Search

Glioblastoma has emerged as an immunotherapy-refractory tumor based on negative phase III studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy among newly diagnosed as well as recurrent patients. In addition, although much work on vaccine and cellular approaches is ongoing, therapeutic benefit with these approaches has been underwhelming. Much scientific insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression exploited by glioblastoma tumors is emerging that sheds light on the explanation for the disappointing results to date and highlights possible therapeutic avenues that may offer a better likelihood of therapeutic benefit for immune-based therapies.

Enhanced predictability of high-impact weather events is a Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project (S2S) priority. In early summer 2020, a record-breaking heavy rainfall event occurred over the Yangtze River valley during the mei-yu season (June and July). Here we evaluate the S2S model forecast performance concerning the summer 2020 extreme mei-yu event over the Yangtze River valley. Our results show all operational S2S models exhibit fluctuating high-low–high forecast skill patterns during this three-stage mei-yu event, determined by different dominant circulations. In particular, the poor mid-latitude circulation forecast (low trough over northern China) in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) negative phase, with relative more contribution than that of the low-latitude circulation (western North Pacific subtropical high and South Asian high), decreases the model forecast skill for mei-yu rainfall in early-mid July. The prediction barrier of the NAO pattern and its downstream response, via the eastward-propagating wave train, jointly decrease the rainfall forecast skill during the NAO active negative period. Therefore, the skillful model prediction of the active summer NAO could help predict mei-yu events in the East Asian summer monsoon, suggesting further model improvements to the S2S forecasting of summertime mid-latitude variations are urgently needed.

The scientific work is devoted to the generalization of the results of the Martine-Kushelevsky test and the elucidation of the signs and causes of transient types of reactions and their significance for the early diagnosis of premorbid conditions. The experience of conducting and analyzing the results of 300 Martin-Kushelevsky tests was used to solve the set tasks. Among them - 88 people aged 18-55 years. This formation of the group (in the absence of complaints about health and contraindications to the test) made it possible to obtain a variety of types of reactions. The results were recorded using an electronic tonometer BAT41-2. It is their analysis that has become the subject of research in this paper. Classical normotonic, hypertonic, asthenic types were registered in 26 (30%) persons, respectively 19%, 7%. 3% of cases. Dystonic - absent. In others, 62 (70%) people registered transitional types, which we formed into 12 species. The vast majority of them had a pulse excitability of 80% or less and a recovery time of up to 3 minutes. Against this background, a slowing down of recovery time (more than 3 min) of ATs (31%), ATd (16%) after exercise and an increase in ATd immediately after it (26%) was most often registered, which indicates a predisposition to arterial hypertension. In 8% of the subjects there was a significant decrease in BP (more than 10 mm Hg) after exercise and a decrease below baseline after 3 minutes of rest (7%), indicating vascular dystonia. The negative phase of the pulse (4%) and recovery of the pulse for 3 minutes to indicators lower than the initial ones (4%) were less frequent, which was due to the violation of the coordinated activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. In 6% of cases with the normotonic type of response to exercise did not pay attention to the high output pulse (15,15,15 at ten-second intervals), and 3 minutes after exercise, it recovered and stabilized at baseline. In such cases, the patient should be referred to an endocrinologist.

It is widely known that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has an influence on precipitation in Europe. There are other modes of variability such as the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern (EA/WR), the Scandinavia pattern (SCAND), and the Pacific/North American pattern (PNA), which characterize the climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, the influence of the EA/WR pattern on precipitation over Europe is examined, with a focus on Serbia. In addition, we explore the combined effects of positive and negative phases of the NAO and EA pattern with the EA/WR pattern, on precipitation over Europe and Serbia. Precipitation data are obtained from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and 15 stations from the national observational network in Serbia. Precipitation anomalies have been explored in relation to positive and negative phases of the EA/WR pattern using the monthly GPCC dataset. For the negative (positive) EA/WR phase, positive (negative) precipitation anomalies prevail over the Balkan Peninsula and central Mediterranean in January, February, May, and November, while a negative (positive) one dominates in March, April, September, and during the summer months. There is a strong positive (negative) signal over Portugal in October and over Greece and the Ionian Sea in December, for the positive (negative) EA/WR phase. The precipitation anomalies associated with the negative phase of the EA/WR pattern reflect above (up to 6 mm) average precipitation over Serbia. The positive phase of the EA/WR pattern caused precipitation anomalies below (up to − 8 mm) average precipitation over Serbia. We find that the NAO and EA patterns enhance the influence of the EA/WR pattern on precipitation changes over Serbia. High positive values of precipitation anomalies existed over Serbia for the negative phases of the EA/WR pattern and NAO (up to 12 mm), and EA pattern (up to 10 mm). Negative precipitation anomalies (up to − 12 mm) over Serbia are caused by the positive phase of the EA/WR pattern in combination with the positive phases of the NAO and EA pattern.

Background. The study of the sensitive portion of the medial plantar nerve is relevant not only in the examination of patients with tibial nerve mononeuropathy or its branches, but also in the diagnosis of polyneuropathies.Objective: to analyze the normative parameters of the sensory potential recorded during the study of the medial plantar nerve by the orthodromic method in healthy adults.Materials and methods. 126 sensitive fibers of the medial plantar nerves were studied on the Dantec Keypoint G4 device (Denmark) in 63 healthy individuals (31 men and 32 women; age from 20 to 80 years). 3 groups were identified taking into account age: group 1 included healthy people aged 20 to 39 years (n = 23); group 2 consisted of people aged 40 to 60 years (n = 20); and 3 – older than 60 years (n = 20). The parameters of the sensory potential of the medial plantar nerve are analyzed.Results. The sensory potential in the study of the sensitive portion of the medial plantar nerve was registered in all 126 healthy subjects. Comparative statistical analysis did not demonstrate significant differences between groups 1–3 in the values of such parameters of the sensory potential as the latency of the onset, the duration of the negative phase and the rate of propagation of excitation. At the same time, in groups 2 and 3, the magnitude of the amplitude from peak to peak of the sensory potential was significantly lower compared to group 1, and averaged 8.92 and 7.86 MV, respectively.Conclusion. Knowledge of the regulatory parameters will allow expanding the use of electroneuromyography of the sensitive portion of the medial plantar nerve in clinical and research practice.

O objetivo desse trabalho e identificar as causas climaticas dos eventos extremos ocorridos nas macrorregioes de Alagoas, e ao mesmo tempo, comparar os efeitos dos ENOS Canonico e Modoki e suas classes sobre as macrorregioes alagoanas. Os dados de precipitacao diaria de 21 municipios do Estado de Alagoas foram obtidos atraves da Agencia Nacional de Aguas com periodo de 1963 a 2014. EN Modoki e Fracos promoveram aumento de chuvas na regiao Leste. Ja EN Fortes causaram diminuicao de precipitacao no Sertao. Eventos de LN Canonica causaram aumento significativo nas chuvas das 3 macrorregioes, mas o efeito foi melhor em LN Forte. Durante as fases do Dipolo do Atlântico, a fase negativa gerou SPI positivo em todo estado, e na fase positiva, houve diminuicao do SPI na regiao Leste, e registro de SPI negativo no Sertao e Agreste. As causas climaticas dos eventos extremos foi a juncao das escalas semestral, interanual, escala entre 1-2 anos de ENOS, escala de ENOS estendido e escala de 11 anos (Dipolo e Manchas solares) potencializando os totais pluviometricos locais, e para casos de seca, sua ausencia. Verificou-se, atraves de analises de agrupamentos, semelhanca entre os SPIs da La Nina Fraca e La Nina Canonica, e entre o El Nino Canonico esta ligado ao El Nino Forte. Ja matematicamente, as categorias de El Nino e La Nina forte e fraca apresentaram melhores correlacoes com ENOS Modoki e Canonico, sugerindo padrao para Alagoas. Identification of climatic causes of extreme events and impacts of Canonical and Modoki ENSO on Alagoas macroregions. A B S T R A C T Anomalies of sea surface temperature that occur in some regions of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean are being studied because their cause different impacts and originate in different ways, are the ENOS, Modoki and Canonical. The objective of this work is to identify the climatic causes of the extreme events that occurred in the macro-regions of Alagoas, and at the same time, to compare the effects of ENOS Canonical and Modoki and their classes on the macro-regions of Alagoas. The daily precipitation data for 21 municipalities in the State of Alagoas were obtained through the National Water Agency from 1963 to 2014. EN Modoki and low promoted an increase in rainfall in the Eastern region. EN Fortes, on the other hand, caused a decrease in rainfall in the Sertao. Canonical LN events caused a significant increase in rainfall in the three macro-regions, but the effect was better in LN Forte. During the phases of the Atlantic Dipole, the negative phase generated positive SPI across the state, and in the positive phase, there was a decrease in SPI in the East, and a negative SPI record in Sertao and Agreste. The climatic causes of the extreme events were the combination of semiannual, interannual scales, scale between 1-2 years of ENOS, scale of ENOS extended and scale of 11 years (Dipole and sunspots), potentiating the local total rainfall, and for cases of drought , your absence. It was found, through cluster analysis, similarity between the SPIs of La Nina low and La Nina Canonical, and between El Nino Canonical is linked to El Nino Forte. Mathematically, the categories of El Nino and La Nina strong and weak showed better correlations with ENOS Modoki and Canonical, suggesting a pattern for Alagoas. Keywords . Wavelet analysis; SPI; Cluster analysis.

The waters of West Sumatera that face directly into Indian Ocean is strongly influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomenon which caused an anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) and affect rainfall intensity in the West Sumatera Province. This research was aimed to know the effect of IOD on the distribution and anomaly of SST and rainfall intensity in West Sumatera. Data processing methods in this research is using statistical and descriptive. The data used in this research are NOAA OI-SST, Dipole Mode Index (DMI), and rainfall data from BKMG. The results showed that IOD positive occured in October 2018 and the IOD negative occured in July 2016. During the positive IOD, SST distribution values were 28 ˚C – 28,8 ˚C and SST anomaly values were ​​-1,2 to -0,4, in the negative phase the distribution of SST values were 29,8 ˚C – 30,35 ˚C and the SST anomaly values were 0,15 to 0,7. The rainfall intensity during positive IOD phase is 157 mm/month and during negative IOD phase is 525 mm/month.

This paper describes the design of a dual-channel semi-open groove waveguide and a methodology for designing such structures. A method for forming a negative phase shift by shortening the lengths of the radiating inhomogeneities is demonstrated. Simulation experiments were performed using the Ansys HFSS package.

Action potentials (APs) were recorded extracellularly from ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes using isolated rat heart preparations and narrow-tipped (5-µm O.D.) recording pipettes. The negative phase of the AP waveform in ventricular cardiomyocytes exhibited a prolonged and, in about 60% of records, double-peak AP deflection, while that of APs in atrial cardiomyocytes regularly consisted of a single and relatively short peak. Confocal imaging and Monte-Carlo simulations suggest a stochastic variation in the number of t-tubule mouths under the lumen of randomly positioned extracellular recording pipette as the leading determinant of both, between and within, ventricular/atrial AP waveform variations.

La producción de café se está viendo afectada por cambios en los patrones climáticos y por la aparición de fenómenos meteorológicos que coinciden con importantes etapas fenológicas para este cultivo. El café es más sensible a variaciones del clima cuando se encuentra en las etapas de floración y el inicio del crecimiento del fruto, en este periodo cuatro fenómenos están presentes, que de acuerdo con su intensidad podría incidir de manera negativa. La etapa de maduración y cosecha es impactada por cinco fenómenos mientras que durante la etapa de crecimiento y llenado del grano sólo dos fenómenos la afectan. El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO), en su fase negativa, intensificaría los efectos negativos. Sin embargo, no debe pasar inadvertido los efectos positivos del ENSO, en fase fría, en la temporada seca (diciembre-abril). Se deben buscar y estudiar estrategias de mitigación a la variación climática producto de los fenómenos meteorológicos, donde los sistemas agroforestales pueden ser una alternativa para enfrentar esta problemática.Palabras clave: Desarrollo reproductivo; ENSO; etapas fenológicas; eventos climáticos; regiones cafetaleras; variabilidad climática. Abstract: Coffee production is being affected by changes in weather patterns and the appearance of meteorological phenomena that coincide with important phenological stages for coffee cultivation. The coffee is more sensitive to the variations of the climate when it is in the stages of flowering and the beginning of the growth of the product, in this period four phenomena are present, and according to its intensity it could have a negative impact. The stage of maturation and harvest is shocking by five phenomena while during the growth stage and the grain volumes only two phenomena stress. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), in its negative phase, would intensify the negative effects. However, the positive effects of the ENSO, in the cold phase, during dry season (December-April) should not go unnoticed. Mitigation strategies for climate variation due to meteorological phenomena must be sought and studied, where agroforestry systems can be an alternative to address this problem.Keywords: Reproductive Development; ENSO; Phenological Stages; Climatic Events; Coffee Regions; Climatic Variability.

Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) provides 80% of India’s total annual precipitation and thus has a tremendous impact on water resource management, agricultural yield and,consequently, India’s gross domestic product. Because of its importance, different studies have examined climatic controls on ISMR. Here we found a link between the spring (March–May; MAM) Atlantic meridional mode (AMM) and the ISMR, with the strengthening (weakening) of ISMR during the positive (negative) phase of the AMM. During the positive phase of the spring AMM, warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) persist over the tropical north Atlantic Ocean, strengthening anomalous cyclonic circulation and strengthening convection over the Sahel region; this process, in turn, modulates the winds over the Western Indian Ocean, cooling SST and strengthening monsoon circulation over India. However, during the negative phase of the spring AMM, we notice a weakening of the monsoon circulation over India. As a way of highlighting the importance of this climate connection, we compare the skill in forecasting ISMR using the information from the pre-monsoon AMM against the forecasts from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME). Over the years 1981–2017, our simple model produces more accurate results than the NMME models, and further highlights the crucial role played by pre-monsoon AMM in modulating the IMSR. This new finding will allow for Indian farmers and policy makers to better anticipate water availability from ISMR.

Left ventricles (LV) of isolated hearts of the control rats (n = 7) and rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ; n = 21) were studied on the four-week post-injection term using 5-µm tip (O.D.) glass extracellular microelectrodes. STZ-rats that maintained hyperglycemia by the time of the study (random glucose > 11 mM; n = 3) were designated as diabetic animals (diabetes mellitus group; STZ-DM). Remaining STZ-rats (n = 18) were designated as normoglycemic rats (STZ-NG group). In control and in STZ-rat hearts two main types of sinus rhythm action potentials (AP) of epicardial ventricular myocytes could be recorded: signals characterized by a single (AP1) or double negative peaks (AP2). Respective time parameters of AP1 (rise time, and 50% and 90% decay times (T50 and T90) not differed between studied groups of rats. However, T50 of AP2 of LV myocytes of STZ-NG and STZ-DM rats were statistically significantly longer than T50 of AP2 recorded in control rat hearts. Furthermore, in 28% of STZ-NG and in 67% of STZ-DM rat hearts additional type of AP (AP3) featuring a complex, multi-peak negative phase and prominent positive phase of after-hyperpolarization were recorded. Appearance of AP3 was associated with a proportional decrease in the relative frequency of AP2 recordings (from 80-85% to 55-60% of all recordings). Frequency of AP1 recordings remained stable, 15-20% in all experiments in all groups of rats. Tentatively, observed in this study modulation in electrical activity of ventricular myocytes of STZ-rat hearts results from structure-functional changes in organization of the T-system of these myocytes. Regardless of validity of this suggestion, it is important that changes in electrogenesis of cardiomyocytes develop fast (1 month) not only in STZ-DM rats, but also in hearts of STZ-rats with normal or moderately increased blood glucose levels, which may be considered as the state equivalent to the state of early prediabetes.

Although assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function (DF) using echocardiography is important, it is not always feasible in the clinical practice. On the other hand, left atrial (LA) overload shown by electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates LA pressure rise and LA dilatation. The purpose of this study is to examine whether LA overload by ECG can be used as an aid for evaluation of LVDF.There were 117 subjects who underwent echocardiography and ECG on the same day. The duration of P-wave (P-duration) in lead II, the amplitude and duration of P-wave negative phase in lead V1 were measured by ECG, and terminal force (PTFV1) was calculated. We analyzed the relationships between LVDF grades and LA overload signs.P-duration showed a good correlation with LA volume index (LAVi) (r = 0.673, P 0.0001) and PTFV1 showed reasonable correlations with both LAVi and average E/e' (both, r = 0.575, P 0.0001). Both P-duration and PTFV1 showed significant differences among the LVDF classes (P 0.0001). Among the ECG indices, P-duration [Formula: see text] 110 ms was the most powerful to judge the presence of LV diastolic dysfunction with 86% of sensitivity and specificity.P-duration ≥ 110 ms is useful to suggest the presence of LV diastolic dysfunction. Conventional ECG criteria (P-duration ≥ 120 ms and PTFV1 [Formula: see text] 0.04 mm·s) are highly specific and suggest the presence of LV diastolic dysfunction with LA pressure rise. Echocardiography and ECG should be used in a complementary way when LVDF grades are indeterminate.

Mutual phase shifts between three German COVID-19 incidence curves corresponding to the age classes of children, juveniles and adults, respectively, are calculated by means of delay-cross-correlations. At the country level, a phase shift of −5 weeks during the first half of the epidemic between the incidence curves corresponding to the juvenile age class and the curve corresponding to the adult class is observed. The children’s incidence curve is shifted by −3 weeks with respect to the adults’ curve. On the regional level of the 411 German districts (Landkreise) the distributions of observed time lags are inclined towards negative values. Regarding the incidence time series of the juvenile sub-population, 20% of the German districts exhibit negative phase shifts and only 3% show positive shifts versus the incidence curves of the adult sub-population. Similarly for the children with 6% positive shifts. Thus, children’s and juveniles’ epidemic activity is ahead of the adults’ activity. The correlation coefficients of shifted curves are large (> 0.9 for juveniles versus adults on the country level) which indicates that aside from the phase shift the sub-populations follow a similar epidemic dynamics. Negative phase shifts of the children’s incidence curves during the first and second epidemic waves are predictors for high incidences during the current fourth wave with respect to the corresponding districts.

In 2019 southern hemisphere spring, a strong stratospheric warming event was predicted to force the southern annular mode (SAM) into a negative phase and adversely impact surface weather and Austra...

There have been several advances in understanding the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), but there are still uncertainties regarding its level of influence on the tropical climate. That is why this work determines the influence of the NAO on the main hydrometeorological events that affected Cuba in the 1999–2016 period. To comply with this, a regression analysis is carried out in the CurveExpert software where the combined influence of the NAO and El Nino-Southern Oscillation on hydrometeorological events is also examined. It was found that the NAO exerts a greater influence on Cuba when it is in its negative phase during the winter season.

El Niño intensifies the temperature increase in the Amazon region, causing heat and extreme drought in much of the Amazon, in Manaus the process of urbanization intensifies the temperature increase of the city. This study aims to perform an analysis of climatological variables of the city of Manaus-AM, from January 2008 to December 2018, through the maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and relative humidity in order to show the increase in temperature through statistical analysis showing the temperature. year of greatest impact. According to the results obtained, in 2008 Manaus recorded the lowest minimum temperature in the period being 23.4 ° C, characterizing the minimum maximum temperature with 32 ° C, it is noted that due to the presence of the negative phase of ENSO ( La Niña) in 2008 the precipitation level in the region was high, contributing to the low temperatures and the relative air humidity averaged 87%, and the highest annual average of the maximum and minimum temperature in the study period occurred in 2015. , being 33.5 ° C and 25.7 ° C, due to the positive phase of ENSO (El Niño), temperatures in the capital were high, with little precipitation during the year directly impacting the relative humidity (75%). . Therefore, the positive / negative ENSO anomalies had a major influence on the climatic variables in the year 2008 and 2015, characterizing low temperatures in 2008 and high temperatures in 2015.

The sea level anomalies (SLAs) pattern in the northwestern Pacific delineated significant differences between La Nina events occurring with and without negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. During the pure La Nina events, positive the sea surface level anomalies (SLAs) appear in the northwestern Pacific, but SLAs are weakened and negative SLAs appear in the northwestern Pacific under the contribution of the negative IOD events in 2010/2011. The negative IOD events can trigger significant westerly wind anomalies in the western tropical Pacific, which lead to the breakdown of the pronounced positive SLAs in the northwestern Pacific. Meanwhile, negative SLAs excited by the positive wind stress curl near the dateline propagated westward in the form of Rossby waves until it approached the western Pacific boundary in mid-2011, which maintained and enhanced the negative phase of SLAs in the northwestern Pacific and eventually, it could significantly influence the bifurcation and transport of the North Equatorial Current (NEC).

Using positive and/or negative phase velocity conditions, characteristics of a planar non-integer dimensional (NID) chiral interface are explored for specific values of NID parameter. For this purpose, discussion is divided into four cases. It is noted how characteristics of the interface changes when the situation is changed from one case to another. Impact of variation of NID parameter on the reflected power is also noted for each case.

The drought that occurred in 2014/2015 over the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP) was considered one of the most intense in the region’s history, causing a crisis in the state of Sao Paulo’s public water-supply sector. The objectives of this study were: (1) to generate a hydroclimatological baseline for the Cantareira System region; (2) to evaluate the local potential relationship between teleconnections based on global climatic indices and rainfall/flow anomalies; and (3) to propose a tool to assist in the management of the MRSP’s largest water-production system. Precipitation and natural-flow data in the Cantareira System for 1948–2015 were used in this study. The evaluated teleconnection indices included the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We verified that these indices were more sensitive on a seasonal scale to the occurrence of excess rainfall and flow events than drought events. For the ONI and AAO positive phases, the Cantareira System’s flow was above-average in summer and winter, which is associated with flood events. The AAO’s negative phase was associated with deficit events in summer and winter, but not extreme deficit events. The PDO’s positive phase was associated with flood events in winter and spring. The results from this study could be used as an additional climatic tool for managing the Cantareira System through the monitoring of average flows and seasonal indices.

A prominent precipitation decrease occurred over the equatorial central Pacific in the late 1990s, accompanied by precipitation increase around the Maritime Continent and over the equatorial America. Previous studies attributed the above change to La Nina-like decadal mean sea surface temperature (SST) cooling associated with a positive to negative phase switch of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results of numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model reveal that both the interdecadal and interannual components of SST variations contribute to the late 1990s’ precipitation reduction over the equatorial central Pacific in all the four seasons and the precipitation increase around the Maritime Continent in winter and summer. The accompanying precipitation increase over the Central America is mainly induced by the interdecadal components of SST variations. The contribution of interannual SST variations to the equatorial central Pacific precipitation decrease mostly stems from a larger rate of precipitation change with SST in positive than negative SST anomaly years, which leads to a residual decadal mean precipitation being larger during the period before than after the late 1990s. The moisture budget decomposition demonstrates that the dynamic effect associated with the vertical motion change dominates the tropical decadal mean precipitation changes in all the four seasons and the thermodynamic effect associated with the moisture change is small. This applies to the equatorial central Pacific, the Maritime Continent, and the Central America in both interdecadal and interannual SST forced simulations.

Results from the research on the influence of the wintertime (December-February) Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the spring floods of the North European Russia rivers of Onega, Northern Dvina, Mezen’, and Pechora flowing into the White and Barents seas are presented. Composites of the river water discharges from 1930–2014 constructed in accordance with the wintertime AO index above the upper and below the lower quartiles are analyzed. Statistically significant relationships between the dates and intensity of the river spring floods in the Barents Sea basin and the wintertime AO are shown. For all the analyzed rivers, April water runoff preceded by the winters of the AO positive phase significantly increases and by more than twice exceeds that preceded by the winters of the AO negative phase, with the significant runoff increase persisting into May for the Mezen’ and Pechora rivers. The earlier and more intensive floods are caused by the earlier spring warming after the winters of the positive AO phase and larger snow accumulation during these winters as compared to the winters of the negative AO phase.

Pressure–impulse (or p − I ) diagrams are developed for fully-clamped elastic-plastic beams subjected to pulse-pressure loading with varying degree of negative phase. Unlike traditional p − I diagrams, the loading parameter space are instead divided into r e ´ gimes, corresponding to the three modes of deformation (I, II and III) observed in blast experiments. The effects of pulse shape, beam aspect ratio and negative phase loading on the isodamage curves that delineate the different r e ´ gimes are investigated. In addition, it is further demonstrated that contour lines of structural performance (maximum deflection, total work done, partitioned energy and saturated) can also be incorporated into the non-dimensionalised pressure-impulse space to provide further information for the design, and assessment, of elastic-plastic beams to blast loading.

This summary looks at the southern hemisphere and equatorial climate patterns for spring 2016, with particular attention given to the Australasian and equatorial regions of the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins. Spring 2016 was marked by the later part of a strong negative phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole, alongside cool neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions. September was exceptionally wet over much of Australia, contributing to a wet spring with near-average temperatures. The spring was one of the warmest on record over the southern hemisphere as a whole, with Antarctic Sea ice extent dropping to record low levels for the season.

The Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) is known to affect the central to eastern (C--E) European summer climate through an associated atmospheric baroclinic response called North-Atlantic-European East West mode as demonstrated in the twentieth century reanalysis (20CRv2). Here, using the atmospheric model ECHAM6.3, we perform sensitivity experiments with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that are representative of the observed positive and the negative AMV phases and investigate the model response to the observed AMV pattern for European summer climate. The results from the experiments reveal that in the negative phase of AMV, the North-Atlantic-European (NAE) climate is mainly governed by the extra-tropical branch of the AMV through a baroclinic-like response. This response brings negative surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over C--E Europe. The response and its influence are similar to what is found in the 20CRv2. In contrast, in the positive phase of the AMV, the NAE climate in the model experiments is mainly influenced by the tropical branch of the AMV. A stationary Rossby wave response excited in the tropics is associated with negative SAT anomalies over C--E Europe, which is opposite to what is found in the 20CRv2. The model response from the tropical part of the AMV SST is unlikely to be realistic due to the lack of coupled air--sea interaction, when SST is specified. Hence, the results demonstrate that ECHAM6.3 can simulate the observed linear baroclinic response, but only in the negative phase of the AMV. For the positive phase, in agreement with the previous findings, the model response is very sensitive to the tropical branch of the AMV and unrealistic.

Long-term changes in the Sea of Japan level are estimated based on the Ssalto/Duacs satellite altimetry data. Linear sea level trends for 1993–2005 are positive for the entire sea area and average 3.3 mm/yr, which is close to the mean value for the World Ocean. Trends are weakened by 2.5 times after elimination of annual variation and intra-annual variability (low-frequency data filtering). A quasi-decadal oscillation that accounts for the in-phase rise in 1995–2000 and 2008–2013 (positive phases) and fall in 2001–2007 (negative phase) of the Sea of Japan level for the entire sea area has been observed. The positive phase in 1995–2000 is consistent with an increase in the volume transport into the Sea of Japan through the Korea (Tsushima) Strait and the negative phase is consistent with the transport decrease. Positive sea level trends have dominated in the positive phases (an average of 12.9 and 7.1 mm/yr in 1995–2000 and 2008–2013, respectively) in the entire sea and negative trends with an average of –6.4 mm/yr have been observed during the negative phase in the subtropical sea area. The strongest trends, both positive (10–20 mm/yr and more) and negative (down to –20 mm/yr) have been detected over the western Yamato Basin and near Ulleung Island in the subtropical part of the sea.

Based on the daily precipitation data of Northeastern China (NEC), this research study utilized the monthly mean geopotential height field and vertical velocity field data obtained by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. In addition, the monthly mean SST (sea surface temperature) data obtained by NOAA reconstruction, along with the calculations of NEC precipitation generated on the occurrence date of the annual early summer (June) northeast cold vortex (NECV) (hereinafter referred to as the cold vortex precipitation) were used to analyze the variation characteristics of cold vortex precipitation. The aim of this study was to explain the physical mechanism of the previous SST factors which had influenced the cold vortex precipitation through the force of atmospheric circulations, from the perspective of a statistical analysis. Finally, sensitivity tests of the AM2.1 atmospheric circulation model were conducted to verify the statistical analysis results. The results revealed that since 1961 there had been a significant increase trend in the early summer cold vortex precipitation. The relationships between the NEC early summer cold vortex precipitation and the previous SST were divided into three periods. During the period ranging from 1961 to 1979 (hereinafter referred to as Phase 1), a NAT anomaly positive phase during March to May resulted in the blocking highs of the Ural Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk becoming strengthened (“dual blocking pattern”) in the early summer, which in turn led to increased early summer cold vortex precipitation. During the period ranging from 1980 to 2000 (hereinafter referred to as Phase 2), a higher Kuroshio SST in April to May stimulated an EU-like teleconnection pattern in the early summer over Eastern Asia. As a result, the cold vortex precipitation in early summer was reduced. After 2001 (hereinafter referred to as Phase 3), the NAT anomaly negative phase during March to May induced strengthened blocking patterns on the northwestern side of Lake Baikal in the early summer, which was accompanied by a strengthened northeastern cold vortex (a pattern of “higher in the north, lower in the south”). Also, an upward vertical velocity anomaly appeared over the NEC, which resulted in increased early summer cold vortex precipitation. The sensitivity tests of this study's numerical model reproduced the force effects of the Kuroshio SST in Phase 2, and the NAT in Phase 3 on the EU-like teleconnection pattern, and the pattern of “higher in the north, lower in the south”. These findings further corroborated the aforementioned results.

Mudbanks (MBs) are a natural phenomenon, forming along the southwest coast of India during southwest monsoon (SWM), almost every year. High waves initiate these formations. The temporal variability (both intra-annual and multi-decadal) of wave climate of the southeastern Arabian Sea (AS) is related to main climate indices which determine climate fluctuations in this region, and based on that, occurrence of MBs is illustrated. Voluntary Observing Ships data and climate indices such as El Niño phenomenon index for the site 5N-5S and 170W-120W (NINO3.4), El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), AAO, Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), and IO Dipole (IOD) have been analyzed. Using wavelet correlation method, high correlations with positive and negative phase of climatic indices (IOD, SOI, NINO3.4, ENSO, AMO, PDO, and AAO) fluctuations in heights of wind waves and swell and time lags between them on monthly, yearly, decadal, and multi-decadal time scales are identified. For the first time, high correlation between the annual fluctuations of AMO and monthly average wave heights is shown. It has been found that the El Niño phenomenon plays a major role in the variability of wave climate of the southeastern AS for all time scales. A strong variability in wave climate at short time scales, such as 0.5, 1, 3.0–3.5, 4–5, and 7–8 years, is evident from the analyses. Decadal changes correspond to 10, 12–13, and 16 years. The influence of El Niño is manifested with a delay of several months (3–6) on annual time scales and about 1–2 years on a decadal and multi-decadal time scales. Possible connection between the occurrence of MBs and variability in wave climate in the southeastern AS is shown for the periods 7, 10–12, 18–20, and about 40 years correlating with fluctuation in the climate indices—IOD, ENSO, NINO3.4, and SOI. It is shown that intra-annual fluctuations in occurrence and duration of existence of MBs depend on the distribution of highest monthly averaged significant wave heights (SWHs) in the summer monsoon cycle.

Understanding the impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on fishery around Indonesia is important as the fishery resources are small compared to the demand. In this study, we analyzed the effect of positive and negative phases of IOD on chlorophyll-a concentration and the catch of Sardinella lemuru in the Bali Strait. Data are based on field surveys in the Bali Strait during the positive and negative phase of IOD and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Chlorophyll (SSC) obtained from the analysis of satellite images. The results suggest that SSC concentration in the strait significantly correlates with the positive and negative phase of IOD, possibly through a change of upwelling and downwelling there. It is suggested that the change of phytoplankton biomass due to positive IOD would result in an increase of Sardinella lemuru in the Bali Strait. This research has direct implications as important information for the government in planning lemuru fisheries management in the Bali Strait based on oceanographic studies and climate phenomena.

A new method of treating open-angle glaucoma is proposed. The concept of non-stationary thermo-mechanical stress under laser radiation in the wavelength range 1000-1600 nm in the structural elements of the anterior segment of the eye is developed. The solution of the problem of forced vibrations of a viscoelastic medium showed that a significant part of the cavitation pores formed in the negative phase of the laser-wave is stable and does not collapse with increasing pressure. The results of clinical studies have shown the stability of the laser-induced hypotensive effect over four years of follow-up.

Marx, Andy Blunden argues (2017), wrote Capital twice: first he worked through the factual material to work out his basic concepts in the Grundrisse, and then he returned and re-established all the factual material by working it through his basic concept to produce his magnum opus. Vygotsky does this too, as we saw in Chapter 5 on the newborn and elsewhere. But he inverts the usual procedure for this lecture, the last in our book.

This study investigated the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) that affected Puerto Rico during the June-November hurricane season in the period 1980-2016, and their contribution to total precipitation. Special attention was dedicated to assessing the role of atmospheric-oceanic teleconnections in the formation of TCs that affect this island. The HURDAT2 tropical cyclone climatology database and the multi-source weighted set precipitation (MSWEP) v2 data with a spatial resolution of 0.1 ° x 0.1 ° were used. A total of 92 TCs within a 500-km radius of Puerto Rico were identified for the study period. Contrary to what was expected, a similar percentage of affectation was found between those TCs formed under El Nino (17.39 %) and La Nina (17.39 %) conditions. Regarding the North Atlantic Oscillation, a 23.91 % of the 92 TCs that affected Puerto Rico formed under the negative phase, while the 13.04 % during the positive phase, which is explained in agreement with previous findings with the weakening and shift to the south and west of the Azores High during the negative phase of NAO. The role of the Sea Surface Temperature on the genesis of TCs that affected Puerto Rico was also assessed through the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) and the Atlantic Warm Pool area. In the positive (negative) phase of the AMM was formed the 23.91 % (3.26 %) of the total number of TCs, while under larger (smaller) AWP formed the 61.96 % (16.3 %). It confirms that the affectation of TCs in Puerto Rico is highly related to the eastward extension of the AWP and the SST gradient in the tropical North Atlantic region. Indeed, a westward shift in genesis position was found from July to November. The mean TC rainfall contribution for the cyclonic season was ~ 9 %. It experimented a great interannual variability during the study period and a positive but non-significant trend. As expected, the correlation of the TC rainfall contribution is positively correlated (r = 0.54) with the amount of TCs. Finally, a monthly analysis revealed that in August and September the maximum contribution of rain from CT occurred (~ 17 %), followed by October (~ 6 %) and November (~ 4 %).

In this study, a new elastic metamaterial featuring multiple local resonators has been developed with negative effective mass and/or negative effective modulus. An illustrative example is presented to show the corresponding influence of the multiple local resonances. The current method opens a novel route to design elastic metamaterials by fully exploring the effect of multiple local resonances on the double negative behaviour featuring negative phase velocity, as well as the single negative behaviour featuring wave attenuation.

This study analyzed the sensitivity of rainfall patterns in South China and the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) using statistical simulations of observational data. Quantitative changes in rainfall patterns over the ICP were examined for both wet and dry seasons to identify hotspots sensitive to ocean warming in the Indo-Pacific sector. The rainfall variability was amplified by combined and/or independent effects of the El Ni&ntilde, o&ndash, Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the years of El Ni&ntilde, o and a positive phase of the IOD, rainfall is less than usual in Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos, and Vietnam. Conversely, during the years of La Ni&ntilde, a and a negative phase of the IOD, rainfall throughout the ICP is above normal, except in parts of central Laos, northern Vietnam, and South China. This study also simulated the change of ICP rainfall in the wet and dry seasons with intentional IOD changes and verified IOD-sensitive hotspots through quantitative analysis. The results of this study provide a clear understanding both of the sensitivity of regional precipitation to the IOD and of the potential future impact of statistical changes regarding the IOD in terms of understanding regional impacts associated with precipitation in changing climates.

Proxy-based reconstructions of the Asian Summer Monsoon exhibit variability over multiple scales, from inter-annual to centennial. The relationship between East Asia Summer Monsoon (EASM) variability and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the last millennium remains unclear and a focus of current research. This study investigates this relationship using observations, reanalysis data, proxy-based reconstructions, and a control simulation using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The results derived from both the observation/reanalysis/proxy-based reconstruction and the simulation show consistently that the relationship between EASM strength and Nino3.4 SST is divergent. The observation/reanalysis data illustrate strong negative correlations between Nino3.4 SST and EASM strength at an annual scale in the 1920s-1930s and 1980s-1990s, with weak correlations during other periods. The proxy-based reconstruction demonstrates strong negative correlations at inter-decadal scales from the 1360s to the 1530s, with either weak correlations or positive correlations during other periods. Moreover, the simulations reveal positive correlations in some periods and negative or weak correlations in other periods. The simulations demonstrate that the divergent relationship may be derived from multi-decadal variations in Pacific SST caused by internal variability in the climate system, likely due to the Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The EASM variation is usually in (out of) phase with Nino3.4 SST during the positive (negative) phase of the IPO. In the positive phase of the IPO, there is a tripolar pattern expressed in a cyclone-anticyclone-cyclone arrangement at pressure level of 850 hPa from the tropics to mid-latitudes over the northwest Pacific. Warming of the Nino3.4 strengthens the tropical cyclone by weakening the trade winds and subsequently strengthening the subtropical anticyclone, leading to a strong Meiyu front, which suggests a strong EASM. However, in the negative phase of the IPO, a huge cyclone occupies the northwest Pacific. Warming of the Nino3.4 strengthens the cyclone by weakening the trade winds, which leads to a weak Meiyu front, which suggests a weak EASM. These results may be helpful in further understanding the mechanisms through which the ENSO and IPO impact the atmospheric circulations in the Asian Pacific, especially regarding the long-term variations in EASM at inter-annual to inter-decadal scales.