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Atractylis flava Desf. (AF) is common plant that is widely used for its anti- inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and the molecular basis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate extract (AFEAE) obtained from the whole plant A. flava. This was accomplished through the use of NR8383 alveolar rat macrophage cells. Cultures of alveolar rat macrophage cells were treated with AFEAE (25–800 μg/mL), and cell viability was determined via WST-1 and LDH tests. In turn, the gene expression levels of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase (OPA1), Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) were assessed by applying RT-qPCR. The results show that ethyl acetate extracts of A. flava have non-cytotoxic effects, and the gene expression analysis demonstrates that AFEAF extracts generate significant downregulation of NF-κB, TNFα, IL-1 β, IL-6, NCF1, OPA1 and SDHA, compared to untreated cells. This study reveals that Atractylis flava ethyl acetate extract administration may be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory related diseases.

Aims Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) is caused by the progressive loss of aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and is associated with a high mortality rate. Identifying the mechanisms underlying SMC apoptosis is crucial for preventing AAD. Neutrophil cytoplasmic factor 1 (Ncf1) is essential in reactive oxygen species production and SMC apoptosis; Ncf1 absence leads to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Here, the role of Ncf1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced AAD was investigated. Methods and results Ncf1 expression increased in injured SMCs. Bioinformatic analysis identified Ncf1 as a mediator of AAD-associated SMC damage. Ncf1 expression is positively correlated with DNA replication and repair in SMCs of AAD aortas. AAD incidence increased in Ang II–challenged Sm22CreNcf1fl mice. Transcriptomics showed that Ncf1 knockout activated the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and cell death pathways. The effects of Ncf1 on SMC death and the STING pathway in vitro were examined. Ncf1 regulated the hydrogen peroxide–mediated activation of the STING pathway and inhibited SMC apoptosis. Mechanistically, Ncf1 knockout promoted the ubiquitination of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), thereby inhibiting the negative regulatory effect of NRF2 on the stability of STING mRNA and ultimately promoting STING expression. Additionally, the pharmacological inhibition of STING activation prevented AAD progression. Conclusion Ncf1 deficiency in SMCs exacerbated Ang II–induced AAD by promoting NRF2 ubiquitination and degradation and activating the STING pathway. These data suggest that Ncf1 may be a potential therapeutic target for AAD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder characterized by impaired phagocytic function, leading to recurrent infections and granuloma formation. Genetic mutations in NADPH oxidase complex components, such as CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, and CYBA genes, contribute to the pathogenesis. This case report explores the possible ocular and hematologic complications associated with CGD. Case Presentation: A 6-year-old girl with a history of vitrectomy, membranotomy, and laser therapy due to congenital blindness (diagnosed with chorioretinopathy) was referred to the hospital with generalized ecchymosis and thrombocytopenia. Diagnostic workup initially suggested chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Subsequent admissions revealed necrotic wounds, urinary tract infections, and recurrent thrombocytopenia. Suspecting immunodeficiency, tests for CGD, Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and dihydrorhodamine (DHR) were performed. She had a low DHR (6.7), and her NBT test was negative (0.0%). Her whole exome sequencing results confirmed autosomal recessive CGD with a homozygous NCF1 mutation. Conclusion: This case underscores the diverse clinical manifestations of CGD, including recurrent thrombocytopenia and possible early-onset ocular involvement. The diagnostic challenges highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving hematologists, immunologists, and ophthalmologists for accurate diagnosis and management. The rare coexistence of ITP in CGD emphasizes the intricate link between immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, requiring tailored therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positional cloning of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) gene, advocating that a low oxidative burst drives autoimmune disease, demands an understanding of the underlying molecular causes. A cellular target could be T cells, which have been shown to be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the pathways by which ROS mediate T cell signaling remain unclear. The adaptor molecule linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for coupling T cell receptor-mediated antigen recognition to downstream responses, and it contains several cysteine residues that have previously been suggested to be involved in redox regulation. To address the possibility that ROS regulate T cell-dependent inflammation through LAT, we established a mouse strain with cysteine-to-serine mutations at positions 120 and 172 (LATSS). We found that redox regulation of LAT through C120 and C172 mediate its localization and phosphorylation. LATSS mice had reduced numbers of double-positive thymocytes and naïve peripheral T cells. Importantly, redox insensitivity of LAT enhanced T cell-dependent autoimmune inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This effect was reversed on an NCF1-mutated (NCF1m1j), ROS-deficient, background. Overall, our data show that LAT is redox-regulated, acts to repress T cell activation, and is targeted by ROS induced by NCF1 in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic disorder caused by defective oxidative burst within phagocytes, manifesting as recurrent, severe infections as well as hyperinflammation. Objective: This is the first report from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to describe the demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and genetic characteristics of patients with CGD. Methods: This is a retrospective study that was conducted at Tawam Hospital in the UAE on patients with confirmed CGD between 2017 and 2022. Results: A total of 14 patients were diagnosed with CGD, of whom 13 patients had autosomal recessive (AR) CGD due to NCF1 deficiency. Consanguinity was noted in all patients with AR CGD, whereas positive family history was identified in 50% of cases. The median age of onset of symptoms was 24 months, while the median age at diagnosis was 72 months. Lymphadenitis was the most common clinical feature identified in 71% of patients. Other common infectious manifestations included abscess formation (57%), pneumonia (50%), invasive aspergillosis (21%), oral thrush (14%), and sepsis (14%). Disseminated trichosporonosis was reported in one patient. Autoimmune and inflammatorymanifestations included celiac disease in two patients, diabetes mellitus and asymptomatic colitis in one patient each. Genetic analysis was performed in all patients; NCF1 deficiency was diagnosed in 13 (93%) patients, with c.579G>A being the most prevalent pathogenic variant identified. The treatment modalities, as well as treatment of acute infections, treatment modalities included antimicrobial prophylaxis in 12 (86%) patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant in six patients (42%). Conclusion: This is the first report from the UAE describing the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with CGD. The homozygous variant c.579G>A causing NCF1 deficiency can be considered as a founder mutation for AR CGD in the UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic disorder caused by defective oxidative burst within phagocytes, manifesting as recurrent, severe infections as well as hyperinflammation.ObjectiveThis is the first report from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to describe the demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and genetic characteristics of patients with CGD.MethodsThis is a retrospective study that was conducted at Tawam Hospital in the UAE on patients with confirmed CGD between 2017 and 2022.ResultsA total of 14 patients were diagnosed with CGD, of whom 13 patients had autosomal recessive (AR) CGD due to NCF1 deficiency. Consanguinity was noted in all patients with AR CGD, whereas positive family history was identified in 50% of cases. The median age of onset of symptoms was 24 months, while the median age at diagnosis was 72 months. Lymphadenitis was the most common clinical feature identified in 71% of patients. Other common infectious manifestations included abscess formation (57%), pneumonia (50%), invasive aspergillosis (21%), oral thrush (14%), and sepsis (14%). Disseminated trichosporonosis was reported in one patient. Autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations included celiac disease in two patients, diabetes mellitus and asymptomatic colitis in one patient each. Genetic analysis was performed in all patients; NCF1 deficiency was diagnosed in 13 (93%) patients, with c.579G>A being the most prevalent pathogenic variant identified. The treatment modalities, as well as treatment of acute infections, treatment modalities included antimicrobial prophylaxis in 12 (86%) patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant in six patients (42%).ConclusionThis is the first report from the UAE describing the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with CGD. The homozygous variant c.579G>A causing NCF1 deficiency can be considered as a founder mutation for AR CGD in the UAE.

Recently, a major single nucleotide variant on the NCF1 gene, leading to an amino acid replacement from arginine to histidine at position 90 (NCF1R90H), associated with low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was found to be causative for several autoimmune diseases. Psoriasis in the skin (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were induced with mannan by intraperitoneal injection or epicutaneous application, evaluated by visual and histology scoring. Immunostaining was used to identify macrophages, NCF1, and keratinocytes. The population of immune cells was quantified by flow cytometry, gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was investigated by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. We found that the low ROS responder NCF190H variant promotes PsO and PsA (the MIP model). The NCF190H-expressing mice had hyperactivated macrophages, expanded keratinocytes, and dramatically increased numbers of γδT17 cells with upregulated IL-17A, IL-23, and TNF-α. In addition, the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway was also upregulated in cells in the psoriatic skin tissues of Ncf190H mice. To summarize, a defined SNP (NCF1-339, also named NCF190H) was found to activate the IL-23/IL-17 axis and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, leading to hyperactivation of macrophages and keratinocytes and causing mouse psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positional cloning of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) gene, advocating that a low oxidative burst drives autoimmune disease, demands an understanding of the underlying molecular causes. A cellular target could be T cells, which have been shown to be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the pathways by which ROS mediate T cell signaling remain unclear. The adaptor molecule linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for coupling T cell receptor-mediated antigen recognition to downstream responses, and it contains several cysteine residues that have previously been suggested to be involved in redox regulation. To address the possibility that ROS regulate T cell-dependent inflammation through LAT, we established a mouse strain with cysteine-to-serine mutations at positions 120 and 172 (LATSS). We found that redox regulation of LAT through C120 and C172 mediate its localization and phosphorylation. LATSS mice had reduced numbers of double-positive thymocytes and naïve peripheral T cells. Importantly, redox insensitivity of LAT enhanced T cell-dependent autoimmune inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This effect was reversed on an NCF1-mutated (NCF1m1j), ROS-deficient, background. Overall, our data show that LAT is redox-regulated, acts to repress T cell activation, and is targeted by ROS induced by NCF1 in antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is a major concern in reproductive medicine. Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) polymorphisms leading to low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are strongly associated with autoimmune diseases. We investigated the association of the missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs201802880 (NCF1-339) in NCF1 with URSA and explored its function. We performed NCF1-339 SNP genotyping of samples from 152 Chinese patients with URSA and 72 healthy controls using nested PCR and TaqMan assays. ROS production and RELA (NF-κB subunit) expression in the blood of participants with different NCF1-339 genotypes were determined. The frequencies of the wild-type (GG) and mutant (GA) genotypes remarkably differed between the URSA and control groups. The mutant genotype was associated with an increased risk of recurrent abortion. Furthermore, ROS levels in the URSA group with the GG genotype were significantly higher than those in the group with the GA genotype (p < 0.05). RELA expression in URSA patients with the GA genotype was considerably higher than that in control individuals with the GG genotype. These findings indicate that mutations in NCF1 may increase the risk of URSA via the NADP/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway, which has implications for the diagnosis and treatment of URSA.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a predominant cause of long-term disability in adults, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning the neuropathological processes associated with it remain inadequately understood. Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1, also known as p47phox) is one of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase NOX2. In this study, we observed a reduction in the volume of TBI-induced brain lesions in NCF1-knockout mice compared to controls. Correspondingly, the neuronal loss induced by TBI was mitigated in the NCF1-knockout mice. Behavioral analysis also demonstrated that the motor coordination deficit following TBI was mitigated by the depletion of NCF1. Mechanistically, our findings revealed that NCF1 deficiency attenuated TBI-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory factors and reducing neutrophil infiltration into the brain parenchyma. Additionally, our results indicated that NCF1 deficiency significantly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Taken together, our findings indicate that NCF1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of brain injury and secondary inflammation post-TBI. • NCF1 deficiency attenuated TBI-induced inflammatory responses. • NCF1 deficiency reduced neutrophil infiltration into the brain parenchyma. • NCF1 deficiency inhibited the release of proinflammatory factors. • NCF1 deficiency significantly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a major single nucleotide variant on the NCF1 gene, leading to an amino acid replacement from arginine to histidine at position 90 (NCF1R90H), associated with low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was found to be causative for several autoimmune diseases. Psoriasis in the skin (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were induced with mannan by intraperitoneal injection or epicutaneous application, evaluated by visual and histology scoring. Immunostaining was used to identify macrophages, NCF1, and keratinocytes. The population of immune cells was quantified by flow cytometry, gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was investigated by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. We found that the low ROS responder NCF190H variant promotes PsO and PsA (the MIP model). The NCF190H-expressing mice had hyperactivated macrophages, expanded keratinocytes, and dramatically increased numbers of γδT17 cells with upregulated IL-17A, IL-23, and TNF-α. In addition, the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway was also upregulated in cells in the psoriatic skin tissues of Ncf190H mice. To summarize, a defined SNP (NCF1-339, also named NCF190H) was found to activate the IL-23/IL-17 axis and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, leading to hyperactivation of macrophages and keratinocytes and causing mouse psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Abstract Background Biallelic loss-of-function variants in NCF1 lead to reactive oxygen species deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Heterozygosity for the p.Arg90His variant in NCF1 has been associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome in adult patients. This study demonstrates the association of the homozygous p.Arg90His variant with interferonopathy with features of autoinflammation and autoimmunity in a pediatric patient. Case presentation A 5-year old female of Indian ancestry with early-onset recurrent fever and headache, and persistently elevated antinuclear, anti-Ro, and anti-La antibodies was found to carry the homozygous p.Arg90His variant in NCF1 through exome sequencing. Her unaffected parents and three other siblings were carriers for the mutant allele. Because the presence of two NCF1 pseudogenes, this variant was confirmed by independent genotyping methods. Her intracellular neutrophil oxidative burst and NCF1 expression levels were normal, and no clinical features of CGD were apparent. Gene expression analysis in peripheral blood detected an interferon gene expression signature, which was further supported by cytokine analyses of supernatants of cultured patient’s cells. These findings suggested that her inflammatory disease is at least in part mediated by type I interferons. While her fever episodes responded well to systemic steroids, treatment with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib resulted in decreased serum ferritin levels and reduced frequency of fevers. Conclusion Homozygosity for p.Arg90His in NCF1 should be considered contributory in young patients with an atypical systemic inflammatory antecedent phenotype that may evolve into autoimmunity later in life. The complex genomic organization of NCF1 poses a difficulty for high-throughput genotyping techniques and variants in this gene should be carefully evaluated when using the next generation and Sanger sequencing technologies. The p.Arg90His variant is found at a variable allele frequency in different populations, and is higher in people of South East Asian ancestry. In complex genetic diseases such as SLE, other rare and common susceptibility alleles might be necessary for the full disease expressivity.

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are two major pathological features of AD. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase, NOX) has been indicated in Aβ pathology; however, whether and how it affects tau pathology are not yet clear. Methods The role of NOX2 in cognitive function, amyloid plaque formation, and tau hyperphosphorylation were examined in APP/PS1 transgenic mice mated with p47phox-deficient mice (with deletion of the gene of neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, Ncf1) and/or in p47phox-deficient mice receiving intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The cognitive and non-cognitive functions in these mice were assessed by Morris water maze, Rotarod test, open field, and elevated plus maze. Aβ levels, amyloid plaques, p47phox expression, and astrocyte activation were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, and/or Western blotting. Cultured primary neuronal cells were treated with okadaic acid or conditioned media (CM) from high glucose-stimulated primary astrocytes. The alteration in tau pathology was determined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results Deletion of the gene coding for p47phox, the organizer subunit of NOX2, significantly attenuated cognitive impairment and tau pathology in these mice. p47phox deficiency decreased the activation of astrocytes but had no effect on Aβ levels and amyloid plaque formation in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice, which displayed markedly increased expression of p47phox in neurons and astrocytes. Cell culture studies found that neuronal p47phox deletion attenuated okadaic acid-induced tau hyperphosphorylation at specific sites in primary cultures of neurons. CM from high glucose-treated WT astrocytes increased tau hyperphosphorylation in primary neurons, whereas this effect was absent from p47phox-deficient astrocytes. Conclusions These results suggest that p47phox is associated with cognitive function and tau pathology in AD. p47phox expressed in neurons contributes to tau hyperphosphorylation directly, while p47phox in astrocytes affect tau hyperphosphorylation by activating astrocytes indirectly. Our results provide new insights into the role of NOX2 in AD and indicate that targeted inhibition of p47phox may be a new strategy for the treatment of AD.

Resurrection of non-processed pseudogenes may increase the efficacy of therapeutic gene editing, upon simultaneous targeting of a mutated gene and its highly homologous pseudogenes. To investigate the potency of this approach for clinical gene therapy of human diseases, we corrected a pseudogene-associated disorder, the immunodeficiency p47phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (p47phox CGD), using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) to target mutated neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1). Being separated by less than two million base pairs, NCF1 and two pseudogenes are closely co-localized on chromosome 7. In healthy people, a two-nucleotide GT deletion (ΔGT) is present in the NCF1B and NCF1C pseudogenes only. In the majority of patients with p47phox CGD, the NCF1 gene is inactivated due to a ΔGT transfer from one of the two non-processed pseudogenes. Here we demonstrate that concurrent targeting and correction of mutated NCF1 and its pseudogenes results in therapeutic CGD phenotype correction, but also causes potentially harmful chromosomal deletions between the targeted loci in a p47phox-deficient CGD cell line model. Therefore, development of genome-editing-based treatment of pseudogene-related disorders mandates thorough safety examination, as well as technological advances, limiting concurrent induction of multiple double-strand breaks on a single chromosome.

Abstract Background Increasing evidence has suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Ncf1 gene is associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms of NCF1-induced immunoregulatory effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we focus on NCF1 deficiency-mediated effects on EAE in NOS2 dependent and independent ways. Methods To determine the effects of NCF1 and NOS2 during EAE development, we have established recombinant mouse strains deficient at NCF1 and/or NOS2 in a crossbreeding system. Different strains allow us to examine the entire course of the disease in the Nos2-null mice bearing a Ncf1 gene that encodes a mutated NCF1, deficient in triggering oxidative burst, after immunization with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)79-96 peptides. The peptide-induced innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results NCF1-deficient mice developed a reduced susceptibility to EAE, whereas NCF1-NOS2 double-deficient mice developed an enhanced EAE, as compared with NOS2-deficient mice. Flow cytometry analyses show that double deficiencies resulted in an increase of neutrophils in the spleen, accompanied with higher release of interleukin-1β in neutrophils prior to EAE onset. The additional deficiency in NCF1 had no added effect on either interleukin-17 or interferon-γ secretion of T cells during the priming phase. Conclusions These studies show that NCF1 and NOS2 interact to regulate peptide-induced EAE.

Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) is a major genetic factor associated with autoimmune diseases and has been identified as a key player in autoimmune mediated inflammation. We addressed the role of Ncf1 in an antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation model, and found that the Ncf1m1j mutation, causing a deficient reactive oxygen species response, alleviated disease. The Ncf1m1j mutation was associated with a reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in airways, but had limited effect on mucus secretion, antibody production and lung fibrosis. The disease remission in the Ncf1 mutated mice was reversed when functional Ncf1 was transgenically expressed in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that the cellular inflammation was depended on functional Ncf1 in alveolar macrophages. By determining cytokine and chemokine profiles in lung and serum, we found that Ncf1 deficiency allowed an increased expression of Th1 cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12. Since also epithelial cytokines were found to be regulated by Ncf1 , we tested the effect of Ncf1 in IL-33 and IL-25 induced lung inflammation models. Mice with the Ncf1m1j mutation showed less sensitivity to IL-33, but not IL-25, induced lung inflammation, in a macrophage independent manner. The mice with deficient Ncf1 showed a reduced eosinophil infiltration and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation. The production of IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells was increased, whereas IL-5 and IL-13 in ILC2 were decreased. Importantly, anti-IFN-γ antibody treatment of Ncf1 deficient mice increased eosinophil infiltration and rescued ILC2 activation in the lung. We conclude that Ncf1 deficiency enhances Th1 response, deactivates ILC2, and protects against pulmonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) is a major genetic factor associated with autoimmune diseases and has been identified as a key player in autoimmune mediated inflammation. We addressed the role of Ncf1 in an antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation model, and found that the Ncf1m1j mutation, causing a deficient reactive oxygen species response, alleviated disease. The Ncf1m1j mutation was associated with a reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in airways, but had limited effect on mucus secretion, antibody production and lung fibrosis. The disease remission in the Ncf1 mutated mice was reversed when functional Ncf1 was transgenically expressed in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that the cellular inflammation was depended on functional Ncf1 in alveolar macrophages. By determining cytokine and chemokine profiles in lung and serum, we found that Ncf1 deficiency allowed an increased expression of Th1 cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12. Since also epithelial cytokines were found to be regulated by Ncf1, we tested the effect of Ncf1 in IL-33 and IL-25 induced lung inflammation models. Mice with the Ncf1m1j mutation showed less sensitivity to IL-33, but not IL-25, induced lung inflammation, in a macrophage independent manner. The mice with deficient Ncf1 showed a reduced eosinophil infiltration and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation. The production of IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells was increased, whereas IL-5 and IL-13 in ILC2 were decreased. Importantly, anti-IFN-γ antibody treatment of Ncf1 deficient mice increased eosinophil infiltration and rescued ILC2 activation in the lung. We conclude that Ncf1 deficiency enhances Th1 response, deactivates ILC2, and protects against pulmonitis.

Background: Biallelic loss-of-function variants in NCF1 lead to reactive oxygen species deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Heterozygosity for the p.Arg90His variant in NCF1 has been associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome in adult patients. This study demonstrates the association of the homozygous p.Arg90His variant with interferonopathy with features of autoinflammation and autoimmunity in a pediatric patient. Case presentation: A 5-year old female of Indian ancestry with early-onset recurrent fever and headache, and persistently elevated antinuclear, anti-Ro, and anti-La antibodies was found to carry the homozygous p.Arg90His variant in NCF1 through exome sequencing. Her unaffected parents and three other siblings were carriers for the mutant allele. Because the presence of two NCF1 pseudogenes, this variant was confirmed by independent genotyping methods. Her intracellular neutrophil oxidative burst and NCF1 expression levels were normal, and no clinical features of CGD were apparent. Gene expression analysis in peripheral blood detected an interferon gene expression signature, which was further supported by cytokine analyses of supernatants of cultured patient's cells. These findings suggested that her inflammatory disease is at least in part mediated by type I interferons. While her fever episodes responded well to systemic steroids, treatment with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib resulted in decreased serum ferritin levels and reduced frequency of fevers. Conclusion: Homozygosity for p.Arg90His in NCF1 should be considered contributory in young patients with an atypical systemic inflammatory antecedent phenotype that may evolve into autoimmunity later in life. The complex genomic organization of NCF1 poses a difficulty for high-throughput genotyping techniques and variants in this gene should be carefully evaluated when using the next generation and Sanger sequencing technologies. The p.Arg90His variant is found at a variable allele frequency in different populations, and is higher in people of South East Asian ancestry. In complex genetic diseases such as SLE, other rare and common susceptibility alleles might be necessary for the full disease expressivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency of the phagocytic cells, which results in absent or diminished levels of microbicidal reactive oxygen species. The disease occurs due to germline mutations in the genes encoding the five subunits of NADPH oxidase complex. The present study is a pilot study to understand the clinical and genetic aspects of CGD in Sri Lanka. Methods Clinical records of thirteen CGD patients were analysed and compared with similar studies performed in different countries and regions to identify patterns in demographics, clinical manifestations and infectious agents. Genomic DNA and cDNA were analysed in eight patients to identify mutations in CYBB and NCF1 genes, thereby to ascertain the potential X-linked and autosomal recessive (AR) CGD patients. Results The onset of symptoms in the patient cohort was very early (mean 4.6 months) compared to 20 months in India and 23.9 months in Latin America. Similarly, the age at diagnosis was lower (mean 1.6 years after birth) compared to other studies; 4.5 years in India and 6.1 years in Europe. Pulmonary manifestations were the most common (85%), followed by skin/subcutaneous infections (77%) and lymphadenopathy (62%). The death rate of local patients (38%) was higher than other countries (India 35%, Europe 20%). Majority (77%) were treated for tuberculosis at some point in life. Genetic analysis confirmed six out of eight patients as X-linked CGD cases with mutations in CYBB gene. A novel splice site mutation was identified in P-07 at position c.141+6 which resulted in the deletion of entire exon 2. Two siblings (P-05 and P-06) from consanguineous parents, were identified with AR-CGD based on the homozygous GT deletion mutation in NCF1 gene. Conclusions The clinical presentation, manifestations and genetic subtypes in the local cohort, appear to be comparable with global trends. Mycobacterial infections should be investigated and treated with more prominence. Effective treatment options are required to control the high mortality rate.

Background: NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) play an important role on defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Defects on these mechanisms have been described in association with recurrent infections due to such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. We describe a patient with partial disturbance of intracellular microorganism destruction clinically manifested by recurrent fungal infection. Case report and results: A 58-year-old male rural farmer has suffered with superficial mycosis affecting hands, nails and right ankle persisting for 20 years. He was treated with several antifungal drugs with no improvement. Mycological scraping isolated Trichophyton rubrum. Immunological evaluation showed impaired T cell proliferation to Candidin and impaired neutrophil burst oxidative after specific stimulation with Candida albicans. The patient's DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes for whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. Two heterozygous variants of undetermined significance were screened accordingly: (1) MPO A332V (c.995G > A; rs28730837); and (2) NCF1 G83R (c.247G > A; rs139225348). Conclusions: Functional leukocyte evaluation with heterozygous variants in MPO and NCF1 suggest that these defects were associated with the susceptibility to dermatophytosis in our patient. We have developed a fast, effective and safe trial for screening individuals with yeast infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing evidence has suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Ncf1 gene is associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms of NCF1-induced immunoregulatory effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we focus on NCF1 deficiency-mediated effects on EAE in NOS2 dependent and independent ways.Methods: To determine the effects of NCF1 and NOS2 during EAE development, we have established recombinant mouse strains deficient at NCF1 and/or NOS2 in a crossbreeding system. Different strains allow us to examine the entire course of the disease in the Nos2-null mice bearing a Ncf1 gene that encodes a mutated NCF1, deficient in triggering oxidative burst, after immunization with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)79-96 peptides. The peptide-induced innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results: NCF1-deficient mice developed a reduced susceptibility to EAE, whereas NCF1-NOS2 double-deficient mice developed an enhanced EAE, as compared with NOS2-deficient mice. Flow cytometry analyses show that double deficiencies resulted in an increase of neutrophils in the spleen, accompanied with higher release of interleukin-1β in neutrophils prior to EAE onset. The additional deficiency in NCF1 had no added effect on either interleukin-17 or interferon-γ secretion of T cells during the priming phase.Conclusions: These studies show that NCF1 and NOS2 interact to regulate peptide-induced EAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in driving the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Ablation of ROS derived from phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 is protective against autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the mechanisms of NADPH oxidase 2-derived ROS in T1D pathogenesis need to be elucidated. Here, we have examined the role of Ncf1 (the regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase 2) in dendritic cells (DC).Results:Ncf1-mutant DCs exhibit reduced ability to activate autoreactive CD8+ T cells despite no difference in co-stimulatory molecule expression or pro-inflammatory cytokine production. When provided with exogenous whole-protein antigen, Ncf1-mutant NOD DCs showed strong phagosome acidification and rapid antigen degradation, which lead to an absence of protein translocation into the cytoplasm and deficient antigenic peptide loading on MHC Class I molecules.Innovation: This study demonstrates that Ncf1 (p47phox) is required for activation and effector function of CD8+ T cells by acting both intrinsically within the T cell as well as within professional antigen presenting cells.Conclusion: ROS promote CD8+ T cell activation by facilitating autoantigen cross-presentation by DCs. ROS scavengers could potentially represent an important component of therapies aiming to disrupt autoantigen presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells in individuals at-risk for developing T1D.

p47 phox -deficient chronic granulomatous disease (p47-CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 ( NCF1 ) gene, resulting in defective NADPH oxidase function in phagocytes. Due to its complex genomic context, the NCF1 locus is not suited for safe gene editing with current genome editing technologies. Therefore, we developed a targeted NCF1 coding sequence knock-in by CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and viral vector template delivery, to restore p47 phox expression under the control of the endogenous NCF2 locus. NCF2 encodes for p67 phox , an NADPH oxidase subunit that closely interacts with p47 phox and is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. This approach restored p47 phox expression and NADPH oxidase function in p47-CGD patient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and in p47 phox -deficient mouse HSPCs, with the transgene expression following a myeloid differentiation pattern. Adeno-associated viral vectors performed favorably over integration-deficient lentiviral vectors for template delivery, with fewer off-target integrations and higher correction efficacy in HSPCs. Such myeloid-directed gene editing is promising for clinical CGD gene therapy, as it leads to the co-expression of p47 phox and p67 phox , ensuring spatiotemporal and near-physiological transgene expression in myeloid cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Aims: In this study, we investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in autoimmune diseases. We focus on oxidative regulation at the interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, and consequent effect of ROS and RNS on type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model in mice. Results: Mice deficient in ROS and peroxide, due to a mutation in Ncf1 gene, develop an exaggerated CIA and a stronger T cell response to CII. In contrast, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was found to protect against CIA. The most pronounced protective effect was observed when L-NAME treatment started immediately after CII immunization. Ten days after immunization, the CII-reactive T cell-proliferative response was greater in Ncf1-mutant mice that were treated with L-NAME. T cells from L-NAME-treated mice, primed with CII, showed lower interleukin-2 secretion in response to CII in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of RNS production resulted in dysregulation of NOS1 (neuronal) expression in CII-reactive T cells. Innovation and Conclusion: The results support that deficiency of a paracrine factor as ROS and peroxide released by APC leads to pronounced activation of T cells and enhanced arthritis. An intrinsic factor might be RNS produced by NOS1, which likely enhanced T cell activation in an autocrine manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an innate immune deficiency, primarily affecting the phagocytic compartment, and presenting with a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from severe childhood infections to monogenic inflammatory bowel disease. Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow cytometry is the standard diagnostic test for CGD, and correlates with NADPH oxidase activity. While there may be genotype correlation with the DHR flow pattern in some patients, in several others, there is no correlation. In such patients, assessment by flow cytometric evaluation of NADPH oxidase-specific (NOX) proteins provides a convenient and rapid means of genetic triage, though immunoblotting has long been used for this purpose. Methods and Results: We describe the clinical utility of the NOX flow cytometry assay through assessment of X-linked and autosomal recessive CGD patients and their first-degree relatives. The assessment of specific NOX proteins was correlated with overall NADPH oxidase function (DHR flow), clinical phenotype and genotype. NOX-specific protein assessment is a valuable adjunct to DHR assessment and genotyping to classify and characterize CGD patients. Conclusions: The atypical clinical presentation of some CGD patients can make genotype–phenotype correlation with DHR flow data challenging. Genetic testing, while useful for confirmation of diagnosis, can take several weeks, and in some patients does not provide a conclusive answer. However, NADPH-oxidase-specific protein flow assessment offers a rapid alternative to identification of the underlying genetic defect in cellular subsets, and can be utilized as a reflex test to an abnormal DHR flow. Further, it can provide insight into correlation between oxidative burst relative to protein expression in granulocytes and monocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify differentially expressed genes in sepsis and potential key role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) genes associated with sepsis. Gene expression dataset was available from GSE46599. Firstly, we screened the differentially expressed genes between sepsis and healthy samples. Then, the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tools were utilized to perform gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses at the functional level. Differentially expressed genes mediating ROS levels were validated in the next investigation and analysis. We identified 1094 genes expressed differentially between normal and sepsis samples, including 655 upregulated genes and 439 downregulated genes. At the functional level, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that those differentially expressed genes were majorly associated with the immune response and metabolic process in sepsis. Further analysis revealed that neutrophil cytosolic factor 1(NCF1), a critical gene in the ROS system, upregulated in THP-1 cell and monocytes under lipopolysaccharides stimulation. Moreover, we identified the upregulation of NCF1 in a sepsis model. We screened the differentially expressed genes from the global level and identified NCF1 might be a critical target gene in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in driving the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Ablation of ROS derived from phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 is protective against autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the mechanisms of NADPH oxidase 2-derived ROS in T1D pathogenesis need to be elucidated. Here, we have examined the role of Ncf1 (the regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase 2) in dendritic cells (DC). Results: Ncf1 -mutant DCs exhibit reduced ability to activate autoreactive CD8+ T cells despite no difference in co-stimulatory molecule expression or pro-inflammatory cytokine production. When provided with exogenous whole-protein antigen, Ncf1 -mutant NOD DCs showed strong phagosome acidification and rapid antigen degradation, which lead to an absence of protein translocation into the cytoplasm and deficient antigenic peptide loading on MHC Class I molecules. Innovation: This study demonstrates that Ncf1 (p47phox) is required for activation and effector function of CD8+ T cells by acting both intrinsically within the T cell as well as within professional antigen presenting cells. Conclusion: ROS promote CD8+ T cell activation by facilitating autoantigen cross-presentation by DCs. ROS scavengers could potentially represent an important component of therapies aiming to disrupt autoantigen presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells in individuals at-risk for developing T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A single nucleotide polymorphism in Ncf1 has been found with a major effect on chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases in the rat with the surprising observation that a lower reactive oxygen response led to more severe diseases. This finding was subsequently reproduced in the mouse and the effect operates in many different murine diseases through different pathogenic pathways; like models for rheumatoid arthritis, encephalomyelitis, lupus, gout, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The human gene is located in an unstable region with many variable sequence repetitions, which means it has not been included in any genome wide associated screens so far. However, identification of copy number variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms has now clearly shown that major autoimmune diseases are strongly associated with the Ncf1 locus. In systemic lupus erythematosus the associated Ncf1 polymorphism (leading to an amino acid substitution at position 90) is the strongest locus and is associated with a lower reactive oxidative burst response. In addition, more precise mapping analysis of polymorphism of other NOX2 genes reveals that these are also associated with autoimmunity. The identified genetic association shows the importance of redox control and that ROS regulate chronic inflammation instead of promoting it. The genetic identification of Ncf1 polymorphisms now opens for relevant studies of the regulatory mechanisms involved, effects that will have severe consequences in many different pathogenic pathways and understanding of the origin of autoimmune diseases Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • The Ncf1 gene polymorphism is associated with a lower oxidative burst response. • The lower reactive oxygen response leads to more severe autoimmune diseases. • Polymorphism in NOX2 genes is strong associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: NCF1, a subunit of the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), first described the expression in neutrophils and macrophages and participated in the pathogenesis from various systems. However, there are controversial findings on the role of NCF1 in different kinds of kidney diseases. In this study, we aim to pinpoint the specific role of NCF1 in the progression of renal fibrosis induced by obstruction. Results: In this study, NCF1 expression was upregulated in kidney biopsies of chronic kidney disease patients. The expression level of all subunits of the NOX2 complex was also significantly increased in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidney. Then, we used wild-type mice and Ncf1 mutant mice ( Ncf1 m1j mice) to perform UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Results demonstrated that Ncf1 m1j mice exhibited mild renal fibrosis but increased macrophages count and CD11b + Ly6C hi macrophage proportion. Next, we compared the renal fibrosis degree between Ncf1 m1j mice and Ncf1 macrophage-rescued mice ( Ncf1 m1j . Ncf1 mice). We found that rescuing NCF1 expression in macrophages further alleviated renal fibrosis and decreased macrophage infiltration in the UUO kidney. In addition, flow cytometry data showed fewer CD11b Tg-CD68 mice). We found that rescuing NCF1 expression in macrophages further alleviated renal fibrosis and decreased macrophage infiltration in the UUO kidney. In addition, flow cytometry data showed fewer CD11b + Ly6C hi macrophages in the kidney of the Ncf1 m1j . Ncf1 Tg-CD68 group than the Ncf1 m1j group. Innovation: We first used the Ncf1 m1j mice to detect the role of NCF1 in the pathological process of renal fibrosis induced by obstruction. Also, we found that NCF1 expressed in different cell types exerts opposing effects on obstructive nephropathy. Ncf1 m1j . Ncf1 ameliorates renal fibrosis induced by obstruction, and rescuing NCF1 in macrophages further alleviates renal fibrosis.Tg-CD68 mice to detect the role of NCF1 in the pathological process of renal fibrosis induced by obstruction. Also, we found that NCF1 expressed in different cell types exerts opposing effects on obstructive nephropathy. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings support that systemic mutation of Ncf1 ameliorates renal fibrosis induced by obstruction, and rescuing NCF1 in macrophages further alleviates renal fibrosis.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency associated to multiple life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, beginning in childhood. There are rare cases of diagnosis in adulthood. We describe here two cases of late diagnosis in adults: a 45-year-old woman and 59-year-old-man. CGD diagnosis should be considered in adult patients with unexplained infectious diseases with tissue granuloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased reactive oxygen species and estrogen deficiency contribute to the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Reactive oxygen species contribute to bone degradation and is necessary for RANKLinduced osteoclast differentiation. In postmenopausal bone loss, reactive oxygen species can also activate immune cells to further enhance bone resorption. Here, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species in ovariectomyinduced osteoporosis in mice deficient in Ncf1, a subunit for the NADPH oxidase 2 and a well-known regulator of the immune system. Methods: B10.Q wild-type (WT) mice and mice with a spontaneous point mutation in the Ncf1-gene (Ncf1*/*) were ovariectomized (ovx) or sham-operated. After 4 weeks, osteoclasts were generated ex vivo, and bone mineral density was measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Lymphocyte populations, macrophages, pre-osteoclasts and intracellular reactive oxygen species were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: After ovx, Ncf1*/*-mice formed fewer osteoclasts ex vivo compared to WT mice. However, trabecular bone mineral density decreased similarly in both genotypes after ovx. Ncf1*/*-mice had a larger population of preosteoclasts, whereas lymphocytes were activated to the same extent in both genotypes. Conclusion: Ncf1*/*-mice develop fewer osteoclasts after ovx than WT mice. However, irrespective of genotype, bone mineral density decreases after ovx, indicating that a compensatory mechanism retains bone degradation after ovx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited mutational defect in any of the NADPH oxidase complex, CYBB (gp91-phox), NCF1 (p47-phox), CYBA (p22-phox), NCF2 (p67-phox), or NCF4 (p40-phox) leading to inability of phagocytes to perform effective respiratory burst and thus diminished killing of bacteria and fungi. The identification of defective proteins aids in establishing a diagnosis prior to genetic analysis, which is rather labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming. Aim: The present study aims at assessing the NADPH proteins by performing the intracellular staining with specific monoclonal antibodies and their assessment on flow cytometry. The use of flow cytometry is less laborious and faster to perform than western blot. It also confirms the diagnosis of CGD and detects the affected components allowing proper management of patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients from 25 different kindred, clinically suspected as CGD were recruited in Egypt. Dihydrorhodamine test was performed to confirm the diagnosis of the patients. Intracellular staining of NADPH components using specific monoclonal antibodies was performed followed by flow cytometric analysis. Results: The present study revealed that the most common defective protein in our cohort is p22-phox, found in 13 patients (46.4 % of cases) followed by p47-phox in 8 patients (28.6 %), gp91-phox in 5 patients (17.9 %), and finally p67-phox in 2 patients (7.1 %). Conclusion: In countries with limited resources and yet large number of CGD patients, the analysis of the defective proteins by flow cytometry is an optimum solution for confirming the diagnosis and is a step for targeted sequencing in families seeking prenatal diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chlamydia muridarum induction of the upper genital tract pathology in mice has been used to investigate the mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenesis. We report that the NCF1 (neutrophil cytosolic factor1)- encoded p47phox (phagocyte oxidase), an essential subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, contributes significantly to C. muridarum induction of hydrosalpinx. Mice lacking p47phox (p47phox-deficient) were no longer able to develop significant hydrosalpinx following an intravaginal infection with C. muridarum . However, there was no significant difference in uterine horn dilation (as a result of the endometrial glandular duct dilation) between the p47phox-deficient and -sufficient mice. Thus, the role of NADPH oxidase in chlamydial pathogenesis is restricted to the oviduct tissue rather than the entire upper genital tract. Interestingly, both the p47phox-deficient and -sufficient mice displayed similar levels of chlamydial live organism shedding from the lower genital tract, suggesting that the NADPH oxidase is not required for the mouse control of chlamydial infection in the lower genital tract. Furthermore, the p47phox deficiency did not affect the infectious organism burden in the upper genital tract tissues, indicating that the NADPH-oxidase activity is not necessary for the mouse prevention of chlamydial ascension from the lower to upper genital tracts. However, the p47phox-defieicnt mice displayed a significantly reduced chronic inflammatory infiltration in the oviduct but not uterine tissues, supporting the finding that the NADPH oxidase activity is required for chlamydial induction of dilation in the oviduct but not the endometrial glandular duct. Thus, we have demonstrated a significant role of the host NADPH oxidase in promoting chronic inflammatory pathology in the oviduct following chlamydial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review on the function of neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) and induced reactive oxygen species ( ROS) is based on a genetic search for the major genes controlling autoimmune inflammatory disorders. Surprisingly, the disease-promoting allele determined a lower ROS response and was therefore in complete contrast to the prevailing dogma. Once cloned, it opened the possibility to dissect this complex field from a new angle and with the possibilities to study the role of ROS in vivo. We found that NCF1 and NADPH oxidase 2 ( NOX2) complex-derived ROS is an important regulator of several chronic inflammatory disorders by using models for rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and psoriasis arthritis, gout, and lupus. ROS could therefore affect many different types of diseases and the common denominator seems to be that ROS regulate macrophages, which prevents inflammation from going chronic. The role of ROS is currently changing from being seen as toxic agents that will promote inflammation toward a more complex view with ROS as crucial regulators of immune and inflammatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare congenital immune deficiency caused by mutations in any of the five genes encoding NADPH oxidase subunits. One of these genes is NCF1 , encoding the p47 phox protein. A group of 39 patients, 14 of whom are of Kavkazi Jewish descent, was investigated for a founder effect for the mutation c.579G > A ( p.Trp193Ter ) in NCF1 . We analyzed various genetic markers in the NCF1 region, including two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NCF1 and two short tandem repeats (STRs) located near NCF1 . Most patients were homozygous for the c.579G > A mutation, but three patients were hemizygotes, with a deletion of NCF1 on the other allele, and three patients were compound heterozygotes with another mutation in NCF1 . All Kavkazi Jewish patients had a c.295G_c.345T SNP combination in NCF1 and shared a common number of repeats in STR3. In addition, 90% of the Kavkazi Jewish patients shared a common number of repeats in STR1. This uniformity indicates that the c.579G > A mutation in NCF1 was introduced some 1200–2300 years ago in the Kavkazi Jewish population. Variation amongst the other investigated populations from the Middle East indicates that this mutation exists in these non-Kavkazi populations already for more than 5000 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic granulomatous disease ( CGD), a rare inherited disorder of the innate immune system, results from mutations in any one of the five genes encoding the subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase ( NADPH) oxidase enzyme, and is characterized by recurrent life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. Molecular analysis of 14 Omani CGD patients from 10 families, diagnosed to have CGD on clinical (recurrent infections) and biochemical grounds (positive for both the nitroblue tetrazolium ( NBT) test and the dihydrorhodamine ( DHR-1,2,3 assay), revealed that only one patient had X-linked CGD, with a large deletion involving both the gp91-phox gene ( CYBB) and the McLeod gene ( XK). The remaining 13 patients were all homozygotes from a previously described c. 579G>A (p. Trp193X) mutation in the NCF1 gene on chromosome 7, responsible for autosomal recessive CGD ( AR-CGD). Although X-linked CGD is the most common type of CGD disorder in most population groups, AR-CGD is the most prevalent type in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare congenital disorder in which phagocytes cannot generate superoxide (O2 −) and other microbicidal oxidants due to mutations in one of the five components of the O2 −-generating NADPH oxidase complex. The most common autosomal subtype of CGD is caused by mutations in NCF1, encoding the NADPH subunit p47phox. Usually, these mutations are the result of unequal exchange of chromatid between NCF1 and one of its two pseudogenes. We have now investigated in detail the breakpoints within or between these (pseudo) NCF1 genes in 43 families with p47phox-deficient CGD by means of multiplex ligase-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In 24 families the patients totally lacked NCF1 sequences, indicating that in these families the cross-over points are located between NCF1 and its pseudogenes. Six other families were compound heterozygous for a total NCF1 deletion and another mutation in NCF1 on the other allele. In 8 families, the patients lacked NCF1 exons 1–4 but had retained NCF1 exons 6–10, indicating that a cross-over point is located within NCF1 between exons 4 and 6. Similarly, in 4 families a cross-over point was located within NCF1 between exons 2 and 4. Similar cross-overs, in heterozygous form, were observed in family members of the patients. Several patients were compound heterozygous for total and partial NCF1 deletions. Thus, at least three different cross-over points exist within the NCF1 gene cluster, indicating that autosomal p47phox-deficient CGD is genetically heterogeneous but can be dissected in detail by MLPA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), caused by a lack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2, leads to massively increased inflammatory responses. In order to identify the type of phagocyte which requires NOX2 activity to limit inflammation, we investigated mice with a loss of function mutation in the Ncf1 gene coding for the p $47^{\rm{phox}}$ subunit of NOX2 and mice with transgenic rescue of Ncf1 under control of the CD68 promoter. To induce CGD hyperinflammation, different mouse genotypes were injected intradermally with β-glucan. Ncf1 mutant mice showed massive and prolonged hyperinflammation. Hyperinflammatory lesions were characterized by persistent neutrophilic infiltration, along with ulceration and necrosis. In contrast, in CD68 promoter rescue mice inflammation resolved within days, as seen in wild-type animals. Measurements of ROS in rescue mice demonstrated functional NOX2 in mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells) but not in neutrophils. This absence of NOX2 function was also confirmed in inflammatory tissue neutrophils. Lack of functional NOX2 in mononuclear phagocytes increased the secretion of IL-1β at early time points and of IL-6 and TNFα at later time points. Thus, CGD hyperinflammation is a redox dysregulation in mononuclear phagocytes, demonstrating a cell type-specific anti-inflammatory function of NOX2. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency caused by defects in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)–oxidase complex and is usually diagnosed in early childhood. CGD patients suffer from severe, recurrent infections with bacteria, fungi and yeasts. We report a 25-year-old female with protracted fever because of a Staphylococcus aureus liver abscess, which did not resolve until breakthrough into the stomach. Despite her age, CGD was considered on diagnosis on the basis of the clinical symptoms. Analysis of the NADPH–oxidase activity confirmed CGD as the underlying condition. Western blotting revealed the absence of p47phox and subsequent sequencing of the p47phox-encoding gene, neutrophil cytosolic factor (NCF1), identified a deletion of 837C in the maternal NCF1 allele. The paternal allele contained a stopcodon because of a conversion between NCF1 and one of its ΨNCF1 pseudogenes. The patient had one novel mutation, c.837delC, and one conversion in NCF1, resulting in the complete absence of the p47phox component of the NADPH–oxidase complex. This p47phox-deficient CGD patient had the highest age at diagnosis reported thus far.Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 54, 313–316; doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.24; published online 27 March 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of the innate immune system characterized by impairment of intracellular microbicidal activity of phagocytes. Mutations in one of four known NADPH-oxidase components preclude generation of superoxide and related antimicrobial oxidants, leading to the phenotype of CGD. Defects in gp91- phox, encoded by CYBB, lead to X-linked CGD and have been reported to be responsible for approximately 70% of all CGD cases. The aim of this study was to identify the CGD mutations in a group of Turkish CGD patients and to evaluate the predominance of CGD mutations as X-linked or autosomal recessive (AR) within the Turkish CGD families with known mutations. Materials and methods Two Turkish CGD families were included in the study, and mutations were identified by sequence analysis of DNA and RNA from peripheral blood in the patients. Before mutation analysis, subgroup analysis of patients was made by flow cytometry with antibodies against NADPH oxidase components and with DHR-123 oxidase activity assay. For comparison, we included previously reported results from four other Turkish CGD families. Results Two different mutations were identified, one of them a novel mutation g.700G>T located in exon 7 of CYBB, and the other a hot-spot mutation located in exon 2 of the NCF1 gene. These mutations were detected in three patients from two Turkish families. Conclusions Until now, we have altogether identified mutations in six Turkish CGD families. In this limited number of families our results show AR-CGD in two-thirds of the Turkish families investigated, in contrast to previous reports in the literature. This is probably due to the high rate of consanguineous marriages in Turkey. Consanguineous parents were found in 75% of the families with AR-CGD patients, which favours homozygous deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]