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In Ayurveda, every individual is believed to possess a unique entity known as Prakriti, which distinguishes them from others physically, physiologically, and psychologically. This entity also determines an individual's response to a particular stimulus, and it is believed that such responses are not solely determined by genetics. The present research aims to validate the Ayurvedic concept of Prakriti from a modern molecular perspective to strengthen the personalized and precise treatment approach. A study was conducted to investigate the role of the KCNJ11gene in the susceptibility of individuals to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with their metabolic status. The research involved allele mining on three major Prakriti groups - Vata, Pitta, and Kapha - in 112 patients with T2DM and 112 healthy individuals. The KCNJ11 gene, responsible for insulin secretion membrane pore formation, was analyzed to determine the susceptibility of different Prakriti types to T2DM. The MutPred tool predicted the molecular cause of disease-related amino acid substitution. According to the study, only Pitta and Kapha Prakriti were diagnosed with diabetes, while all three Prakriti types were present in the control group of healthy individuals. A protein model was prepared, and the changes resulting from mutations were observed for each group in their protein sequence, both as synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. Ultimately, these changes contributed to the manifestation of T2DM. Based on the findings, it appears that Prakriti groups may experience changes in protein function due to nonsynonymous mutations and differences in amino acids at the protein level.

Background: Under the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules -2019 that came into force on 14th September 2019, all Ethics Committees (ECs) reviewing biomedical and health research should register with the authority designated by the Central Government of India. Study Objective: We investigated the status of registration of ECs in the Department of Health Research (DHR) to date. Materials and Methods: The data collection was started on 1 April, 2021 and was last updated on 10 April, 2022. The ECs registered with DHR were extracted from NAITIK online portal. The ECs were segregated according to the state and Union territories, medical colleges, dental colleges, and hospital and research institutes. Results: Total of 836 registered ECs were uploaded on the DHR website to date. Out of which, 822 (98.32%) were Institutional and 14 (1.67%) were independent. Among total ECs, 518 (61.96%) were in hospitals and research institutes, 231 (27.63%) in medical colleges, and 73 (8.73%) in dental colleges. 76 (9.09%) got the final certificate after completion of a provisional period of two years. Among 606 medical colleges and 316 dental colleges, 38.11% and 23.10% of colleges had registered ECs respectively. Maharashtra has the highest number with 129 (15.43%) registered ECs whereas Gujarat is number one (53.33%) in terms of percent registered ECs in medical colleges of particular states. Conclusions: Timely registration of ECs should be encouraged by the concerned stakeholders and try to make a robust mechanism for bringing transparency, uniformity, and accountability to the ECs across the states.

Introduction: Numerous doctors have been infected while treating the patients of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019). Expecting doctors to treat without any regard to their safety is an extreme and unrealistic approach. Apart from professional obligations, doctors have personal obligations to their families too. Aim: To understand the barriers of willingness and ability to serve during pandemics for Indian doctors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, Peer-tested web-based questionnaire was carried out at the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India, along with informed consent form incorporated into Google form, was posted on a WhatsApp group. Study was conducted from April to June 2020. The group included 400 Indian medical practitioners, selected randomly. It comprised of total 49 questions, including open and close ended type, in English language. Out of these, 14 questions were pertaining to the present study. The exploratory data analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data. Results: Responses were submitted by 256 (64% response rate) doctors out of which 121 were from males, 134 from females and 1 person preferred not to disclose the gender. Majority (64.8%) of the responses were obtained from doctors in age group of 20-40 years and 49% of the total responses were from faculty in government medical college. It was revealed that 9% doctors were willing to quit medical profession and 23% doctors preferred not to serve patients during pandemic of contagious disease. As many as 58.6% expressed that incidences of doctors facing public harassments abuse and social discrimination dissuaded them from serving COVID-19 patients. A 59.4% and 58.2% of doctors had responsibility of child-care and elderly-care respectively which was acting barrier to ability to serve during the pandemic. As many as 49.2% brought it to light that the infrastructure at their workplace was not up to the mark to deal with COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: This study has brought into light that fear of contracting the disease due to lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), risking one’s family for getting infected, responsibility of child-care and elderly-care along with social ostracism as untouchables are the major deterrents for willingness to work. Distance from workplace, one’s illness and lack of proper infrastructure at workplace are barriers to ability to work during COVID-19 for Indian doctors.

Introduction: Celiac Disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten. It is seen in genetically predisposed person and results in small intestine injury. Its aetiopathogenesis is not clear. Simple histopathology is not able to diagnose the disease many times. Aim: Aim of present study was to assess the prevalence of HLA DQ alleles and autoantibodies in diagnosis of the disease and association of DQ antigens with Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune hypothyroidism in CD patients. Materials and Methods: Total 100 cases of CD and 31 healthy controls were studied, within a period of January 2015 to Febuary 2016. Autoantibodies like ANA, anti-tTg, anti-TPO and anti-scl 70 were done by ELISA kits. HLA DQ typing was done in 44 cases of CD, 20 cases of CD with T1DM, 22 cases of CD with autoimmune thyroid disease and 31 healthy controls. HLA DQ typing was done by SSO hybridisation method by Mr. SPOT machine. Results: About 70% patients were children between 6 months to 20 years of age and female formed the maximum number of cases (60%). Anti-tTg ab was positive in all cases (100%), anti-Scl 70 Ab was positive in 25%, anti-TPO ab was found in 22% and ANA was positive in only 10% cases. Most frequent DQβ1 haplotype in CD were DQβ1*02:01 (45.5%, p

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated multifactorial illness involving hereditary and external environmental variables. The symptoms typically appear gradually over a number of years without realizing it. This viewpoint is further supported by the Ayurvedic constitution concept (Prakriti). Prakriti explains the biological variability that is observed in different individuals. This study was conducted a retrospective investigation to examine if there was a link between type 2 diabetes and an individual’s constitution based on anthropometric and biochemical characteristics. Physical and mental characteristics and anthropometric and biochemical markers were used to determine reported cases’ prevailing Dosha Prakriti (constitution). Based on biochemical and anthropometric data, significant differences in Prakriti were found between the case (T2DM patients) and control (person without diabetes) groups. The incidence of numerous secondary problems linked with T2DM patients was also evaluated according to their Prakriti types, which revealed a positive relationship. The three primary contributing parameters, such as waist-hip ratio, postprandial blood sugar, and serum creatinine, were correctly classified all person with or without diabetes subjects to 90.6% of the time, whereas the constitution-wise study classified person with diabetes and without diabetes individuals of Pitta and Kapha Prakriti to 94.3% and 90%, respectively. A discriminant function was created to predict a person with diabetes and without diabetes based on these three contributing factors. The primary contributing biochemical parameters discovered by Prakriti in the current study could be used as a biochemical disease diagnostic for predicting type 2 diabetes susceptibility.

Introduction: Type I diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells of pancreas. Two forms of T1DM are known called as 1A (autoimmune) and 1B (idiopathic). Aim: Aim was to study the prevalence of Anti-TTG IgA, AntiTPO, GADA, ZnT8 and IA-2 autoantibodies and HLA DR and DQ genes and its diagnostic value in T1DM. Materials and Methods: Thirty four T1DM patients, 59 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and 28 healthy controls were included in study. Antibodies levels were estimated by ELISA and HLA typing was performed by SSP-PCR method. Result: The prevalence of various autoantibodies in T1DM were Anti-TTG 14.7%, Anti-TPO 17.65%, GADA 38.23%, ZnT8 11.76% and IA-2 5.88%. Only GADA and ZnT8 were significantly positive in T1DM. GADA (66.67%) and ZnT8 (33.33%) positivity was more in patients below 15 years age while levels of other antibodies were higher after 15 years age. All autoantibodies were detected in higher frequency in T1DM than in T2DM and controls. HLA DR and DQ typing showed highly significant increase in DRB1*0301 (61.76%, p=0.00) and DQB1*0201 (64.71%, p=0.00) in T1DM. Subjects with HLA DRB1*0301 and DQB1*0201 had 80-100% positive prevalence of GADA, ZnT8, IA-2, Anti-TTG and Anti-TPO autoantibodies. Conclusion: Combination of GADA antibody with DRB1 and DQB1 estimation improved diagnosis of T1A than insulin antigen specific antibodies alone.

Introduction- The awareness and knowledge about TB vary in different geographical locations and a relationship exists between knowledge and prevention of disease. Hence we planned to conduct the study to assess it in TB patients in North West Rajasthan, India. Method- A cross sectional, questionnaire based epidemiological study was conducted in 510 TB patients of age group 16-78 years for 9 months from April 2010 to January 2011 in the Department of TB & Chest, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Results- Majority of patients (87.2%) patients got the information of TB from health workers and only 19.6% knew that TB is caused by germs. About 50.9% patients of TB knew mode of spread of TB through the air when coughing, 81.3% knew that cough the most common symptom of TB. Only 16.6% patients heard about vaccine of TB and not a single patient knew the name of this vaccine. Only 9.8% patients knew about DOTS but 73.5% knew that treatment is available at government health centre free of cost. Approximate 80% patients believed that TB is a serious disease, infectious disease and major problem of India but is curable. Illiteracy and low per capita income significantly impacted the knowledge and awareness of TB in negative direction. Conclusion- Apart from the multi-drug therapy, poor knowledge and awareness regarding TB among TB patients is alarming sign for nation.

Introduction: A cluster of conditions known as metabolic syndrome (MetS) include high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), or lipid-related changes in blood, and generalized obesity. All these are predisposing factors for cardiovascular problems. As reported, the prevalence of these varied conditions ranges from 11% to 41%. The study aimed to find the current prevalence of MetS in the Ratlam district of central India. Methodology: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary health care center of Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The participants (352) were recruited from the NCD clinic at District Hospital, Ratlam and Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), Sarwan village, attached to Government Medical College, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India. Results: Out of the 352 participants selected randomly, 46.59% were males, and 53.41% were females. Out of which, 196 (55.68%) met the criteria of MetS as per the consensus statement of Asian Indian Criteria. Among these MetS cases, females outnumbered males (63.78% v/s 36.22%). Those in the age range of 43-55 years had the highest number (71.43%), while the least (1.42%) were in the age group of 18-30 years. Central obesity (87.24 %) and hyperglycemia (77.40%) were more prevalent components among MetS patients. Conclusion: Though all components of MetS including Hyperglycemia, obesity, and high TG were significantly higher in the female population, within the subset of MetS patients, hyperglycemia and triglyceridemia were significantly higher among males.

Inflammation has been recognised to both decrease beta cell insulin secretion and increase insulin resistance. Circulating cytokines can affect beta cell function directly leading to secretory dysfunction and increased apoptosis. These cytokines can also indirectly affect beta cell function by increasing adipocyte inflammation.The resulting glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity further enhance the inflammatory process resulting in a vicious cycle. Weight reduction and drugs such as metformin have been shown to decrease the levels of C-Reactive Protein by 31% and 13%, respectively. Pioglitazone, insulin and statins have anti-inflammatory effects. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists are in trials and NSAIDs such as salsalate have shown an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Inhibition of 12-lipo-oxygenase, histone de-acetylases, and activation of sirtuin-1 are upcoming molecular targets to reduce inflammation. These therapies have also been shown to decrease the conversion of pre-diabetes state to diabetes. Drugs like glicazide, troglitazone, N-acetylcysteine and selective COX-2 inhibitors have shown benefit in diabetic neuropathy by decreasing inflammatory markers. Retinopathy drugs are used to target vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, various proteinases and chemokines. Drugs targeting the proteinases and various chemokines are pentoxifylline, inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappa B and mammalian target of rapamycin and are in clinical trials for diabetic nephropathy. Commonly used drugs such as insulin, metformin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, glucagon like peptide-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors also decrease inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapies represent a potential approach for the therapy of diabetes and its complications.