Search

The Neolithisation of the Near-East is a key period in the history of humanity, when huge changes occurred in subsistence economy, triggered by agriculture and animal husbandry. Other changes in lifestyle were generated by sedentarization and by the invention of pottery as a container. The aim of this study is to see if these changes in Neolithic populations are reflected in oral health status, focusing on the most relevant markers. The 312 skeletons from seven Syrian sites (Tell Qaramel, Cheikh Hassan, Dja’de el-Mughara, Tell Aswad, Abu Hureyra, Tell Mureybet and Tell Ain el-Kerkh) were systematically examined for evidence of four pathological lesions—dental caries, abscesses, ante-mortem tooth loss and periodontal disease. Data were grouped by period to determine the impact of Neolithisation in a diachronic perspective. Results reveal that changes in oral health were not linear and that the adoption of agriculture and methods of food preparation were important factors influencing health status. Résumé. La Néolithisation au Proche-Orient est une période phare de l’histoire de l’humanité : c’est en effet au cours de cette phase qu’interviennent de grands changements dans l’économie de subsistance, apportés par l’invention de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. D’autres changements dans le mode de vie sont également engendrés par la sédentarisation et, en dernier lieu, par l’invention de la céramique. L’objectif de cette étude est de voir si les bouleversements que connaissent les populations néolithiques s’observent dans l’état sanitaire bucco-dentaire, en se focalisant sur les marqueurs les plus pertinents. Les 312 individus, provenant de sept sites syriens (Tell Qaramel, Cheikh Hassan, Dja’de el-Mughara, Tell Aswad, Abu Hureyra, Tell Mureybet et Tell Ain el-Kerkh) ont donc été étudiés de façon systématique à la recherche de caries, d’abcès, de dents perdues ante-mortem et de maladie parodontale, et ces individus ont été regroupés par périodes afin de mesurer l’impact de la Néolithisation dans une étude diachronique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence que les changements intervenus dans l’état de santé dentaire sont loin d’être linéaires ; il semblerait également que l’invention de l’agriculture et le mode de préparation des aliments aient joué un rôle important dans l’évolution de l’état de santé bucco-dentaire.

This article considers the bone industries of the Capsian and the Neolithic of Capsian Tradition. It place these industries in the broader context of the Near-East and Europe in order to identify their unique characteristics and the elements they share with other industries. The criteria considered are at once stylistic, morphological, and technical. Both the Capsian and the Neolithic of Capsian Tradition (NCT), present commonalities with the industries of the Natufian and the PPNB. Is this the result of exogenous borrowings, internal dynamics, or documentation biases? The question of possible contact between cultures and populations is examined here. Les industries osseuses capsiennes et néolithiques de tradition capsienne sont considérées ici. Elles ont été replacées dans le contexte large du Proche-orient et de l’Europe, afin de cerner leurs singularités et les éléments qu’elles partagent avec ces autres industries. Les critères considérés sont aussi bien stylistiques et morphologiques que techniques. Tant le Capsien que le Néolithique de tradition capsienne (NTC), présente des points communs avec les industries natoufiennes et PPNB. Apport exogène, dynamique interne ou effet de la docu-mentation ? La question des possibles contacts entre cultures et populations est examinée ici.

The near-eastern neolithization is a long period that begins around 12,000 cal. BC and ends around 7,000 cal. BC. It was characterized by significant changes, and marked a decisive stage in the evolution of the way of life of populations. Its main manifestations were the appearance and development of agricultural experiments and domestication, and the advent of villages and durable architecture. Transformations of the way of life were coupled with the reorganization and redefinition of social links at community and regional levels. The relationship of humans to both their natural environment and to their built environment changed enduringly. Though more difficult to discern in material artefacts, neolithization is also synonymous with a change in mentalities. People then developed systems of symbols that manifested these new forms of spirituality. In this context of material and intangible upheavals, both socioeconomic and spiritual, the exceptional buildings excavated on several near-eastern PPNA/PPNB sites have triggered many questions about their interpretation. Their role in terms of spirituality and social organization was crucial in the life of these communities. The understanding of these buildings and the issues they represent is addressed through a review of the archaeological literature available and the entire literature on the subject. This study leads to the exploration of several interpretive pathways based on a multi-disciplinary approach that explores the different facets of the changes that took hold during the PPNA/PPNB., La néolithisation proche-orientale est une longue période qui s’amorce vers 12 000 cal. BC et s’achève vers 7 000 cal. BC. Caractérisée par de profondes mutations, elle marque une étape déterminante dans l’évolution du mode de vie des populations. L’apparition puis le développement des expériences agricoles et de la domestication ainsi que l’avènement des villages et de l’architecture pérenne en sont les principales manifestations. Les transformations du mode de vie ne vont pas sans une réorganisation et une redéfinition des liens sociaux à l’échelle des communautés et à l’échelle interrégionale. Le rapport de l’être humain à son environnement naturel et à son environnement construit se modifie durablement. Plus difficilement perceptible dans la culture matérielle, une mutation des mentalités accompagne la néolithisation. Les populations élaborent alors des systèmes de symboles qui manifestent ces nouvelles formes de spiritualité. Dans ce contexte de bouleversements matériels et immatériels, d’ordre à la fois socio-économique et spirituel, les bâtiments « exceptionnels » mis au jour sur plusieurs sites proche-orientaux du PPNA/PPNB posent de nombreuses questions relatives à leur interprétation. Leur rôle en matière de spiritualité et d’organisation sociale est déterminant dans la vie de ces communautés. La compréhension de ces édifices et des enjeux qu’ils représentent est abordée à travers un examen de la documentation archéologique disponible et de l’ensemble de la bibliographie sur le sujet. Cette étude amène à explorer plusieurs voies d’interprétation sur la base d’une approche transdisciplinaire dévoilant les différentes facettes des mutations en cours au PPNA/PPNB.

In recent years increasing attention has been devoted to the re-opening and disturbance actions of several typologies of tombs, especially in monumental burial mounds, amply attested from Eurasia to Europe. It emerged that these funerary monuments were very dynamic areas and represented important places for the societies that built them. Traces of secondary rituals, intentional re-opening actions and other types of activities, and interferences have been often recorded in or around kurgan structures, but also in other typologies of graves. Their interpretations are still rather unclear, but it appears, however, that some of these rituals recur over a very wide geographical and chronological horizon (from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period), within a cross-cultural dimension. The paper presents some case studies, mainly related to the Eurasian Steppes (Scythian culture in particular) showing the typological multiplicity of the phenomenon and their possible interpretations, and stresses the need of a strict methodological approach to the excavation and analysis of these contexts, essential to correctly understand the evidence for re-opening actions and not mistake these with ‘simple’ robbing actions.In recent years increasing attention has been devoted to the re-opening and disturbance actions of several typologies of tombs, especially in monumental burial mounds, amply attested from Eurasia to Europe. It emerged that these funerary monuments were very dynamic areas and represented important places for the societies that built them. Traces of secondary rituals, intentional re-opening actions and other types of activities, and interferences have been often recorded in or around kurgan structures, but also in other typologies of graves. Their interpretations are still rather unclear, but it appears, however, that some of these rituals recur over a very wide geographical and chronological horizon (from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period), within a cross-cultural dimension. The paper presents some case studies, mainly related to the Eurasian Steppes (Scythian culture in particular) showing the typological multiplicity of the phenomenon and their possible interpretations, and stresses the need of a strict methodological approach to the excavation and analysis of these contexts, essential to correctly understand the evidence for re-opening actions and not mistake these with ‘simple’ robbing actions.

Les industries osseuses capsiennes et néolithiques de tradition capsienne sont considérées ici. Elles ont été replacées dans le contexte large du Proche-orient et de l’Europe, afin de cerner leurs singularités et les éléments qu’elles partagent avec ces autres industries. Les critères considérés sont aussi bien stylistiques et morphologiques que techniques. Tant le Capsien que le Néolithique de tradition capsienne (NTC), présente des points communs avec les industries natoufiennes et PPNB. Apport exogène, dynamique interne ou effet de la docu-mentation ? La question des possibles contacts entre cultures et populations est examinée ici. This article considers the bone industries of the Capsian and the Neolithic of Capsian Tradition. It place these industries in the broader context of the Near-East and Europe in order to identify their unique characteristics and the elements they share with other industries. The criteria considered are at once stylistic, morphological, and technical. Both the Capsian and the Neolithic of Capsian Tradition (NCT), present commonalities with the industries of the Natufian and the PPNB. Is this the result of exogenous borrowings, internal dynamics, or documentation biases? The question of possible contact between cultures and populations is examined here.

International audience; We assume that early Neolithic cultivators had an optimizing behavior aiming yield maximization and labor efficiency. Then we conduct a hypothetical optimization exercise by examining which consequences such behavior would have if applied to the cultivation of Near-Eastern wild cereals, especially on their rate of domestication measured by the frequency of non-shattering seeds. Two stages of the cultivation process are analyzed, the harvest and the processing. The harvest stage requires two strategies, one about the state of ripeness at the harvest and the other about the harvesting method. We demonstrate that under an optimizing behavior most mature seeds are harvested-by combining two technologies, ground collection and sickling-and thus this stage leads to no selective pressure. On the contrary, the processing stage, from threshing to storage, leads to positive selection when the products of the two harvests are processed separately, a strategy resulting from labor efficiency and risk minimization. Therefore, and from a theoretical point of view, an optimizing behavior tends to support a rapid pathway toward plant domestication, even though the latter is an unconscious outcome of human behavior.

At the 25th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Bern (4th – 8th September 2019), the Session 85 entitled ‟Tracking Neolithization Processes on Both Sides of the Sinai: a Bridge Between the Near East and North-Eastern Africa” was organized by K. Kapustka, J. Vieugué, F. Bocquentin and E. Huysecom. Its main objective was to bring together researchers working in the Near East with those working in North-Eastern Africa. Based on various topics such as settlement patterns, architecture, graves, pottery, lithic, fauna, botanical remains etc., authors were requested to provide syntheses regarding the type and pace of changes as well as related transformation mechanisms occurring with the shift from hunter-gathering to farming communities in a wider chronological frame from their own field of interest. Rather than tracing ways of diffusion, long-distance contacts or cultural exchanges, the intention of this session was to identify in a better way the major steps of the processes involved from different approaches and perspectives. It is clear that typical characteristics and aspects of Neolithization occurred in different order and at different times in the two larger regions. The main question was to understand differences and similarities of these processes.

How humans got their goatsLittle is known regarding the location and mode of the early domestication of animals such as goats for husbandry. To investigate the history of the goat, Dalyet al.sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from ancient specimens ranging from hundreds to thousands of years in age. Multiple wild populations contributed to the origin of modern goats during the Neolithic. Over time, one mitochondrial type spread and became dominant worldwide. However, at the whole-genome level, modern goat populations are a mix of goats from different sources and provide evidence for a multilocus process of domestication in the Near East. Furthermore, the patterns described support the idea of multiple dispersal routes out of the Fertile Crescent region by domesticated animals and their human counterparts.Science, this issue p.85

Water resources in the Near-East being frequently transboundary, it appears hence logical that they require a transnational management. Nonetheless, riparian States can rarely agree on the matter, as those sharing the Jordan River basin. In a space more propitious to conflicts than to cooperation, the attempts at reaching a common management never succeed. In comparison, the Mekong River basin benefits an integrated watershed management process already well advanced. A comparative study in order to identify the variables intervening in both processes could thus allow to understand what lacks in the Jordan River basin for a better water management.; Les ressources en eau du Proche-Orient étant souvent transfrontalières, il semble donc logique qu’elles nécessitent une gestion transnationale. Toutefois, les Etats riverains parviennent rarement à s’entendre sur le sujet, à l’image de ceux partageant le bassin du Jourdain. Espace plus propice aux tensions qu’à la coopération, les tentatives de gestion commune n’aboutissent pas. En comparaison, le bassin du Mékong jouit d’un processus de gestion intégrée par bassin déjà bien avancé. Une étude comparative pour identifier les variables intervenant dans les deux processus pourrait ainsi permettre de comprendre ce qui manque au bassin du Jourdain pour meilleure gestion de l’eau.

Archaeological, palaeontological and geological evidence shows that post-glacial warming released human populations from their various climate-bound refugia. Yet specific connections between these refugia and the timing and routes of post-glacial migrations that ultimately established modern patterns of genetic variation remain elusive. Here, we use Y-chromosome markers combined with autosomal data to reconstruct population expansions from regional refugia in Southwest Asia. Populations from three regions in particular possess distinctive autosomal genetic signatures indicative of likely refugia: one, in the north, centered around the eastern coast of the Black Sea, the second, with a more Levantine focus, and the third in the southern Arabian Peninsula. Modern populations from these three regions carry the widest diversity and may indeed represent the most likely descendants of the populations responsible for the Neolithic cultures of Southwest Asia. We reveal the distinct and datable expansion routes of populations from these three refugia throughout Southwest Asia and into Europe and North Africa and discuss the possible correlations of these migrations to various cultural and climatic events evident in the archaeological record of the past 15,000 years.

The invention of thermally resistant ceramic cooking vessels around 15,000 years ago was a major advance in human diet and nutrition1–3, opening up new food groups and preparation techniques. Previous investigations of lipid biomarkers contained in food residues have routinely demonstrated the importance of prehistoric cooking pots for the processing of animal products across the world4. Remarkably, however, direct evidence for plant processing in prehistoric pottery has not been forthcoming, despite the potential to cook otherwise unpalatable or even toxic plants2,5. In North Africa, archaeobotanical evidence of charred and desiccated plant organs denotes that Early Holocene hunter-gatherers routinely exploited a wide range of plant resources6. Here, we reveal the earliest direct evidence for plant processing in pottery globally, from the sites of Takarkori and Uan Afuda in the Libyan Sahara, dated to 8200–6400 bc. Characteristic carbon number distributions and δ13C values for plant wax-derived n-alkanes and alkanoic acids indicate sustained and systematic processing of C3/C4 grasses and aquatic plants, gathered from the savannahs and lakes in the Early to Middle Holocene green Sahara. Pottery remains from archaeological sites in the Libyan Sahara provide the earliest direct evidence for plant processing in pottery, dating to 8200–6400 cal BC. The remains show processing of grasses and aquatic plants gathered from the then green Sahara.

Cakirlar C. 2012. - Neolithic Dairy Technology at the European-Anatolian Frontier: Implications of Archaeozoological Evidence from Ulucak Hoyuk, Izmir, Turkey, ca. 7000-5700 cal. BC. Anthropozoologica 47.2: 77-98. This paper discusses the archaeozoological evidence from Neolithic Ulucak Hoyuk (Izmir, ca. 7000-5700 cal. BC) in light of current debates on early dairy technologies. The paper aims to add new dimension to the current understanding of the role western Anatolia played in the evolution of early animal husbandry systems towards wider applications of dairy technologies. The evidence from Ulucak can potentially shed important new information on how these technologies were exchanged across the European-Anatolian frontier. To explore the appearance and evolution of milk use at Ulucak, the paper evaluates two main lines of archaeozoological data: mortality profiles the most tangible archaeozoological evidence to detect the ways in which domestic animals were exploited (Payne 1973; Vigne and Helmer 2007), and diachronic changes in the contribution of cattle to subsistence economy, with reference to Evershed et al. (2008)'s proposal about a cattle-dairy link in northwestern Turkey. Results from Neolithic Ulucak are assessed in the context of relevant evidence from neighbouring sites in western Anatolia.

NEMO-Online No. 4 : Instrumental facture from its sources (Ancient Near East to modern times) The theme for the fourth issue of NEMO-Online has encouraged contributions, two of which have been published online for the November 2015 issue: in an article by Jean During about the benju from Baluchistan, in English, the author describes how this instrument was brought to Karachi by Japanese seamen, and the evolution of its facture until its adoption despite of being restricted in its intonations, as a traditional Baluchi instrument. The second article, from Rachid Cherif, is about Tunisian music. The author exposes the fundamentals and describes the musical narrative of Tunisia while questioning its authenticity. The third article is from Amine Zouari and is published in Arabic (in NEMO-Online No. 5). It is discussing the rhythmical structure in Sufi cantillation, especially of the Sfax ḥaḍra in Tunisia. NEMO-Online No. 5: Musicology/Ethnomusicology: evolutions and problems The call for papers for NEMO-Online No. 5 was much more extended than in the preceding issue and asked for contributions raising problems within Musicology and Ethnomusicology. Although Musicology and Ethnomusicology seem to flourish at present, the problems inherited from the 19th and 20th centuries appear heavier in the dawn of the 21st century. This science suffers from biased axioms and ideology of the Colonial period, which imposed itself for more than two centuries. [...], CONTENTS / SOMMAIRE / ملخّص NEMO-Online No. / no 4 : Instrumental facture in the Near East / La facture instrumentale au Moyen-Orient Jean DURING : "The Baluchi benju, a new traditional instrument," Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 4 |2014-11| p. 5–12. Rachid CHERIF : "La musique classique tunisienne et la dimension de l'authenticité ," Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 4 |2014-11| p. 13–28. NEMO-Online No. / no 5 : Musicology / Ethnomusicology: evolutions and problems / Musicologies / Ethnomusicologies : évolutions et problèmes Bruno DE FLORENCE : "Essay: General Remarks on 'Cultural Appropriation'," Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 5 |2016-11| p. 29–31. Amine ZOUARI : "البنية الإيقاعية في الإنشاد الصوفي: جدلية التأثير والتّأثّر", Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 5 |2016-11| p. 33–45. Adeline POUSSIN : " Nouveaux champs de l'ethnomusicologie : une nouvelle approche des musiques occidentales ne relevant pas de la 'tradition populaire'," Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 5 |2016-11| p. 47–52. Amine BEYHOM : "Dossier: Hellenism as an Analytical tool for Occicentrism (in musicology)," Near Eastern Musicology Online 3 5 |2016-11| p. 53–273.

Wheat was one of the first crops to be domesticated more than 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. Molecular genetics and archaeological data have allowed the reconstruction of plausible domestication scenarios leading to modern cultivars. For diploid einkorn and tetraploid durum wheat, a single domestication event has likely occurred in the Karacadag Mountains, Turkey. Following a cross between tetraploid durum and diploid T. tauschii, the resultant hexaploid bread wheat was domesticated and disseminated around the Caucasian region. These polyploidisation events facilitated wheat domestication and created genetic bottlenecks, which excluded potentially adaptive alleles. With the urgent need to accelerate genetic progress to confront the challenges of climate change and sustainable agriculture, wild ancestors and old landraces represent a reservoir of underexploited genetic diversity that may be utilized through modern breeding methods. Understanding domestication processes may thus help identifying new strategies. (C) 2011 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Background Ancient DNA analysis offers a way to detect changes in populations over time. To date, most studies of ancient cattle have focused on their domestication in prehistory, while only a limited number of studies have analysed later periods. Conversely, the genetic structure of modern cattle populations is well known given the undertaking of several molecular and population genetic studies. Results Bones and teeth from ancient cattle populations from the North-East Baltic Sea region dated to the Prehistoric (Late Bronze and Iron Age, 5 samples), Medieval (14), and Post-Medieval (26) periods were investigated by sequencing 667 base pairs (bp) from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 155 bp of intron 19 in the Y-chromosomal UTY gene. Comparison of maternal (mtDNA haplotypes) genetic diversity in ancient cattle (45 samples) with modern cattle populations in Europe and Asia (2094 samples) revealed 30 ancient mtDNA haplotypes, 24 of which were shared with modern breeds, while 6 were unique to the ancient samples. Of seven Y-chromosomal sequences determined from ancient samples, six were Y2 and one Y1 haplotype. Combined data including Swedish samples from the same periods (64 samples) was compared with the occurrence of Y-chromosomal haplotypes in modern cattle (1614 samples). Conclusions The diversity of haplogroups was highest in the Prehistoric samples, where many haplotypes were unique. The Medieval and Post-Medieval samples also show a high diversity with new haplotypes. Some of these haplotypes have become frequent in modern breeds in the Nordic Countries and North-Western Russia while other haplotypes have remained in only a few local breeds or seem to have been lost. A temporal shift in Y-chromosomal haplotypes from Y2 to Y1 was detected that corresponds with the appearance of new mtDNA haplotypes in the Medieval and Post-Medieval period. This suggests a replacement of the Prehistoric mtDNA and Y- chromosomal haplotypes by new types of cattle.

The Neolithisation in the Near-East is a key period in the history of humanity: at this time, big changes appears in subsistance economy, provided by agriculture and animal husbandry. Other changes in lifestyle are generated by sedentarization and, at last, by the invention of pottery as container. The disruptions known by neolithic’s populations are found both in health status and in the funerary practices. We studied the sepultures and the human remains from seven syrian archaeological sites distributed over the entire period of Neolithisation. The funerary practices become more complex, although the primary individual sepultures, with the corpse deposit in flexed position on one side have long been the standard. From the PPNA, some sepultures are directly associated with particular buildings, until specific burial areas appear in the end of the PPNB. The bioanthropological study focused on infectious diseases on bones and teeth and on stress indicators, with a selection of the most relevant. Thus tuberculosis, periostitis, caries, dental abcesses, ante-mortem tooth loss, periodontal disease, dental hypoplasia, Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis were systematically searched on the skeletons. We first made a study of health status changes sites by sites, then we gathered the individuals by period in order to underscore the impact of the Neolithisation processes in a diachronic study. The advent of the agriculture seems to have entailed an increase of dental pathologies and stress indicators on the early PPNB, and a peak of stress registered in the middle PPNB could be related to the introduction of animal husbandry, creating dietary deficiency and new infectious diseases. Most of the markers indicates a deterioration of health status during the last studied period, the Pottery Neolithic. This work highlighted that changes in health status were far from linear; fluctuations happened beetween the period, depending on the indicators, with the most important in the PPNB. Furthermore, the severity of the pathologies evolved in a non linear way throughout the Neolithisation.; La Néolithisation au Proche-Orient est une période phare de l’histoire de l’humanité : c’est en effet à ce moment qu’interviennent de grands changements dans l’économie de subsistance, apportés par l’invention de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. D’autres changements dans le mode de vie sont également engendrés par la sédentarisation et, en dernier lieu, par l’invention de la céramique en tant que récipient. Ces bouleversements que connaissent les populations néolithiques s’observent aussi bien dans l’état sanitaire que dans les pratiques funéraires. Le travail entrepris a donc consisté à étudier les sépultures et les restes humains provenant de sept sites syriens répartis sur toute la période de la Néolithisation. Les pratiques funéraires se complexifient tout au long de la période, bien que les sépultures primaires et individuelles, avec un dépôt des corps en position fléchie sur le côté, soient longtemps restées la norme. Dès le PPNA, des sépultures sont directement associées à certains bâtiments, avant que des lieux d’inhumations spécifiques apparaissent à la fin du PPNB. L’étude anthropologique s’est concentrée sur les pathologies infectieuses osseuses et dentaires ainsi que sur les indicateurs de stress, selectionnés parmi les marqueurs les plus pertinents. Ainsi la tuberculose, la périostite, les caries, les abcès, la perte de dents ante-mortem, la maladie parodontale, les hypoplasies de l’émail dentaire, la Cribra orbitalia et l’hyperostose poreuse ont été systématiquement recherchés sur les squelettes. Après une étude des changements dans l’état de santé des populations sites par sites, les individus ont été regroupés par périodes afin de mettre en évidence l’impact de la Néolithisation dans une étude diachronique. L’avènement de l’agriculture semble avoir entrainé une augmentation des pathologies dentaires et des indicateurs de stress à la période du PPNB ancien, tandis qu’un pic de stress, enregistré au PPNB moyen, pourrait être relié à l’introduction de l’élevage, qui a pu entrainer des carences alimentaires et peut-être l’apparition de nouvelles maladies infectieuses. De même, la plupart des indicateurs laissent entrevoir une certaine dégradation de l’état sanitaire lors de la dernière période étudiée, le Néolithique céramique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence que les changements intervenus dans l’état de santé sont loin d’être linéaires ; des fluctuations se produisent entre les périodes selon les différents indicateurs, et c’est au PPNB qu’apparaissent les bouleversements les plus importants. Il semblerait en outre que le degré de gravité des pathologies évolue de façon non linéaire tout au long de la Néolithisation.

The Neolithisation in the Near-East is a key period in the history of humanity: at this time, big changes appears in subsistance economy, provided by agriculture and animal husbandry. Other changes in lifestyle are generated by sedentarization and, at last, by the invention of pottery as container. The disruptions known by neolithic’s populations are found both in health status and in the funerary practices. We studied the sepultures and the human remains from seven syrian archaeological sites distributed over the entire period of Neolithisation. The funerary practices become more complex, although the primary individual sepultures, with the corpse deposit in flexed position on one side have long been the standard. From the PPNA, some sepultures are directly associated with particular buildings, until specific burial areas appear in the end of the PPNB. The bioanthropological study focused on infectious diseases on bones and teeth and on stress indicators, with a selection of the most relevant. Thus tuberculosis, periostitis, caries, dental abcesses, ante-mortem tooth loss, periodontal disease, dental hypoplasia, Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis were systematically searched on the skeletons. We first made a study of health status changes sites by sites, then we gathered the individuals by period in order to underscore the impact of the Neolithisation processes in a diachronic study. The advent of the agriculture seems to have entailed an increase of dental pathologies and stress indicators on the early PPNB, and a peak of stress registered in the middle PPNB could be related to the introduction of animal husbandry, creating dietary deficiency and new infectious diseases. Most of the markers indicates a deterioration of health status during the last studied period, the Pottery Neolithic. This work highlighted that changes in health status were far from linear; fluctuations happened beetween the period, depending on the indicators, with the most important in the PPNB. Furthermore, the severity of the pathologies evolved in a non linear way throughout the Neolithisation., La Néolithisation au Proche-Orient est une période phare de l’histoire de l’humanité : c’est en effet à ce moment qu’interviennent de grands changements dans l’économie de subsistance, apportés par l’invention de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. D’autres changements dans le mode de vie sont également engendrés par la sédentarisation et, en dernier lieu, par l’invention de la céramique en tant que récipient. Ces bouleversements que connaissent les populations néolithiques s’observent aussi bien dans l’état sanitaire que dans les pratiques funéraires. Le travail entrepris a donc consisté à étudier les sépultures et les restes humains provenant de sept sites syriens répartis sur toute la période de la Néolithisation. Les pratiques funéraires se complexifient tout au long de la période, bien que les sépultures primaires et individuelles, avec un dépôt des corps en position fléchie sur le côté, soient longtemps restées la norme. Dès le PPNA, des sépultures sont directement associées à certains bâtiments, avant que des lieux d’inhumations spécifiques apparaissent à la fin du PPNB. L’étude anthropologique s’est concentrée sur les pathologies infectieuses osseuses et dentaires ainsi que sur les indicateurs de stress, selectionnés parmi les marqueurs les plus pertinents. Ainsi la tuberculose, la périostite, les caries, les abcès, la perte de dents ante-mortem, la maladie parodontale, les hypoplasies de l’émail dentaire, la Cribra orbitalia et l’hyperostose poreuse ont été systématiquement recherchés sur les squelettes. Après une étude des changements dans l’état de santé des populations sites par sites, les individus ont été regroupés par périodes afin de mettre en évidence l’impact de la Néolithisation dans une étude diachronique. L’avènement de l’agriculture semble avoir entrainé une augmentation des pathologies dentaires et des indicateurs de stress à la période du PPNB ancien, tandis qu’un pic de stress, enregistré au PPNB moyen, pourrait être relié à l’introduction de l’élevage, qui a pu entrainer des carences alimentaires et peut-être l’apparition de nouvelles maladies infectieuses. De même, la plupart des indicateurs laissent entrevoir une certaine dégradation de l’état sanitaire lors de la dernière période étudiée, le Néolithique céramique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence que les changements intervenus dans l’état de santé sont loin d’être linéaires ; des fluctuations se produisent entre les périodes selon les différents indicateurs, et c’est au PPNB qu’apparaissent les bouleversements les plus importants. Il semblerait en outre que le degré de gravité des pathologies évolue de façon non linéaire tout au long de la Néolithisation.

We used supernetworks with datasets of nuclear gene sequences and novel markers detecting retrotransposon insertions in ribosomal DNA loci to reassess the evolutionary relationships among tetraploid wheats. We show that domesticated emmer has a reticulated genetic ancestry, sharing phylogenetic signals with wild populations from all parts of the wild range. The extent of the genetic reticulation cannot be explained by post-domestication gene flow between cultivated emmer and wild plants, and the phylogenetic relationships among tetraploid wheats are incompatible with simple linear descent of the domesticates from a single wild population. A more parsimonious explanation of the data is that domesticated emmer originates from a hybridized population of different wild lineages. The observed diversity and reticulation patterns indicate that wild emmer evolved in the southern Levant, and that the wild emmer populations in south-eastern Turkey and the Zagros Mountains are relatively recent reticulate descendants of a subset of the Levantine wild populations. Based on our results we propose a new model for the emergence of domesticated emmer. During a pre-domestication period, diverse wild populations were collected from a large area west of the Euphrates and cultivated in mixed stands. Within these cultivated stands, hybridization gave rise to lineages displaying reticulated genealogical relationships with their ancestral populations. Gradual movement of early farmers out of the Levant introduced the pre-domesticated reticulated lineages to the northern and eastern parts of the Fertile Crescent, giving rise to the local wild populations but also facilitating fixation of domestication traits. Our model is consistent with the protracted and dispersed transition to agriculture indicated by the archaeobotanical evidence, and also with previous genetic data affiliating domesticated emmer with the wild populations in southeast Turkey. Unlike other protracted models, we assume that humans played an intuitive role throughout the process. Natural Environment Research Council [NE/E015948/1]; Slovak Research and Development Agency [APVV-0661-10, APVV-0197-10] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Collection Orient et Méditerranée, 11; La périodisation de l'histoire par l'Europe chrétienne comme par le monde musulman voit dans l'avènement de l'islam une rupture majeure. Cette notion de rupture se retrouve, dans une moindre mesure, dans la définition de nos champs disciplinaires : ne distingue-t-on pas l'archéologie islamique de l'archéologie de l'Orient hellénisé et romain ? L'histoire de l'Antiquité tardive de celle de l'islam ? Si cette distinction trouve sa justification dans l'usage d'une documentation spécifique et d'outils méthodologiques propres, elle contribue néanmoins à tracer une barrière entre deux périodes de l'histoire. Au regard de la documentation historique toutefois, cette barrière perd toute réalité. Si un déclin du peuplement de l'Arabie à la veille de l'islam a pu conditionner l'émergence et l'expansion d'une nouvelle civilisation, celle-ci est largement héritière des civilisations préislamiques de la péninsule. Dans les régions voisines, ce n'est pas un changement brutal des modes de vie qui s'observe, ni même une conversion massive à la nouvelle foi, mais nous constatons au contraire la poursuite d'évolutions engagées de longue date. La réunion d'archéologues et d'historiens spécialistes de l'Antiquité tardive en péninsule Arabique, au Proche-Orient, dans la Corne de l'Afrique, en Perse et en Inde a permis d'interroger les sources documentaires lors d'une table ronde tenue à Paris en 2008. Cet ouvrage en publie les actes en s'interrogeant sur la réalité ou non d'un déclin des civilisations du Moyen-Orient et des régions voisines à la veille de l'islam et sur les ruptures et continuités qui se font jour.

International audience; DédicaceCe numéro de la Revue d’ethnoécologie consacrée au palmier dattier et aux palmeraies est dédié à la mémoire de Michel Wuttmann, co-auteur d’un des articles, décédé en 2013 en Égypte. Directeur du Laboratoire de restauration et d’étude des matériaux, du Laboratoire de datation au radiocarbone et du programme de recherches archéologiques dans le sud de l’oasis de Kharga pour l’Ifao (Institut français d’archéologie orientale), Michel a travaillé sans relâche et avec un enthousiasme communicatif à éclaircir l’histoire de l’oasis de Kharga en Égypte. Il a su maintenir une approche résolument ouverte, rigoureuse et ancrée sur le terrain et réunir une équipe multidisciplinaire afin d’augmenter nos connaissances de ces régions. Parmi ses résultats particulièrement précieux sur l’histoire des oasis, citons-en deux : le premier est la datation et l’étude détaillée du système d’irrigation au fondement local de l’agriculture oasienne, le second est la prospection archéologique systématique de la partie sud de l’oasis de Kharga, qui a permis l’acquisition de données spatialisées qui témoignent de l’occupation humaine de ce territoire sur la très longue durée. Ces données d’une richesse encore à exploiter et à interpréter nous offriront notamment une image du territoire pré-oasien et de la dynamique de l’organisation spatiale des implantations agricoles oasiennes, de sa création à l’actuel. Brisant l’image d’Épinal d’une oasis immémoriale et figée, Michel Wuttmann a contribué à replacer Kharga dans une véritable histoire, inscrite dans les évolutions de son milieu naturel et des vicissitudes de l’aventure humaine au Sahara oriental et en Égypte.

Remark: This volume was first published in 2012 then reissued in 2016. Excerpt from the article: This first issue of Nemo is devoted to modality. Other volumes to follow will include Oriental as well as Occidental music whether early or contemporary, secular or religious, vocal and instrumental, acoustic as well as electronic. This first issue was limited to classical non-European modality, temporarily excluding researches into the polyphonic mediaeval West. However, it included European fold occurrences. [...], Contents / contenu / ملخّص : Erik Marchand : "Une musique modale de tradition populaire en Occident – Tribune", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 5–10. François Picard : "Back to modality. Musical Modes Revisited", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 11–18. Markos Skoulios : "Modern theory and notation of Byzantine chanting tradition – A Near Eastern musicological perspective", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 19–38. Jacob Olley : "Modal diversity in early Ottoman music – The case of makâm Sabâ", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 39–54. Rosy Azar Beyhom : "La modalité écrite. Un exemple avec Mīkhāʾīl Mashāqa au XIXe siècle", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 55–66. Amine Beyhom : "Kashf al-Asrār Ꜥan Karkarat al-Aḥbār fī Taʾwīl al-Adwārكشف الأسرار عن كركرةِ الأحبار في تأويل الأدوار", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 67–88. Richard Dumbrill : "Modus Vivendi", Near Eastern Musicology Online 1 1 |2012-11| p. 89–116.

For a decade, several studies have renewed significantly our knowledge about public baths and their practice in the Middle East. Unfortunately, no synthesis considering the bathing phenomenon in a diachronic perspective of history of mentalities in a single city appears to have been carried out. Based on an archaeological and architectural approach, this work at first intended to propose a diachronic synthesis of the evolution of eight public bath buildings currently known in Gerasa and their practice in history. The situation in the City of the Decapolis is then confronted to the practice of public bath in Antiquity in the Middle East, as it is known today, allowing to identify matches, differences and characteristics of the corpus of Gerasa. Based on an original methodology, this study highlights the deeply hybrid role of these institutions with natural facilities for the cleaning of the body but also specific and independent spaces for which civic, political and religious functions may be assumed., Depuis une dizaine d'années, plusieurs études renouvèlent considérablement nos connaissances au sujet des établissements thermaux publics et de leur pratique au Proche- Orient. Malheureusement, aucune synthèse envisageant le phénomène balnéaire dans une perspective d'histoire des mentalités au sein d'une seule cité ne semble avoir été réalisée. Fondé sur une approche archéologique et architecturale, ce travail a pour premier objectif de proposer une synthèse diachronique de l'évolution des huit établissements de bains publics actuellement connus à Gérasa et de leur pratique au cours de l'histoire. La situation observée dans l'ancienne cité de la Décapole est ensuite confrontée à la pratique thermale dans l'antiquité au Proche-Orient, telle qu'elle est aujourd'hui appréhendée, permettant ainsi d'en dégager les correspondances, les dissemblances et les caractéristiques propres au corpus de Gérasa. S'appuyant sur une méthodologie originale, cette étude souligne le rôle profondément hybride de ces établissements disposant naturellement d'installations permettant le nettoyage du corps mais également d'espaces spécifiques et indépendants pour lesquels les fonctions civiques, politiques et religieuses peuvent être supposées.

Data and results presented in the present paper come from the original article: Auger-Rozenberg M.-A., Boivin T., Magnoux E., Courtin C., Roques A., Kerdelhué C., 2012. Inferences on population history of a seed chalcid wasp: invasion success despite a severe founder effect from an unexpected source population. Molecular Ecology, 21 (24), 6086-6103. Most invasive species established in Europe originate from either Asia or North America, but little is currently known about the potential of the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor) and/or the Near East to constitute invasion sources. Mediterranean forests are generally fragile ecosystems that can be threatened by invasive organisms coming from different regions of the Mediterranean Basin, but for which historical data are difficult to gather and the phylogeographic patterns are still poorly understood for most terrestrial organisms. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of Megastigmus schimitscheki, an invasive seed-feeding insect species originating from the Near East, and elucidated its invasion route in South-eastern France in the mid uggested that the invasive populations originated from Turkey. To disentangle the evolutionary history of this introduction, we gathered samples from the main native regions (Taurus Mountains in Turkey, Lebanon and Cyprus) and from the invaded range, that we genotyped using five microsatellite markers and for which we sequenced the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene. We proposed a detailed phylogeographic pattern for the Near East populations, and we unambiguously showed that the French invasive populations originated from Cyprus, thereby contradicting the historical data. Interestingly, we could show that the introduced populations were founded from an extremely restricted number of individuals., A l’heure actuelle, la majorité des espèces d’insectes invasifs présents en Europe, proviennent soit d’Asie soit d’Amérique du Nord. On connait peu de choses sur les risques d’invasion en provenance d’Asie Mineure et du Proche-Orient. Les écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens peuvent être la cible d’invasions originaires de tout le Bassin Méditerranéen mais peu de données historiques sont accessibles, et il n’existe pas beaucoup d’études phylogéographiques sur les organismes terrestres présents dans ces régions. Dans notre étude, nous avons analysé la structure génétique du chalcidien des graines de cèdres, Megastigmus schimitscheki, dans sa zone d’origine (Turquie, Liban et Chypre) et dans le sud-est de la France où il a été accidentellement introduit dans les années 90, et nous avons cherché à inférer les routes d’invasions. Pour cela, nous avons séquençé un fragment d’ADN mitochondrial et génotypé des populations des différentes zones à l’aide de cinq marqueurs microsatellites. Comme la plupart des cèdres plantés en France sont issus de graines importées de Turquie, l’hypothèse la plus plausible était que ce ravageur ait été importé en France avec des lots de graines turques. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de déterminer la structuration de l’insecte dans son aire native et de montrer sans ambigüité que les populations envahissantes proviennent de Chypre, ce qui contredit les données historiques. Cette invasion a de plus eu lieu à partir d’un nombre très réduit d’insectes fondateurs.

This study focuses on natron glass, dated from the 1st to 5th century AD, excavated in different areas of the Roman Empire. The eastern side of the Roman Empire is accounted for by three archaeological sites, Petra and Barsinia, both in Jordan, and Gonio, in Georgia. The Italian peninsula is represented by the Iulia Felix and Embiez shipwrecks, and by samples from Augusta Praetoria. Samples from Barcino in Spain are examples of the western side of the Empire, and the sites of Tienen and Oudenburg represent the northern provinces. No clear distinctions in glass composition and origin between the different regions of the Roman Empire can be made based on the major elemental compositions. However, the western, central and eastern Roman Empire samples can be divided into two groups, coloured and colourless, which also are reflected in the K2O contents. Sr-Nd isotopes, used for provenancing geological raw materials in primary glass production, indicate an eastern Mediterranean origin (epsilon Nd between 2.5 and 6.0) for most of the samples. Conversely, samples with more negative epsilon Nd, between - 7.02 and - 10.8, indicate a western Mediterranean origin. By applying this technique on samples from well known archaeological contexts, this study demonstrates that several primary glass factories were located throughout the Roman Empire. This is in contrast with current interpretations of late Roman to early Byzantine data. ispartof: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry vol:27 issue:5 pages:743-753 status: published

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; Our knowledge of the origins of olive tree domestication in the Middle East and on the processes governing its extension and persistence in different vegetation types from prehistory through antiquity to modern times derives from diverse sources, spanning the biological sciences to the humanities. Nonetheless, it lacks a robust overview that may lead to floating interpretations. This is especially true in the Middle East, considered as the cradle of agriculture, and where the evolutionary history of this emblematic tree is intertwined with that of civilizations. Olive fruit, oil and wood have been, since Prehistoric times, characteristic products of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. In the domestic economy of these countries, the olive tree gradually became a traditional tree crop since the first oil extraction, through the emergence of regional commerce that accompanied the rise and fall of early Near-Middle Eastern urbanism, until the development of modern trade, with an oil production estimated at circa 3000000 tons per year. The rising importance of the olive tree in human life has turned the tree into an endless source of fascination in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, a symbol and a sacred tree, widely cited in the Bibles, the Koran, and in ancient literature. Here we argue that advances in radiocarbon chronology, palaeobotany, genetics, and archaeology-history have profoundly refined the history of olive trees in the Middle East. This review shows that the heartland of primary olive domestication must be enlarged to the Levant and not only focus on the Jordan Valley. The domestication of the olive tree is a long and ongoing process, linked to the early production of oil and the development of the olive trade. We also suggest that the olive tree became a particular icon, a sacred tree, during the Biblical period in the Levant.

This paper addresses the genesis, evolution and functions of the Urban Observatory of Ifpo, which was created in the wake of the civil war, having as its goal to "reflect upon the reconstruction of Beirut. Then it has allowed for research on city and territorial planning in the Middle East in general. It also addresses the phenomenon of urban patrimonialization as a historical, social, political, economical, symbolic construction, with its mechanisms, codes and effects on the city and on urban identities., Retour sur la genèse, l'évolution et les missions actuelles de l'Observatoire urbain de l'Ifpo, fondé en 1991. Constitué au sortir de la guerre civile pour réfléchir à la reconstruction de Beyrouth, cet observatoire a peu à peu élargi ses recherches à la ville et l'aménagement du territoire au Proche-Orient en général. Il interroge également les mécanismes et les effets de la patrimonialisation urbaine en termes d'enjeux et d'effets culturels, historiques, politiques, sociaux et économiques sur la fabrication des identités urbaines.

International audience; Most invasive species established in Europe originate from either Asia or North America, but little is currently known about the potential of the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor) and/or the Near East to constitute invasion sources. Mediterranean forests are generally fragile ecosystems that can be threatened by invasive organisms coming from different regions of the Mediterranean Basin, but for which historical data are difficult to gather and the phylogeographic patterns are still poorly understood for most terrestrial organisms. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of Megastigmus schimitscheki, an invasive seed-feeding insect species originating from the Near East, and elucidated its invasion route in South-eastern France in the mid 1990s. To disentangle the evolutionary history of this introduction, we gathered samples from the main native regions (Taurus Mountains in Turkey, Lebanon and Cyprus) and from the invaded region that we genotyped using five microsatellite markers and for which we sequenced the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene. We applied a set of population genetic statistics and methods, including approximate Bayesian computation. We proposed a detailed phylogeographic pattern for the Near East populations, and we unambiguously showed that the French invasive populations originated from Cyprus, although the available historical data strongly suggested that Turkey could be the most plausible source area. Interestingly, we could show that the introduced populations were founded from an extremely restricted number of individuals that realized a host switch from Cedrus brevifolia to C. atlantica. Evolutionary hypotheses are discussed to account for this unlikely scenario.

Bibliographie de Patrice Lenoble, p. 9-14; The 36 contributions collected here are dealing with different archaeological fields (such as surveys, preliminary reports, archaeozoology, ceramology, architecture, epigraphy, iconography, ...) and the three countries where the late P. Lenoble fullfilled most of his scientific carreer.; Recueil de 36 contributions relevant des différents domaines de l'archéologie (surveys, rapports de fouille préliminaires, archéozoologie, céramologie, études architecturales, publications d'objets, documents épigraphiques, analyses de textes, collections de musées, études d'iconographie,...) et relatives au trois pays où P. Lenoble († 2007) a accompli l'essentiel de sa carrière scientifique.

His university studies of literature and philosophy set J. Cauvin apart in the “ tribe” of French prehistorians. The genesis of his theory on the relationship between the «birth of the gods » and the « birth of agriculture » dates back to the 1970s. He was already opposed to the «dominant materialist model » according to which neolithisation was an adaptive response to external environmental constraints. This was a model championed by prehistorians of the Anglo-Saxon school. Cauvin proposed on the contrary that the evolutionary emergence of an internal factor was the «prime mover » of the Neolithic revolution. He had announced this theory in a little book published in 1972, entitled Religions néolithiques de Syro-Palestine. He set it in line of descent from A. Leroi-Gourhan, who had published his own Les religions de la Préhistoire in 1964. Cauvin returned to the question in his second book, which was also somewhat limited in its readership, Les premiers villages de Syrie-Palestine, published in 1978 ; there, an entire chapter was dedicated to « artistic and religious documents » . Over that decade, his original ideas scarcely reached beyond a narrow circle of specialists, with the exception of a short article that he contributed to La Recherche in 1973. In that article, he underlined the role of a «bull cult » and the multiplication of female figurines, the ancestors of the later representations of a «fertility goddess (or mother-goddess) » . In the 1980s, Cauvin increased the number of articles directed at a wider public (1985e, 1987), and at more specialised audiences, such as theologians (1983, 1986a, 1985f), or philosophers and historians (1985d, 1986b). At that time professional prehistorians were not his target audience. However, two subjects that were more clearly meant for them— animal representations and prehistoric matriarchy— were dealt with in the same year (1985a and 1985b). The 1990s saw the publication of Cauvin’s magnum opus (1994), which returned to all the themes that he had previously discussed. This book took up the challenge of addressing both his Francophone prehistorian colleagues and the general public. Its success was such that a second edition was soon needed (1997). But it was necessary to wait until 2000 and the English translation by T. Watkins (2000a) before Cauvin’s ideas finally reached the community of Near Eastern prehistorians, of whom the majority are Anglophone. His theory gave rise to debates, in which his premature death prevented him from taking part, save for two short articles in English (2000c and 2001). Thus it was that, after a period of slow maturation, and having been put to the test in different public arenas, Jacques Cauvin’s ideas stand out as an important stage in the long history of theories that propose explanations for the nature of the Neolithic phenomenon., En reprenant l’ensemble des publications de Jacques Cauvin, on montre comment s’est progressivement dégagé le rôle de la « religion » ou plus exactement l’évolution du « milieu intérieur », comme moteur de la néolithisation du Proche-Orient. À l’époque, cette idée prenait alors le contre-pied des idées dominantes dans la communauté scientifique qui faisait de la néolithisation une réponse à des contraintes environnementales extérieures à l’homme. Les découvertes récentes semblent bien aller dans le sens d’un primat du symbolique sur le climatique ou l’économique dans le processus qui a abouti à la « révolution » néolithique., Aurenche Olivier. Jacques Cauvin et la religion néolithique. Genèse d’une théorie. In: Paléorient, 2011, vol. 37, n°1. Néolithisations : nouvelles données, nouvelles interprétations. À propos du modèle théorique de Jacques Cauvin. pp. 15-27.

La solha (« réconciliation » en arabe) est une méthode de résolution de conflits millénaire provenant du milieu tribal proche oriental. Bien au delà du simple règlement de litige, cette réconciliation vise à rétablir l’harmonie au sein des tissus sociaux déchirés. Habilitée à traiter toutes sortes de conflits, de la simple forme pénale aux cas criminels les plus complexes (cycles de vengeances et de vendetta), la solha s’est adaptée à des milieux très différents. La cause principale de son efficacité semble être l’universalité de ses principes fondamentaux (le pardon, la nécessité d’une réinsertion sociale du coupable, la satisfaction des victimes, etc.) ainsi que l’adéquation de ses rituels de réconciliation aux mœurs des populations qui la pratiquent. Ce mémoire cherche à approfondir notre compréhension de cette approche traditionnelle afin d’enrichir nos connaissances et moyens en termes de résolution de conflits contemporains. A cette fin, seront isolés les éléments fondamentaux qui font l’efficacité de cette méthode. Ceux-ci constitueront un modèle théorique minimal de la solha qui permettra d’entamer, à ce stade de l’étude, une réflexion quant à la possibilité de transposer de tels acquis à des milieux d’interventions nouveaux., The sulha (“reconciliation” in Arabic) is a thousand years old conflict resolution method used in the near east tribal world. Far beyond a simple mediation, its objective is a solid reconstruction of the destroyed social network. Habilitated to deal with all kinds of conflicts, from simple penal cases to long lasting vendettas, the sulha process has proven its usefulness in very different social milieu. The most evident reason for this success has been its dual composition: fundamental principles that seem universal (forgiveness, social reinsertion of the guilty, satisfaction of the victims, etc.) and adaptive rituals that fit into people’s customs. This thesis seeks to enrich our knowledge and means in terms of conflict resolution by trying to reveal the mechanisms that make this method so efficient. The main objective is to compose a basic theoretical model of the sulha that would open a reflection about the possibility of transposing this model to new intervention contexts., Avant-propos: La résolution de conflits s’est installée dans les cursus universitaires comme une discipline à part entière sinon comme une orientation au sein de plusieurs sciences sociales. En effet, ce champ d’étude fait de plus en plus l’objet de réflexions en sciences politiques, en sociologie, en anthropologie, etc, et ce, de par l’interdisciplinarité des questionnements qui en relèvent. Toutefois, la dimension religieuse, souvent considérée comme source de conflits, est quasi inexistante lorsqu’il est question d’approches de résolution. Nous nous proposons donc d’examiner la solha, une pratique proche orientale au sein de laquelle le fait religieux est une composante essentielle à la réconciliation escomptée. Note concernant la translittération: Les termes provenant de l’arabe feront l’objet d’une translittération phonétique basée sur le français. Notez que les translittérations en langue française sont différentes de celle en langue anglaise. Par exemple, le terme solha trouvera son équivalent anglais dans le terme sulha (d’où la différence d’orthographe entre le contenu de cette étude et les citations qui proviennent d’articles anglophones). De plus, notez que le genre (féminin, masculin) des termes translittérés reprendra celui de la langue d’origine, l’arabe. Ainsi, solha sera féminin, jaha aussi, etc… Finalement, pour des raisons de clarté, les termes translittérés seront tous en italique dans le texte.

The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Africa via separate migratory episodes. Relicts of the first migrations include the Mouflon, as well as breeds previously recognized as "primitive" on the basis of their morphology, such as the Orkney, Soay, and the Nordic short-tailed sheep now confined to the periphery of northwest Europe. A later migratory episode, involving sheep with improved production traits, shaped the great majority of present-day breeds. The ability to differentiate genetically primitive sheep from more modern breeds provides valuable insights into the history of sheep domestication.

de 2002 à novembre 2007since 2002 to 2007 (november); Since 1948, the Middle Eastern conflict is an important issue in international relationships and Law. During that year, the British mandate on Palestine collapsed and the State of Israel was created. But, yet, at the beginning, a war between Sionists, Arabic countries, and Palestinians fixes « borders » between Israel and its Arab neighbours. Moreover, in 1967, a new issue appears, the relationships with the Occupied Territories. Consequently, Israel has two questions about its borders to manage : the classical question of borders between States and an internal question with the Palestinians about a new State. This research tries to demonstrate the ways used by local and international partners to find a solution to this legal question, cause of the local instability and widely. This work is founded on Law, History, Political Science (particularly, the study of Arabist and Sionist ideologies during the XXth century) and international relationships. All these elements will permit us to find a coherence about failures and successes since 1948 in the story of the Middle East and the fact that the State of Israel has only two borders internationally recognized with Jordan and Egypt, more than 50 years after its birth.; La question moyenne-orientale est dans l'actualité depuis 1948. C'est en cette année que se crée l'Etat d'Israël sur les décombres du mandat britannique en Palestine. Dès le commencement, la guerre va commencer à fixer les frontières entre Israël et ses voisins arabes. Cependant, après 1967, une nouvelle question va apparaître, celle des relations avec les Territoires occupés. En conséquence, l'Etat d'Israël aura deux questions frontalières à gérer : la question interétatique classique et la question interne avec les Palestiniens. Cette recherche tente de démontrer les voies employées par les différents acteurs régionaux et internationaux pour trouver une solution à cette question juridique qui cause l'instabilité régionale. On s'appuiera sur le droit, l'Histoire, la science politique (en particulier, l'étude des idéologies sioniste et arabiste) et les relations internationales pour trouver une cohérence aux réussites et aux échecs qui ont émaillé l'histoire du Moyen-Orient depuis 1948 et le fait qu'Israël n'ait encore que deux frontières internationalement reconnues, une avec l'Egypte et l'autre avec le royaume de Jordanie.

The fortification represented one of the main architectural tools at the time of the Crusades in the management and in the resolution of the conflicts opposing the Crusaders to the Muslims in the Bilād al-Šām. It allowed the surveillance of the borders on all sides and the development of a rural economy and of dense agglomerations in the fiefs or in the iqṭāʻ protected by castles or towers. During its main phase of development between the end of the 12th century and the end of the 13th century, the fortification became also for the Ayyubid and Mamluk sovereigns the privileged instrument for the establishment or the consolidation of their power in the Muslim territories that still escaped their control or in the provinces taken from the Crusaders whose submission could be obtained by the weapons and by the symbolic power represented by a castle., La fortification constitua à l'époque des croisades un des principaux outils architecturaux dans la gestion et dans la résolution des conflits opposant les croisés aux musulmans dans le Bilād al-Šām. Elle permit la surveillance des frontières de part et d'autre et le développement d'une économie rurale et d'agglomérations denses dans les fiefs ou les iqṭāʻ protégés par des châteaux ou des tours. Durant sa grande phase de développement entre la fin du XIIe siècle et la fin du XIIIe siècle, la fortification devint également pour les souverains ayyoubides et mamelouks l'instrument privilégié pour l'implantation ou la consolidation de leur pouvoir dans les territoires musulmans qui échappaient encore à leur contrôle ou dans les provinces prises aux croisés dont la soumission passait à la fois par les armes et par la puissance symbolique représentée par un château fort.

Fortification played a major role in the management of conflicts between Franks and Muslims in Syria (Bilād al-Šām) at the time of the Crusades. In addition to protecting the borders, fortifications preserved the local iqṭā‘-based economy. Between the end of the twelfth and the end of the thirteenth centuries, Ayyubid and Mamluk rulers used fortification to consolidate their power in Muslim and former Frankish territory. This political use of Islamic fortification knew three distinct stages of development between the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, parallel with the technical evolution of Islamic military architecture and contemporary with political changes in Bilād al-Šām and Egypt., La fortification a joué un rôle majeur dans la gestion des conflits entre Francs et musulmans en Syrie (Bilād al-Šām) au temps des Croisades. En plus de protéger les frontières, les fortifications ont préservé le système économique fondé sur le système de l'iqṭā‘. Entre la fin du douzième et la fin du treizième siècle, les souverains ayyoubides et mamelouks utilisèrent la fortification pour consolider les territoires musulmans et les anciennes provinces croisées. Cet usage politique de la fortification islamique connut trois phases de développement entre la fin du douzième et le treizième siècle, parallèlement à l'évolution technique de l'architecture militaire islamique et aux changements politiques dans le Bilad al-Šam et en Egypte.

Présentation historique et archéologique de la citadelle islamique médiévale de Bosra (Syrie du Sud).

International audience; The thermoluminescence dating method was applied to 77 heated flints from the Mousterian layers of Hayonim Cave in order to provide a precise TL-based chronology for this important Levantine sequence. A detailed dosimetric study was performed by using 76 dosimeter capsules and revealed strong spatial dose-rate variations. In parallel, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry enabled the identification of various mineral assemblages in the sediments of the cave and to localize the boundaries of these assemblages. By comparing these two data sets, it is shown that low dose-rate values (not, vert, similar500 μGy/a) are systematically recorded in areas where the calcite-dahllite (CD) assemblage is preserved, whereas higher values (up to 1300 μGy/a) are associated with the leucophosphite, montgomeryite, variscite and siliceous aggregates (LMVS) assemblage. The dosimetric and mineralogical information was combined in order to assess, where possible, the dose-rate experienced by each flint during its burial. Some of the flint samples analyzed were too close to mineral assemblage boundaries and were therefore discarded. This rigorous selection led to TL ages ranging from 230 to 140 ka for the lower part of the Mousterian sequence (layers F and Lower E), which contains lithic industries characterized by blade production using the laminar method.

Document à paraître.; This paper aims to make known a curious type of artefact made of a long broken bone whose epiphysis is used as a handle, and the break as a cutting edge. Because no further shaping generally occurs, its aspect does not differ from a faunal remain. For this reason, it has rarely been seen as an artefact. The first items were identified in Syrian (at the end of PPNa), Jordanian, Anatolian and Iranian (PPNb) collections. Some were found in the south-eastern Early European Neolithic and many in the Early Chalcolithic from Bulgaria. Others have been also discovered in the western European Neolithic (Linear Pottery Culture). Because of their extraordinary spread and their long-lasting existence, which follow the Neolithic diffusion, these artifacts deserve to be described in detail so as to help researchers to identify them and further document their chronological and geographical distribution. They also address the question of their manufacture, whose simplicity contrasts strongly with the very elaborated other artefacts within the assemblages they lie in. Their function, for which several hypothesis have been suggested, are also investigated. All these questions will be treated here based on an illustrated description of this artifact type.

Typological and technological data have been compared through several examples from the European and Anatolian Neolithic together with a discussion about the use of these analyticmethods. Several cases of morphological and technical continuity are examined. The aim is to point out the benefits of both methods from the perspective of enlarging our anthropological knowledgeof the Neolithic.

International audience; A series of recent genetic studies has revealed the remarkably complex picture of domestication in both New World and Old World livestock. By comparing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of modern breeds with their potential wild and domestic ancestors, we have gained new insights into the timing and location of domestication events that produced the farm animals of today. The real surprise has been the high number of domestication events and the diverse locations in which they took place - factors which could radically change our approach to conserving livestock biodiversity resources in the future.

Through the analysis of a large urban reconstruction project in Beirut, Elyssar, this PHD thesis examines underlying principles of urban planning when its political and technical actors conceptualise the regularisation of irregular settlements. In Lebanon, these are mostly situated in the southern suburbs of the capital where failings of urban planning and competing rights created the conditions under which they developed. Elaborated during a negotiation between Prime minister Hariri and the Shi'ite parties Amal and Hezbollah, the decisions, whether uncontested or resulting from compromises, depended on both the actors' strategies and their perceptions of the city. Three types of reasoning and their links to different value systems have been identified, all used by the actors irrespective of their position. This forms a framework within which the articulation of the perceptions and judgements informing the project decisions and the conditions under which they are implemented can be analysed., À partir de l'analyse d'Élyssar, grand projet d'aménagement urbain de la reconstruction de Beyrouth, ce travail met en évidence des principes d'action de l'urbanisme lorsque ses acteurs politiques et techniques conçoivent de régulariser des quartiers irréguliers. Au Liban, ceux-ci sont surtout situés en banlieue sud de la capitale où défauts d'urbanisme et conflits de légitimité ont formé les conditions de leur développement. Établis dans une négociation politique entre le Premier ministre Hariri et les partis chiites Amal et Hezbollah, les choix du projet, compromis comme évidences, ressortissent à la fois au jeu stratégique des acteurs et à leurs représentations de la ville et de ses enjeux. Trois registres de raisonnement ont été identifiés, reliés à plusieurs systèmes de valeurs, mobilisés par les acteurs indépendamment de leur catégorie. Ils permettent de montrer l'articulation des représentations et des jugements dans les choix du projet et les conditions de leur mise en oeuvre.