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The paper examines the historical account of punishing individuals from the earliest civilized societies to the current postmodern era. The notion of punishment is interpreted in the paper as a moral sanction (internal and external), as well as a physical punishment, which over ages turned into torture whose purpose was punishment for punishment's sake, not moral correction of violators of custom or law, to be useful upon their return to society. The transition from torture as a religious ritual to torture which grows into a culture of punishment is pointed out. Punishment in conditions of war and peace has a specific dimension. War as a teacher of violence (Thucydides) in most cases takes away the meaning of punishment which has a moral function in peacetime. But even in times of peace, punishment is relativized. Michel Foucault writes about the contemporary panopticon and the supervision of the individual in society, who is, above all, punished by the institutions of positive morality and remains without personal identity, no longer as a self-conscious individual but as a simple individual. Under the influence of biopolitical power, he is deprived of responsibility for his own existence. He is entangled in invisible threads of social roles, like a spider's web, that he eventually stops being the bearer of. When he wants to make a moral judgment about a social relationship or a phenomenon that does not coincide with his understanding of the social world, he feels powerlessness or remorse because he cannot bear that his isolated value judgment clashes with the interests and public opinion of the dominant social group.

In this paper, the author offers an interpretation of Huntington's account of three possible faces of America, the socio-political state of America in the immediate future. He derived these three perspectives from his paradigm of the clash of civilizations. These three faces of America are: 1. America as an open society to the rest of the world; 2. Imperial America, in which the world would be transformed into America; 3. America remains America, as opposed to spreading a new wave of ideas through the media about multiculturalism as the most humane way of existence of culturally diverse population in the human community. Between these three choices, Huntington opts for the third option, because only if America remains America can the national identity be preserved on the foundations of Anglo-Protestant culture. Immigrant assimilation is the key to solving the problem for the survival of the United States. In this text, the author discusses Huntington's three interpretations of the concept of assimilation and comes to the conclusion that through the concept of a foreigner, the other, who moves away from the domicile population like a quasar, as an embodiment of human alienation, all three possible imaginary histories of America are broken.

The author has given a socio-cultural interpretation of the phenomenon of laughter in the film "The Joker" (Todd, Phillips, 2019) as an individual as well as a social phenomenon of Western civilization. He considers the difference between the concepts of utopia, dystopia and utopistics as a possible solution to the problem that would avoid an optimistic and pessimistic view of the future of humanity. The author seeks a civilization parallel between the fictional world of film and the cultural elements of today. The necrophilic atmosphere of Gotham City is strikingly reminiscent of the spiritual lethargy that characterizes the postmodern metropolises of the 21st century. The fate of the film's protagonist could afflict any individual on our planet if they came to the realization that they are a personality, that they have created themselves, and that on their own spiritual skin they have felt the misunderstanding of others who do not wish to stand out from the crowd. The author notes that many protesters against the governing structures of the oligarchy of states around the world have identified themselves in their protest with the Joker, an anti-hero who in a century of tolerance defends with laughter when he feels that his existence is threatened. In this film, the Joker is the personification of a diseased society. Todd Philips' work is an attempt to draw attention to the fact that the stratification of the human community can lead to the breakdown of social relations, however much the governing establishment's media seek to entertain and laugh at masses of proletarians and homeless people without a cultural identity through entertainment shows. The impact of the film, as a work of art, was visible immediately after its broadcast in public. The failed clown Joker could not cure himself with laughter because his laughing was "crying upside down" out of despair that was contrary to the hope of a man who could seek the meaning of his life in two Christian virtues: faith and love. However, the author of this text offers a solution by reminding of the way of life of a specific person, which would save the world from moral panic. He introduces us to a man with an accomplished existence of being a clown and a university professor at the same time - E. Kiphard (1923-2010), who lived to help fellow men with a mission to treat people with laughter rather than to defend them with the Joker's unnatural and contagious laughter of an anti-utopian resident.

In this paper, the author chose Fukuyama's interpretation of Tocqueville's teaching on the nature of aristocracy and democracy as the subject of his research. He took particular note of Fukuyama's observation that Tocqueville, in his thoughts on advantages and shortages of American society, anticipated Nietzsche's teachings on aristocratic morality, wondering about what was lost after the change of government and whether the spirit of time changed. The unequivocal answer of the French historian and politologist was that the former aristocratic values had been lost. There is no more daintiness in behavior or nobility in social relations, nor are there independence and distrustfulness, which Nietzsche desperately needed to shadow the ideal of the overman. Instead of a complete man we meet a partial man, an individual hiding in a community of equal citizens who can save their freedom only by moving and working in a group, masquerading as members of an increasing number of associations that take on the power and responsibility for the individual's existence. Tocqueville finds that in the American civic society the relation of trust - mistrust has turned into the relation of debtor - creditor. He examines in which of all the institutions of American democratic society, which did not originate from the revolution, he could perceive a loss of aristocratic values and examines paradoxical situations where from recently matured democracies a new aristocracy emerges.

The author discussed the philosophy of history of Nikolai Berdyaev on the basis of appropriate literature. His understanding of the meaning of history and the new Middle Age is based on philosophy of freedom. History without freedom is void of any meaning. A man realizes his freedom only in the community with the Holy Trinity. The arrival of Christ was the victory of freedom over the kingdom of necessity of a sinful nature. The pagan concept of destiny was expelled from the vocabulary of a free man. In the history of mankind, as a common spiritual basis of the Renaissance and Reformation, Berdyaev sees humanism. In the analysis of the internal nature of humanism, Berdyaev recognizes the man's rebellion against God. He follows the unity of man and god through the Renaissance, whose end extends beyond its temporal boundaries in futurism and cubism of the twentieth century. The philosopher of freedom points out that humanism, paradoxically, turned completely against mankind. In order to illustrate this idea, in the history of art, science, and philosophy, he finds examples of the disappearance of man. Berdyaev compared the spiritual state of mankind of the ninety twenties to the epoch of the Roman emperor Diocletian, when the mass exile of the Christians began. According to many signs, European society should enter a new historical era similar to the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, in the pre-Medieval period. The author believes that the feudalization of Europe, with the weakening of the role of the state and transnational companies in political life, is only formal, insufficient that it can be concluded that we are getting closer to the new Middle Age, because a man through his wanting to be the measure of all things, has diminished himself as a thing.

The paper reviews Sorokin's cyclical conception of history through relevant literature. The social role of war is analysed, in accordance with Sorokin's understanding of the three cultural types (sensate, idealistic, and ideational) which alternate through the history of mankind. Due to the fact that war as a social phenomenon depends on the cultural style that is dominant at a given moment in history, its social role changes as well, manifesting as a regress or progress in sociocultural process. Sorokin ascertains that we can notice the decrease in values of the dominant sensate culture in the twentieth century in all aspects of life. By examining Sorokin's sociology of war, the author concluded that war lost the meaning it had for mankind due to the acceleration of military-technological development and that by being estranged from it, it became its own cause, turning into a conflict that may or may not lead to war. Such a conflict as a surrogate of war, that Sorokin hadn't predicted, has no social role but leads to a destruction of civilization.

The author of this paper attempted the interpretation of Huntington's thought that the clash of civilizations is tribal conflict of global proportions. In the first interpretation of the conflict, we think of civilization as a tribe in conflict with the other tribes, they mutually perceive each other as barbarians, denouncing each other's civilizational identity. In the second interpretation, the clash of civilizations is perceived as a clash of postmodern immigrant groups (tribes) with the dominant culture of the local population within a state. In the age of the universal conflict, we see Huntington's pessimistic view of the social world and the temporary man, whom we characterize as a synthesis of immigrants, migrants and foreigners, as a kind of personification of the spirit of the times of postmodern twenty-first century.

The first step in planning and designing of the proper grounding system, is the earth resistivity measurement. Measurements are carried out before the construction of the power facility. However, it is not an uncommon situation that during construction, subsequent leveling and raising of the ground level is performed. For this purpose, it is customary to use the land from the locations far away. Delivered soil has largely different electromagnetic characteristics (electric conductivity, permittivity and dielectric constant) in relation to the soil on which the previous measurement of the earth resistivity was conducted. Since the value of the earth resistivity directly affects the grounding system electrical parameters - grounding system impedance, touch and step voltages - additional measurements are required and according to this appropriate corrections of the grounding system In this paper, we propose a practical method for earth resistivity measurement. The method is applicable in the design phase, and also for the revision of the installed grounding system. A practical example of a power facility (RP 400 kV Mladost, Elektromreža Srbije), based on laboratory measurements of the soil samples earth resistivity and grounding system impedance measurement, clearly shows what consequences might occur by leveling and raising of the ground level using ash coal dump.

There are many users of spatial information, and quite large interest about the nature and genesis of such information. Different users found spatial information in the form of maps, plans or alphanumerical tables. Recently, there are more often in the form of spatial databases, and in the form of geographic information systems. What is behind these spatial data? On what foundation are they designed? In this article we look at the basic aspects of space, dimensionality and global coordinate systems in applications of global geospatial research. Here is explained the definition of the coordinate system as an abstract entity and, consequently, its implementation or establishment in the form of a geodetic reference frame, as real geodetic reference network. The applicative aspect of coordinate systems in this article is emphasized through recommendations and considerations during usage of their different implementations. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 47014]

In this work author presented Edgar Moren's antrolology of death. This thinker understands and explains event of the universe, humans and the end of the life. Myth is one of the ways for human to become the master of the death, but science becomes new weapon in mans war against it. Morens worns us that death and life can not be separated, and every human desire for physical immortality is absolutely absurd.

'End of the History' Fukuyama wrote under strong influence of Hegel's philosophic history. Since 1806 year there is no essential political progress, according to Fukuyama, abroad principles of French bourgeois revolution there is no advance. History which appears to be progressive and directional, suggest Fukuyama, ends right there. Word is divided into historical and post historical, social balance of the first one depend of the social misbalance of the second. Professional corporation are the surrogate for family, last man will substitute family moral with professional.

A period of fifty years has been reached since the introduction of the first applications based upon geographical information systems (GIS). GIS has not only influenced the development of methods, collection techniques, processing, manipulation and visualization of spatial data. It influenced also the expansion of scientific research in geosciences, as well as the technical disciplines that are engaged in spatial analysis. Nowadays, GIS is becoming the tool for verification and practical implementation of models and algorithms that have been developed within the frame of basic scientific disciplines. The meaning of the GIS acronym is becoming more and more related to term of Geographical or Geo Information Sciences. Scientific concepts that are increasingly applied in GIS are more emphasized in that way. GIS computational techniques, required also the development of geographical data models that should effectively support GIS operations. These models represent formal equivalents of conceptual models used by people in observing geographic phenomena. Spatial phenomena used to be mapped as clearly defined points with known coordinates, or as lines which connect the very same points, or as polygons with exactly defined borders. They were mapped previously in analog form and nowadays in digital format. This approach of perceiving a space, data analyses and visualization of spatial quires is limited on the application of basic rules of Boolean algebra and binary logic, with final results presented as classical thematic maps. The need for a mathematical model that would describe uncertainty of spatial data, resulted in the introduction of the theory of fuzzy sets in spatial analysis. Moreover, this model will provide a solution for visualization and grouping up of spatial phenomena in classes which do not have clearly defined borders.