery. However, the knowledge and counseling parts of the questionnaire revealed less than satisfactory responses. So, there is a need to continuously educate paramedical staff members so that they can help in propagating information about the role of glaucoma surgery and the importance of proper follow-up.

Microorganisms are essential parts of soil and play an important role in mediating many processes and influencing plant health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), the most common of such microorganisms, can benefit plants by enhancing the nutrient-absorbing ability of roots through bio-inoculation, also called biofertilization. Different methods have been tested and proven to be effective in the enhancement of soil nutrient availability. However, the effects of increased application of biological methods with minimal chemical fertilizers are still inconsistent. In this 2-year of fixed-point greenhouse test, we aimed to evaluate the impact of AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis) and/or NFB (Azotobacter) on growth, quality, and yield of eggplants under different N levels. Data showed that biofertilizer application with reduced chemical fertilizer had the highest impact on eggplant performance and yield. Indeed, low chemical fertilizers combined with adequate amounts of biofertilizers produced a higher plant height, length and width of leaves, dry matter, number of fruits per plant with better morphology, total yield per plant, and total soluble solids (TSS), suggesting that the use of Azotobacter and R. irregularis as biofertilizers could substantially reduce the use of chemical fertilizers without impairing the quality and yield of eggplant.

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in North America and Europe. The clinical manifestations of Lyme disease vary based on the genospecies of the infecting Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, but the microbial genetic elements underlying these associations are not known. Here, we report the whole genome sequence (WGS) and analysis of 299 B. burgdorferi (Bb) isolates derived from patients in the Eastern and Midwestern US and Central Europe. We develop a WGS-based classification of Bb isolates, confirm and extend the findings of previous single- and multi-locus typing systems, define the plasmid profiles of human-infectious Bb isolates, annotate the core and strain-variable surface lipoproteome, and identify loci associated with disseminated infection. A core genome consisting of ~900 open reading frames and a core set of plasmids consisting of lp17, lp25, lp36, lp28-3, lp28-4, lp54, and cp26 are found in nearly all isolates. Strain-variable (accessory) plasmids and genes correlate strongly with phylogeny. Using genetic association study methods, we identify an accessory genome signature associated with dissemination in humans and define the individual plasmids and genes that make up this signature. Strains within the RST1/WGS A subgroup, particularly a subset marked by the OspC type A genotype, have increased rates of dissemination in humans. OspC type A strains possess a unique set of strongly linked genetic elements including the presence of lp56 and lp28-1 plasmids and a cluster of genes that may contribute to their enhanced virulence compared to other genotypes. These features of OspC type A strains reflect a broader paradigm across Bb isolates, in which near-clonal genotypes are defined by strain-specific clusters of linked genetic elements, particularly those encoding surface-exposed lipoproteins. These clusters of genes are maintained by strain-specific patterns of plasmid occupancy and are associated with the probability of invasive infection.

Peanut is planted in a pattern of either single or twin rows in Georgia, USA. However, limited attention has been paid to the impact of planting pattern on the carbon footprint and how the net carbon uptake is intertwined with the amount of water used to determine the ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUE) in peanut. This paper reports on the relationship between the amount of carbon produced to the amount of water used in peanut, carbon dioxide flux, and crop evapotranspiration of peanut in a single- or in a twin-row planting pattern measured using the eddy-covariance method. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is unique in that it examines for the first time the effect of planting pattern on the net carbon uptake and WUE. The two-year study took place in contrasting weather conditions with the 2016 year experiencing a higher vapor pressure deficit and lower precipitation than in the 2018 year. In this study, field-scale daytime net carbon ecosystem exchange (CO2 fluxes), ET and WUE of single- and twin-row peanut were compared using the eddy-covariance technique. Results showed that in 2018, both the net carbon uptake from the atmosphere and the WUE of twin-row peanut were significantly greater than those in the single-row peanut by 7-10% and ~9% respectively, for pod filling and seed maturity growth stages (aGDD 1000-2000 and aGDD > 2000). In 2016, the net daytime carbon uptake and WUE of peanut were similar for both planting patterns during pod filling (aGDD 1000-2000). Higher precipitation and lower VPD in 2018 likely resulted in greater peanut yield in twin-row as compared to single-row with abundant precipitation. Owing to the fast canopy growth rate in twin-row peanut, results suggest that during the vegetative stage (aGDD

During 2016–2017, three rabid terrestrial animals were discovered in the raccoon rabies virus–free zone of Long Island, New York, USA. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed the likely origins of the viruses, enabling the rabies outbreak response (often costly and time-consuming) to be done less expensively and more efficiently.

Protein kinases have emerged as critical regulators of disease pathogenesis. Here, the authors have utilized kinome-wide screening approaches to reveal a pathogenic role of CDKL5 kinase in acute kidney injury, which is dependent on suppression of a SOX9-associated transcriptional network.

A field experiment was conducted during spring 2019 under on farm trials at commercial dairy farms in Tarn Taran district of Punjab (India) under subtropical conditions. The three cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.), i.e. J 1006, PMH 10 and DKC 9108 were evaluated for their silage production potential. The cropping system followed by farmers was paddy-pea-spring maize (Silage making). Fodder yield, factor productivity, net return and economic productivity were recorded higher under maize hybrid PMH 10 which was found at par with hybrid DKC 9108 and significantly higher than cultivar J 1006. Silages prepared from hybrids PMH 10 and DKC 9108 recorded significantly better (P

Aim: The aim of this study is to volumetrically analyze the root canal volume after instrumentation with hand and rotary files and to evaluate and compare the volume percentage of root canals obturated (POV) with gutta-percha (GP), with various techniques using spiral computed tomography (SCT). Materials and Methods: Sixty sound, noncarious, single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction. The specimens were divided into five groups based on the type of canal instrumentation and obturation technique used. Specimens were prepared with Hand Files and ProTaper Next and HyFlex CM rotary Files. The volume of root canal space was measured using SCT, and root canals were obturated (cold lateral condensation, cold flowable “GuttaFlow 2,” and single cone). A second SCT scan was performed to determine the POV of GP at coronal, middle, and apical third. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison tests. Results: There was a highly significant difference in percentage of obturated volume between the groups at coronal, middle, and apical third, and also, there was a highly significant difference in the total percentage of obturated volume of canal between the groups. Conclusion: No obturation technique produced void-free root canal fillings and the greatest POV was obtained with lateral condensation followed by single cone and least with cold flowable obturation technique. Lateral condensation and single-cone technique showed 100% POV in the apical third region and GuttaFlow 2 had the maximum voids.

Background: Over decades, colostomies have been done through open method, but laparoscopic creation of an intestinal stoma is safe, feasible and has distinct advantages over conventional techniques in specific procedures. The aim of this study compares operative and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic and open sigmoid loop colostomy formation for temporary fecal diversion. Subjects and Methods: A single institution, comparative study conducted in the department of surgery for patients who underwent either laparoscopic or open sigmoid loop colostomy. The 2 years' study was from December 1, 2013, to November 30, 2015. Subjects were prospectively enrolled in the study after informed consent, both genders of >12 years of age. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0. Variables were tested by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, compared using unpaired t-test/Mann–Whitney Test, Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled; laparoscopy group – 29 patients (46.77%) versus open group – 33 patients (53.22%). Laparoscopic group/open surgery group showed less blood loss (20.69 + 17.71 ml / 121.97 + 35.29ml, P-value 0.0005), lower requirement of analgesics (4.28 ± 1.76 days/6.88 ± 2.75 days), shorter hospital stay (8.79 ± 5.57 days and 11.73 ± 6.61 days, P = 0.001), early return of the bowel function and tolerance to diet. Complications and readmission requirement for any complication was lower in the laparoscopic group. Conclusions: Laparoscopic sigmoid loop colostomy is a simple alternative to open sigmoid loop colostomy with respect to postoperative pain, earlier return of bowel function, lower analgesic requirement, and lesser hospital stay.

The present study has been carried out in South-Western and Central agro climatic regions of Punjab state for studying the cost-returns and marketing pattern of dairy and fish farming based integrated model. It was observed from the study that the net returns from crop farming was ` Rs.65,852 per farm per year, whereas the net returns on per acre basis were found to be ` Rs.32,328 per acre per year. Further, the net returns from dairy farming were found to be ` Rs. 4,928 per farm per year and ` Rs.8,822 per acre per year. From fish farming, net returns were observed to be ` Rs. 2, 47, 396 per farm per annum and ` Rs.84,725 per acre per year. Total profitability of the crop-dairy-fish farming integrated model was observed to be `Rs. 4,58,176 per farm per annum, and net returns per acre from this model were ` Rs. 53,030 per year. Hence, it may be inferred that dairy and fish farming are more profitable as compared to crops and when adopted in an integrated manner along with crops, can enhance the overall profitability of the farm by efficient utilisation of farm waste products and by-products. At the same time, there is need of creating awareness among the farmers regarding the importance of dairy and fish farming based integrated models, so that they can adopt these types of models for enhancing their income levels.

Many bacterial genes are regulated by RNA elements in their 5´ untranslated regions (UTRs). However, the full complement of these elements is not known even in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Using complementary RNA-sequencing approaches, we detected large numbers of 3´ ends in 5´ UTRs and open reading frames (ORFs), suggesting extensive regulation by premature transcription termination. We documented regulation for multiple transcripts, including spermidine induction involving Rho and translation of an upstream ORF for an mRNA encoding a spermidine efflux pump. In addition to discovering novel sites of regulation, we detected short, stable RNA fragments derived from 5´ UTRs and sequences internal to ORFs. Characterization of three of these transcripts, including an RNA internal to an essential cell division gene, revealed that they have independent functions as sRNA sponges. Thus, these data uncover an abundance of cis- and trans-acting RNA regulators in bacterial 5´ UTRs and internal to ORFs.

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are a major threat to global public health. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is the most commonly identified carbapenemase in the United States and is frequently found on mobile genetic elements including plasmids, which can be horizontally transmitted between bacteria of the same or different species. Here we describe the results of an epidemiological investigation of KPC-producing bacteria at two healthcare facilities. Using a combination of short-read and long-read whole-genome sequencing, we identified an identical 44 kilobase plasmid carrying the blaKPC–2 gene in four bacterial isolates belonging to three different species (Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli). The isolates in this investigation were collected from patients who were epidemiologically linked in a region in which KPC was uncommon, suggesting that the antibiotic resistance plasmid was transmitted between these bacterial species. This investigation highlights the importance of long-read sequencing in investigating the relatedness of bacterial plasmids, and in elucidating potential plasmid-mediated outbreaks caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of variety, harvest stage and their interactions on nutritive profile, feed values and in vitro fermentation characteristics of whole crop wheat silage under Indian climate. Four wheat cultivars, sown in randomized block design with 3 replications, were harvested at the head and the milk stage and ensiled in low density polypropylene for 45 days. Results revealed significant effects of wheat cultivar, the harvest stage and its interaction on nutritive profile (CP, NDF, ADF, ADL), feed values (DM intake, Digestible DM, TDN, RFV, Flieg Score), in vitro potential (NGP, ME, OM digestibility) and fermentation characteristics (pH, lactic acid, ammonical nitrogen) while the variety affected acetic acid, harvest stage NDF digestibility and variety × harvest interaction effected butyric acid significantly. All wheat cultivars exhibited good ensiling characteristics at both phenological stages. However, the lowest ADF content and highest CP, digestible DM, RFV, NEl values and Flieg Score indicated the variety PBW 725 at head stage as most promising for silage production under Indian conditions.

The progression and systemic pathobiology of C. auris in the absence of a microbiota have not been described. Here, we describe the influence of the microbiota during the first 5 days of C. auris infection in germ-free or antibiotic-depleted mice. Depletion of the bacterial microbiota in both germ-free and antibiotic-depleted models results in a modest but important increase in the early stages of C. auris infection. Particularly the heart and lungs, followed by the cecum, uterus, and stomach, of intravenously (i.v.) infected neutropenic mice showed significant fungal organ burden. Understanding disease progression and pathobiology of C. auris in individuals with a depleted microbiota could potentially help in the development of care protocols that incorporate supplementation or restoration of the microbiota before invasive procedures, such as transplantation surgeries.

The Nus factor complex regulates rRNA folding and prevents Rho-dependent transcription termination in bacteria. Here, Baniulyte et al. show that it also inhibits translation of one of the Nus factor-encoding genes, suhB, and probably regulates the expression of other genes in diverse bacterial species.

Articulators are instruments that aimed to reproduce the range of jaw movements. The first instrument designs were attempts to duplicate anatomic relations or reproduce functional movements of the anatomy. They were able to preserve centric position only. More sophisticated articulating instruments evolved as more was learned about the anatomy, mandibular movements, and mechanical principles. Over time, interest for articulators progressed. Articulators became adjustable, and they attempted to reproduce jaw movements of each patient by reproducing the anatomy of temporomandibular joints (TMJ's) and related structures. Part I of the article has discussed evolution of articulators beginning from the 18th century till 1940. A history of articulators from 1940 till today is discussed in the present article.

Power production of a wind turbine is dependent upon its rotor size and at present wind turbines with large rotor diameter (>175 m) are available in the market. However major problems associated with such large size conventional turbines are their cost & noise pollution. Due to these reason researchers have diverted their attention towards lower sized equivalent multi-rotor wind turbines. These turbines are found to be cheaper and good performers. Keeping it in view, in this paper an effort has been made to compare the energy yield and economics of two types of wind turbines i.e. single rotor & multi rotor wind turbine. Power, energy and cost models as proposed are used to determine the annual energy yield and economics of multi-rotor turbines. Simulation results as presented in this paper justify the suitability of multi-rotor wind turbine in place of single rotor configuration. Such turbines deliver more energy yield with low installation cost in contrast to single rotor turbines.

Seminal vesicles (SVs) are sex accessory organs and part of male genitourinary system. They play a critical role in male fertility. Diseases of the SVs, usually results in infertility. Diseases of the SVs are extremely rare and are infrequently reported in the literature. We address the current literature of SV pathologies, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. We review the clinical importance of SVs from PubMed. The current imaging modalities and instrumentation that help diagnose SV diseases are reviewed. Common pathologies including, infection, cysts, tumors, and congenital diseases of the SVs are addressed. Many times symptoms of hematospermia, pain, irritative and obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms, and infertility are presented in patients with SV diseases

Background: A fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to control and eliminate tuberculosis (TB). There have been various studies evaluating the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in clinical practice. Most of these studies have found PCR as a useful tool to diagnose TB and more so for the extra-pulmonary cases. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of TB by real-time PCR versus the conventional methods of diagnosis in a tertiary care center in Punjab. Materials and Methods: This study was done in a tertiary care center of Punjab to look for the results of clinical samples tested for TB using PCR, Ziehl–Neelsen staining and culture on Lowenstein–Jensen medium. 16S rRNA gene was used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in PCR. This study included all samples tested for TB from July 2015 to October 2015. Results: A total of 214 samples were tested for TB using smear microscopy, culture and PCR (including 194 [90.6%] extra-pulmonary and 20 [9.3%] pulmonary samples). These included 76 cerebrospinal fluid, 30 pleural fluid, 42 tissues, 17 ascitic fluid, 13 urine, 15 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 16 pus, and 5 sputum samples. Smear microscopy was positive in a total of 4 samples out of 214 (1.8%), which included 2 sputum, 1 tissue, and 1 ascitic fluid samples, while culture was positive for 6 samples (2.8%) which included 2 sputum, 1 pus, 1 BAL, 1 tissue, and 1 ascitic fluid sample. The TB PCR results were positive in a total of 71 (33.1%) samples out of 214. In addition, three samples also tested positive for Mycobacteria other than TB. Conclusion: PCR is a very rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for early detection of TB in particularly for extrapulmonary TB.

Vegetables represent a major source of phenolic acids, powerful antioxidants characterized by an organic carboxylic acid function and which present multiple properties beneficial for human health. In consequence, developing new varieties with enhanced content in phenolic acids is an increasingly important breeding objective. Major phenolic acids present in vegetables are derivatives of cinnamic acid and to a lesser extent of benzoic acid. A large diversity in phenolic acids content has been found among cultivars and wild relatives of many vegetable crops. Identification of sources of variation for phenolic acids content can be accomplished by screening germplasm collections, but also through morphological characteristics and origin, as well as by evaluating mutations in key genes. Gene action estimates together with relatively high values for heritability indicate that selection for enhanced phenolic acids content will be efficient. Modern genomics and biotechnological strategies, such as QTL detection, candidate genes approaches and genetic transformation, are powerful tools for identification of genomic regions and genes with a key role in accumulation of phenolic acids in vegetables. However, genetically increasing the content in phenolic acids may also affect other traits important for the success of a variety. We anticipate that the combination of conventional and modern strategies will facilitate the development of a new generation of vegetable varieties with enhanced content in phenolic acids.

Introduction: Plants have been used for health disorders and to prevent diseases including epidemics since times immemorial. The knowledge of their healing properties has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial potential of herbal extracts, namely neem (Azadirachta indica), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), bitter gourd (Momordia charantia), and arka (Calotropis procera) as endodontic irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in vitro. Materials and Methods: Agar well diffusion test was performed. The inoculums of E. faecalis and C. albicans were streaked on the blood agar plate, and wells were made using cork borers. The prepared herbal extracts of the test samples were loaded onto agar plate. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The inhibition zones indicating the antimicrobial potential were measured using a millimeter scale and results were analyzed statistically. Results: Bitter gourd showed the maximum zones of inhibition followed by neem, tulsi, and calotropis for both E. faecalis and C. albicans. Conclusion: The tested irrigants showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans. Thus, the use of herbal alternatives as root canal irrigants might prove advantageous considering the undesirable characteristics of presently used irrigants.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infections associated with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has decreased markedly in the developed countries. However, the scenario is different in Indian patients and is not unusual to have CNS infections as their initial presentation. Considering this, we undertook this study to look at the incidence of CNS manifestations in HIV infected patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in the Departments of Medicine and Neurology in Christian Medical College Ludhiana, a tertiary teaching institution in North West India. All the HIV infected patients with Central nervous system manifestations who presented to our institution from 1st April 2009 to 31st of March 2014 were included in the study. The demographic and clinical profile along with the outcome of these patients was studied. Results: There were 280 patients diagnosed during this 5 year period, 43(15%) of who had CNS manifestations. The male: female ratio was 5:1. Majority of them were in the age group of 31 to 50 years of age (68.89%).In 72% of patients CNS manifestations were the initial manifestation of HIV infection.The CNS manifestations noted were cryptococcal meningitis in 20, toxoplasmosis in 3, CNS tuberculosis in 11, PMLE in 6, ischemic stroke in 4 and Diffuse B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) with aseptic meningitis in 1. Conclusions: Even though in the era of HAART the incidence of CNS manifestations has decreased, CNS manifestations continue to be the presenting symptom for HIV infection in over 16% of the cases.

This research was performed for a period of three years to determine the effect of natural seed ageing on different physiological and biochemical changes in three extensively cultivated onion cultivars in Northern India. Seed storage studies showed that germination percent, seed viability and other seed quality parameters decreased significantly with increasing storage time. The onion seed can be stored for a maximum period of one year under ambient conditions to maintain required germination percentage (>70%). Overall, Hisar Onion-4 stored better when compared to Hisar Onion-3 and Hisar-2. As the ageing progressed the seed antioxidants, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), dehydrogenase (DHA) and peroxidase (POD) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all cultivars whereas, the electrical conductivity (EC) of seed leachates increased significantly. Under the field conditions, seedling establishment percent (SE) onion seed was positively correlated (R2 = 0.98; p < 0.05) with germination percent (GP). Overall, more than one year period of seed storage was associated with poor germination and seedling establishment potential in onion.

Taurodontism is a morphological developmental abnormality of a tooth in which the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of roots. The condition complicates nonsurgical root canal therapy because of the complexities within the root canal system, variable canal configurations, and expecting additional root canals. The present case report describes a case of bilateral hypertaurodontism and the endodontic therapy of right mandibular hypertaurodont second molar.

ABSTRACT A complex of highly conserved proteins consisting of NusB, NusE, NusA, and NusG is required for robust expression of rRNA in Escherichia coli. This complex is proposed to prevent Rho-dependent transcription termination by a process known as “antitermination.” The mechanism of this antitermination in rRNA is poorly understood but requires association of NusB and NusE with a specific RNA sequence in rRNA known as BoxA. Here, we identify a novel member of the rRNA antitermination machinery: the inositol monophosphatase SuhB. We show that SuhB associates with elongating RNA polymerase (RNAP) at rRNA in a NusB-dependent manner. Although we show that SuhB is required for BoxA-mediated antitermination in a reporter system, our data indicate that the major function of the NusB/E/A/G/SuhB complex is not to prevent Rho-dependent termination of rRNA but rather to promote correct rRNA maturation. This occurs through formation of a SuhB-mediated loop between NusB/E/BoxA and RNAP/NusA/G. Thus, we have reassigned the function of these proteins at rRNA and identified another key player in this complex. IMPORTANCE As RNA polymerase transcribes the rRNA operons in E. coli, it complexes with a set of proteins called Nus that confer enhanced rates of transcription elongation, correct folding of rRNA, and rRNA assembly with ribosomal proteins to generate a fully functional ribosome. Four Nus proteins were previously known, NusA, NusB, NusE, and NusG; here, we discover and describe a fifth, SuhB, that is an essential component of this complex. We demonstrate that the main function of this SuhB-containing complex is not to prevent premature transcription termination within the rRNA operon, as had been long claimed, but to enable rRNA maturation and a functional ribosome fully competent for translation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate mandibular morphology in different facial types using various parameters. This study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of a total of 110 subjects, which included 55 males and 55 females between the age of 18-25 years having a mean of 22.3 years for males and 21.5 years for females. The sample was divided into normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent subgroups based on Jarabak′s ratio. Symphysis height, depth, ratio (height/depth) and angle, antegonial notch depth, ramal height and width, mandibular depth, upper, lower, and total gonial angle, and mandibular arc angle were analyzed statistically and graphically. It was found that the mandible with the vertical growth pattern was associated with a symphysis with large height, small depth, large ratio, small angle, decreased ramus height and width, smaller mandibular depth, increased gonial angle, and decreased mandibular arc angle in contrast to mandible with a horizontal growth pattern. Sexual dichotomy was found with mean symphysis height and depth in the female sample being smaller than in the male sample, but symphysis ratio was larger in the female sample; males having greater ramus height and width, mandibular depth than females. The mandible seemed to have retained its infantile characteristics with all its processes underdeveloped in hyperdivergent group.

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection among immunocompromised individuals. Some of the commonly affected sites are respiratory and central nervous system. Lymph node is an unusual site of involvement which could mimic tuberculosis, as seen in our case. We report a 32-year-old male immunocompromised patient presenting with generalized lymphadenopathy who was clinically suspected to have tuberculous lymphadenitis. He was diagnosed to have disseminated cryptococcosis on fine needle aspiration cytology and fungal isolation on culture.

Recombineering is a widely-used approach to delete genes, introduce insertions and point mutations, and introduce epitope tags into bacterial chromosomes. Many recombineering methods have been described, for a wide range of bacterial species. These methods are often limited by (i) low efficiency, and/or (ii) introduction of "scar" DNA into the chromosome. Here, we describe a rapid, efficient, PCR-based recombineering method, FRUIT, that can be used to introduce scar-free point mutations, deletions, epitope tags, and promoters into the genomes of enteric bacteria. The efficiency of FRUIT is far higher than that of the most widely-used recombineering method for Escherichia coli. We have used FRUIT to introduce point mutations and epitope tags into the chromosomes of E. coli K-12, Enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Salmonella enterica. We have also used FRUIT to introduce constitutive and inducible promoters into the chromosome of E. coli K-12. Thus, FRUIT is a versatile, efficient recombineering approach that can be applied in multiple species of enteric bacteria.