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Several nanocomposites based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), aluminium ions and Polyethyleneimine (PEI) were synthesized by the combination of the sol-gel and post-synthesis methods. These nanocomposites were mainly composed of MSN with the leading of Al and PEI species alone or combination. The Al-MSN, MSN-PEI, and Al-MSN/PEI samples were characterized by using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, zeta potential, and nitrogen physisorption techniques. The potential of their RNA delivery was investigated by loading and releasing of the siRNA in the phosphate buffer. The obtained results showed that the loading capacity of each sample is directly related to its zeta potential. The Al-MSN/PEI sample showed the highest siRNA adsorption capacity due to the possessing the highest zeta potential resulted the presence of the high electric charge of Al3+ and cationic nature of PEI. Under the optimized conditions, the Al-MSN/PEI sample showed the amount of 47.19 µg adsorption of siRNA for 1.0 mg of Al-MSN/PEI. The results of releasing siRNA exhibited the yields of 12, 20.4, 29.6, and 36.0 % for MSN, MSN-PEI, Al-MSN, and Al-MSN/PEI, respectively at room temperature for 120 min.

Selenium, a trace mineral complement is used as cofactor of antioxidant enzymes that protects fishes against environmental stress agents and enhances performance in fishes. In this study the different levels of organic and inorganic source of selenium were included in juvenile rainbow trout diet to evaluate feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain percent (WG), condition factor (CF), survival rate (SR) and proximate analysis of the fillet during 60 days of the experiment. The fishes were allotted to 9 treatment groups including: Tc the fishes were fed diet without any selenium, control group; To1, To2, To3 and To4 the fishes were fed different dosages of inorganic [sic] selenium; and Ti1, Ti2, Ti3 and Ti4 those were fed different dose of inorganic Se in their diet. Results showed that To4, showed the highest level of WG from 50±2.8 to 168.54± 25.56 g in comparison to Tc (134.38± 27.26g) (p

In a 3 months experiment, the effects of three different kinds of food rations including culture rotifers, commercial food and the equal amount mixture of these two foods were studied on some growth specifications and survival of the whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) fry. The initial average weight and length of the fry were 0.009 g and 4 mm, respectively. The period of experiment was among April to July 2003. The assessed characteristics variance analysis showed that the different food treatments caused very significant differences among the all averages (p < 0.01). Comparing the characteristics averages showed that during the first month of experiment, the best results of weight (0.029 g), total length (8.78 mm), specific growth rate (5.36%) and food efficiency (63.48%) were obtained in live food treatment, whereas the weakest averages of referred characteristics were observed in commercial food treatment. During the last month of experiment, some of the above results reversed so that the best averages of specific growth rate (3.73%) and food efficiency (44.3%) were observed in commercial food treatment. The results of this study showed that the use of rotifer as live food for fry has provided better survival rate than the other two treatments. However, this food could not provide the best results for the all measured characteristics in all of the experiment period, for the reason that during the third month of experiment period, using commercial food treatment which consist of more miscellaneous nutrient components, created better results for some fry's characteristics than the live food.

Stripe (yellow) rust is the most important disease of wheat in the Central, West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region. Severe epidemics in 2010 caused more than 30% yield losses in Syria, and similar losses could have occurred in Turkey, Uzbekistan and Iraq. Extensive field surveys were conducted in major bread and durum wheat areas in Syria in 2011 using the BGRI surveillance protocols. Stripe rust was present in wheat growing areas in northern, northeastern, and eastern parts of the country. A total 223 samples were collected from 61fields from which 55 isolates were used in seedling race analysis. A sub-set of Avocet-based differential lines, Avocet YrA, Yr8, Yr9, Yr15, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27 and Yr32, was used as a supplementary set to the world and European sets1 (de Vallavieille-Pope et al., 2012). The analysis indicated virulence for the widely deployed resistance genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr25 and Yr27. Resistance genes Yr1, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15 were effective against all isolates. Virulence for Yr3, Yr8, Yr17, YrSu, YrSD, YrSP, and Yr32 occurred at varying frequencies. Genotyping of 92 Pst isolates with 20 microsatellite markers2 (Ali et al., 2011) showed thatrelatively few genotypes were in Syria in 2011. These genotypes were closely related to previously reported aggressive races with high temperature adaptation which are widespread worldwide since 20003 and were less diverse than the population sampled earlier in Middle East4