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1. The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease StudyResearch in context

Author

Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Javad Khanali, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Negar Rezaei, Parnian Shobeiri, Zahra Esfahani, Nazila Rezaei, Ali H. Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Amirali Aali, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Meriem Abdoun, Abdorrahim Absalan, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen ME. Abu-Rmeileh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Tariq A. Alalwan, Khalid F. Alhabib, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Saleh A. Alqahatni, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami, Sohrab Amiri, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Abolfazl Avan, Sina Azadnajafabad, Samad Azari, Hosein Azizi, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, Souad Bouaoud, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Abdulaal Chitheer, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Iffat Elbarazi, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Rana Ezzeddini, Mohammad Fareed, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Yaseen Galali, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Parham Habibzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Hamidreza Hasani, Maryam Hashemian, Amr Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Kamal Hezam, Reza Homayounfar, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Kaveh Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Jalil Jaafari, Haitham Jahrami, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ali Kabir, Amirali Karimi, Neda Kaydi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Moien A.B. Khan, Kashif Ullah Khan, Yusra H. Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Mohammed Kuddus, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Elham Mahmoudi, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Yosef Manla, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Parham Mardi, Abdoljalal Marjani, Sahar Masoudi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vildan Mevsim, Yousef Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Arif Mohammed, Sara Momtazmanesh, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Negar Morovatdar, Christopher J.L. Murray, Zuhair S. Natto, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Ali Nowroozi, Morteza Oladnabi, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Raffaele Pezzani, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Sima Rafiei, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Shayan Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Chythra R. Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Malihe Rezaee, Maryam Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Gholamreza Roshandel, Aly Saad, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Leila Sabzmakan, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Morteza Saki, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M. Samy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Brijesh Sathian, Melika Shafeghat, Syed Mahboob Shah, Jaffer Shah, Ataollah Shahbandi, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohd Shanawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Jeevan K. Shetty, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Soraya Siabani, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Amir Taherkhani, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Bereket M. Tigabu, Alireza Vakilian, Siavash Vaziri, Bay Vo, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Mazyar Zahir, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, and Zahra Zareshahrabadi

Subjects
Global burden of disease, Metabolic risk factors, High systolic blood pressure, High fasting plasma glucose, High body-mass index, High-LDL, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of exposure and burden attributable to the four main metabolic risk factors, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body-mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) in North Africa and the Middle East from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The data were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used for risk factor exposure. Burden attributable to each risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: While age-standardized death rate (ASDR) attributable to high-LDL and high-SBP decreased by 26.5% (18.6–35.2) and 23.4% (15.9–31.5) over 1990–2019, respectively, high-BMI with 5.1% (−9.0–25.9) and high-FPG with 21.4% (7.0–37.4) change, grew in ASDR. Moreover, age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high-LDL and high-SBP declined by 30.2% (20.9–39.0) and 25.2% (16.8–33.9), respectively. The attributable age-standardized DALY rate of high-BMI with 8.3% (−6.5–28.8) and high-FPG with 27.0% (14.3–40.8) increase, had a growing trend. Age-standardized SEVs of high-FPG, high-BMI, high-SBP, and high-LDL increased by 92.4% (82.8–103.3), 76.0% (58.9–99.3), 10.4% (3.8–18.0), and 5.5% (4.3–7.1), respectively. Interpretation: The burden attributed to high-SBP and high-LDL decreased during the 1990–2019 period in the region, while the attributable burden of high-FPG and high-BMI increased. Alarmingly, exposure to all four risk factors increased in the past three decades. There has been significant heterogeneity among the countries in the region regarding the trends of exposure and attributable burden. Urgent action is required at the individual, community, and national levels in terms of introducing effective strategies for prevention and treatment that account for local and socioeconomic factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2023
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2. Metabolic risk factors attributed burden in Iran at national and subnational levels, 1990 to 2019

Author

Soroush Moradi, Amirhossein Parsaei, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Armin Aryannejad, Sina Azadnajafabad, Negar Rezaei, Baharnaz Mashinchi, Zahra Esfahani, Parnian Shobeiri, Nazila Rezaei, GBD 2019 Iran MRF Collaborators, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Amirali Aali, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Shima Abdollahi, Abdorrahim Absalan, Siamak Afaghi, Ali Ahmadi, Amir Moghadam Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Marjan Ajami, Meisam Akhlaghdoust, Sudabeh Alatab, Yousef Alimohamadi, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami, Sohrab Amiri, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Elaheh Askari, Shamsadin Athari Seyyed, Abolfazl Avan, Samad Azari, Hassan Babamohamadi, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Prof Hamid Reza Baradaran, Azadeh Bashiri, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Mahsa Dolatshahi, Sareh Edalati, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Fataneh Ghadirian, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Pouya Goleij, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hamidreza Hasani, Soheil Hassanipour, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Kamran Hessami, Kaveh Hosseini, Mohammad-Sala Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Farideh Iravanpour, Rana Irilouzadian, Zahra Jamalpoor, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Ali Kabir, Neda Kaydi, Sina Kazemian, Mohammad Keykhaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Sorour Khateri, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Prof Soleiman Mahjoub, Prof Ata Mahmoodpoor, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Prof Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Prof Reza Malekzadeh, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Abdoljalal Marjani, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Maryam Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Farhad Moradpour, Negar Morovatdar, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Maryam Noori, Prof Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Prof Akram Pourshams, Mehran Rahimi, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Iman Razeghian-Jahromi, Malihe Rezaee, Leila Sabzmakan, Erfan Sadeghi, Prof Masoumeh Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Saman Sargazi, Prof Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Melika Shafeghat, Mahan Shafie, Ataollah Shahbandi, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Prof Siavash Vaziri, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Mazyar Zahir, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Prof Mohsen Naghavi, Prof Bagher Larijani, and Prof Farshad Farzadfar

Subjects
Global Burden of Disease, cardiometabolic risk factors, hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, hyperlipidemia, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

IntroductionMetabolic risk factors (MRFs) predispose populations to a variety of chronic diseases with a huge burden globally. With the increasing burden of these risk factors in Iran, in this study, we aimed to report the estimated burden attributed to MRFs at national and subnational scales in Iran, from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on the comparative risk assessment method of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, data of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to four top MRFs in Iran including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for the 1990–2019 period, were extracted. The socio-demographic index (SDI) was used to report the data based on the corresponding socio-economic stratifications. The results were reported in national and subnational 31 provinces of Iran to discover disparities regarding the attributable burden to MRFs. Furthermore, we reported the causes of diseases to which the attributable burden to MRFs was related.ResultsOverall, the age-standardized high LDL, high SBP, high BMI, and high FPG-attributed death rate changed by −45.1, −35.6, +2.8, and +19.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. High SBP was the leading risk factor regarding attributed age-standardized death rates reaching 157.8 (95% uncertainty interval: 135.3–179.1) and DALY rates reaching 2973.4 (2652.2–3280.2) per 100,000 person-years, in 2019. All rates increased with aging, and men had higher rates except for the +70 years age group. At the subnational level, provinces in the middle SDI quintile had the highest death and DALY rates regarding all four MRFs. Total deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs number by the causes of diseases linked to MRFs increased over the study period. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases were the main causes of burden of disease attributable to MRFs.ConclusionHerein, we found divergent patterns regarding the burden of MRFs as well as disparities in different regions, sex, and age groups for each risk factor and related causes. This could provide policymakers with a clearer vision toward more appropriate decision-making and resource allocation to prevent the burden of MRFs in Iran.

Published
2023
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3. Effect of air pollution on disease burden, mortality, and life expectancy in North Africa and the Middle East: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Masoud Masinaei, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Negar Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Ali H Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Christopher J L Murray, Amirali Aali, Sina Abdollahzade, Salam Abdulqadir Abdulrahman, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Aqeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Mohammad Ahmadian, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Vahid Alipour, Sami Almustanyir, Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Sohrab Amiri, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Zahra Aryan, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sina Azadnajafabad, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Farshad Bahrami Asl, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Azadeh Bashiri, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Ali Bijani, Saeid Bitaraf, Michael Brauer, Maria Cheraghi, Saad M A Dahlawi, Abdollah Dargahi, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Milad Dodangeh, Ebrahim Eini, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Hassan El-Abid, Muhammed Elhadi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Shahab Falahi, Mohammad Fareed, Ali Fatehizadeh, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Farhad Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Mohamad Golitaleb, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Mostafa Hadei, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Soheil Hassanipour, Kamal Hezam, Mohammad Hoseini, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Jalil Jaafari, Hosna Janjani, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Samad Karkhah, Neda Kaydi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Javad Khanali, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Ali Koolivand, Mohammed Kuddus, Faris Hasan Lami, Soleiman Mahjoub, Afshin Maleki, Ahmad Azam Malik, Sahar Masoudi, Ritesh G Menezes, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Fateme Montazeri, Paula Moraga, Negar Morovatdar, Abbas Norouzian Baghani, Keyvan Pakshir, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Fakher Rahim, Mehran Rahimi, Shayan Rahmani, Sina Rashedi, Azad Rasul, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Mohsen Rezaeian, Saeid Sadeghian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Payman Salamati, Hedayat Salari, Abdallah M Samy, Brijesh Sathian, Kiomars Sharafi, Ali Sheikhy, Parnian Shobeiri, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Ensiyeh Taheri, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Siavash Vaziri, Mehdi Vosoughi, Kheirollah Yari, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yigit, Leila Zaki, Iman Zare, Ahmad Zarei, and Zahra Zareshahrabadi

Subjects
Health (social science), Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous)
Published
2023
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4. Air Pollution history and projection in the most polluted city in the world

Author

Neda Kaydi, Elham Maraghi, Bamshad Shenavar, Zeinab Bahrami, Alireza Azarian, Soghra Rostami, Mohamad Javad Ashrafi, Sirous Karimi, Nematollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighifard, and Morteza Abullatif Khafaie

Abstract

Background and aim Severe air pollution in Ahvaz has increased the scientific community’s attention and policymakers. To understand the trends and characteristics of air pollution in Ahvaz, an analysis of air quality was carried out, and accordingly, we have forecasted 2021 and 2023. Methods Air quality data collected at Ahvaz Air Quality Monitoring Network from 2013- to April 2021, were analyzed. Autoregressive time series models were fitted to monthly data and forecasts were made for the next 24 months. Result Annual PM10 and PM2.5, concentrations were higher than WHO air quality guideline levels during the entire study period. Ahvaz experienced worse air quality in 2015. The highest average PM and gaseous pollution concentrations were found in traffic areas. The average annual change had decreasing trends for PM10 (-5.65 μg/m-3), PM2.5 (-4.06 μg/m-3, and SO2 (-2.06 ppb), while an increasing trend was found for NO2 (+21.79 ppb), O3 (+37.67 ppb) and CO (+21.04 ppm) during the study period. The forecast shows a negative trend in SO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO but a rise in O3 and NO2. Discussion and conclusion Ahvaz is a center of heavy industry and is seriously polluted with PM, which was mainly from natural sources. However, there is no clear way of preventing events caused by natural sources affected by climate change, such as desert dust outbreaks. Targeted policies to reduce vehicle emissions and an intelligent expert system for emergency response during dust episodes recommended

Published
2022
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