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Objective: This integrated analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of voclosporin, a novel calcineurin inhibitor, at 23.7 mg twice daily in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and oral glucocorticoids in lupus nephritis (LN) using pooled data from two large phase II and phase III clinical trials. The purpose was to expand the pool of patients for safety analyses and to increase power for efficacy analyses in patient subpopulations. Methods: Aurinia Urinary Protein Reduction in Active Lupus with Voclosporin (AURA-LV) (phase II) and Aurinia Renal Response in Active Lupus With Voclosporin (AURORA 1) (phase III) were randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with similar designs and end points comparing voclosporin to control in combination with MMF and oral glucocorticoids for the treatment of LN. The primary efficacy outcome of the integrated analysis was complete renal response (CRR) at approximately one year (Week 48 data from AURA-LV and Week 52 from AURORA 1). Safety was assessed throughout the trials. Results: Overall, 534 patients (268 voclosporin; 266 control) were included in the integrated analysis. Significantly more patients achieved a CRR at one year in the voclosporin group than in the control group (43.7% vs. 23.3%; OR 2.76; 95% CI 1.88, 4.05 P < 0.0001). The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar (91.4% voclosporin; 87.2% control). Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity; the most commonly reported AEs were classified as infections and infestations (62.2% voclosporin; 54.9% control) and gastrointestinal disorders (45.3% voclosporin; 35.3% placebo). No new or unexpected safety signals were detected. Conclusions: This integrated analysis demonstrates the efficacy and safety of voclosporin in the treatment of LN across the diverse racial and ethnic groups studied.

Background Voclosporin, a novel calcineurin inhibitor approved for the treatment of adults with lupus nephritis, improved complete renal response rates in patients with lupus nephritis in a phase 2 trial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of voclosporin for the treatment of lupus nephritis.Methods This multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial was done in 142 hospitals and clinics across 27 countries. Patients with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, and a kidney biopsy within 2 years that showed class III, IV, or V (alone or in combination with class III or IV) were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1: 1) to oral voclosporin (23.7 mg twice daily) or placebo, on a background of mycophenolate mofetil (1 g twice daily) and rapidly tapered low-dose oral steroids, by use of an interactive web response system. The primary endpoint was complete renal response at 52 weeks defined as a composite of urine protein creatinine ratio of 0.5 mg/mg or less, stable renal function (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] >= 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or no confirmed decrease from baseline in eGFR of >20%), no administration of rescue medication, and no more than 10 mg prednisone equivalent per day for 3 or more consecutive days or for 7 or more days during weeks 44 through 52, just before the primary endpoint assessment. Safety was also assessed. Efficacy analysis was by intention-to-treat and safety analysis by randomised patients receiving at least one dose of study treatment. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03021499.Findings Between April 13, 2017, and Oct 10, 2019, 179 patients were assigned to the voclosporin group and 178 to the placebo group. The primary endpoint of complete renal response at week 52 was achieved in significantly more patients in the voclosporin group than in the placebo group (73 [41%] of 179 patients vs 40 [23%] of 178 patients; odds ratio 2.65; 95% CI 1.64-4.27; p

Author(s): Almaani, Salem; Bhatt, Udayan; Arriens, Cristina; Bonfa, Eloisa; Dall'Era, Maria; Houssiau, Frederic; Kalunian, Kenneth; Mackay, Megan; Sanchez-Guerrero, Jorge; Solomons, Neil; Rovin, Brad H

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of overall lupus and lupus nephritis (LN) responses in patients with LN.MethodsData from the Aspreva Lupus Management Study (ALMS) trial cohort was used to identify baseline predictors of response at 6 months. Endpoints were major clinical response (MCR), improvement, complete renal response (CRR) and partial renal response (PRR). Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and cross-validation in randomly split samples were utilised. Predictors were ranked by the percentage of times selected by LASSO and prediction performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve.ResultsWe studied 370 patients in the ALMS induction trial. Improvement at 6 months was associated with older age (OR=1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.05) per year), normal haemoglobin (1.85 (1.16 to 2.95) vs low haemoglobin), active lupus (British Isles Lupus Assessment Group A or B) in haematological and mucocutaneous domains (0.61 (0.39 to 0.97) and 0.50 (0.31 to 0.81)), baseline damage (SDI>1 vs =0) (0.38 (0.16 to 0.91)) and 24-hour urine protein (0.63 (0.50 to 0.80)). LN duration 2–4 years (0.43 (0.19 to 0.97) vs ConclusionsBaseline variables predicted 6-month outcomes in patients with SLE. While the modest performance of models emphasises the need for new biomarkers to advance this field, the factors identified can help identify those patients who may require novel treatment strategies.

Background and Aims Voclosporin (VCS) is a novel high potency calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) with a favorable metabolic profile and a consistent predictable dose response potentially eliminating the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. The Aurinia Renal Response in Active Lupus with Voclosporin (AURORA) study, involving 357 patients with active LN, was a Phase 3 global, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VCS (23.7mg BID) vs placebo in combination with mycophenolate (MMF, 2 g/day) and rapidly tapered low dose oral steroids. Method The primary endpoint was renal response (RR) at 52 weeks. RR was defined as UPCR of ≤ 0.5 mg/mg, eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min, or no confirmed decrease from baseline in eGFR of > 20%, presence of sustained, low dose steroids and no administration of rescue medication. Results AURORA met its primary endpoint, achieving statistically superior RR rates of 40.8% for voclosporin vs. 22.5% for the control (OR 2.65, 95% CI; p < 0.001). The benefits of VCS were also seen for all predetermined secondary endpoints, achieving statistical significance in favor of VCS for RR at 24 weeks, partial renal response (PRR) at 24 and 52 weeks, time to achieve UPCR ≤ 0.5, and time to 50% reduction in UPCR. Prespecified confirmed eGFR decreases >30% were similar in both groups, with 10.1% reported in the VCS group and 10.2% in the control arm (p= 0.971). No significant differences were seen at any timepoints in the study. Furthermore, all pre-specified subgroup analyses (age, sex, race, biopsy class, region, and prior MMF use) also favored VCS. VCS was well tolerated with no unexpected safety signals. Similar SAEs were reported in the VCS group (20.8%) and in the control arm (21.3%). Infection was the most commonly reported SAE with 10.1% of VCS patients versus 11.2% of patients in the control arm. Overall mortality in the trial was low, with 6 deaths observed; 1 in the VCS arm and 5 in the control group. Additionally, the VCS arm showed no significant decrease at week 52 in eGFR or increase in BP, lipids or glucose. Conclusion While maintaining a comparable safety profile, VCS plus standard therapy achieved a statistically superior RR over one year compared to placebo plus standard therapy in adults with active LN.

Background Voclosporin (VCS) is a novel high potency calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) with a favorable metabolic profile and a consistent predictable dose response potentially eliminating the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. The recently completed Phase 3 AURORA study builds on the favorable efficacy seen in the Phase 2 AURA-LV study in patients with active LN. The AURORA study was conducted in active LN patients to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VCS vs placebo in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 2 g/day) and rapidly tapered oral steroids. Methods AURORA is a global, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study with active LN. Key inclusion criteria include biopsy proven LN (Class III, IV, V) and proteinuria of >1.5 mg/mg or >2 mg/mg for Class V patients. The primary endpoint was renal response (RR) at 52 weeks defined as UPCR of ≤ 0.5 mg/mg, eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min or no confirmed decrease from baseline in eGFR of >20%, presence of sustained, low-dose steroids and no administration of rescue medication. Results AURORA enrolled 357 adult LN patients. The RR rate was 40.8% for voclosporin versus 22.5% for control (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.64, 4.27; p The overall incidence of SAEs was similar in both groups (VCS 20.8% and control 21.3%), with infections most commonly reported (VCS 10.1% and control 11.2%). Overall mortality in the trial was low, with six deaths observed; one in the voclosporin arm and five in the control group. Additionally, at Week 52 the VCS arm showed no significant decrease in eGFR or increase in BP, lipids or glucose. Conclusion The addition of VCS to MMF and low-dose steroids demonstrated superior efficacy to standard of care in active LN patients. The 104-week double-blind AURORA continuation study will provide longer term safety and efficacy data.

Calcineurin inhibitors added to standard-of-care induction therapy for lupus nephritis (LN) may increase complete renal remission (CRR) rates. The AURA-LV study tested the novel calcineurin inhibitor voclosporin for efficacy and safety in active LN. AURA-LV was a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two doses of voclosporin (23.7 mg or 39.5 mg, each twice daily) versus placebo in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (2 g/d) and rapidly tapered low-dose oral corticosteroids for induction of remission in LN. The primary endpoint was CRR at 24 weeks; the secondary endpoint was CRR at 48 weeks. Two hundred sixty-five subjects from 79 centers in 20 countries were recruited and randomized to treatment for 48 weeks. CRR at week 24 was achieved by 29 (32.6%) subjects in the low-dose voclosporin group, 24 (27.3%) subjects in the high-dose voclosporin group, and 17 (19.3%) subjects in the placebo group (OR=2.03 for low-dose voclosporin versus placebo). The significantly greater CRR rate in the low-dose voclosporin group persisted at 48 weeks, and CRRs were also significantly more common in the high-dose voclosporin group compared to placebo at 48 weeks. There were more serious adverse events in both voclosporin groups, and more deaths in the low-dose group compared to placebo and high-dose voclosporin groups (11.2%, 1.1%, and 2.3%, respectively). These results suggest that the addition of low-dose voclosporin to mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids for induction therapy of active LN results in a superior renal response compared to mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids alone, but higher rates of adverse events including death were observed.

Background and Aims In lupus nephritis (LN), complete remission (CR) or partial remission is associated with better patient and renal survival. Subjects who do not achieve a 25% reduction in proteinuria within 8 weeks of starting induction immunosuppression are unlikely to achieve even a PR. Voclosporin (VCS) is a novel CNI demonstrating less pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic variability and a potentially improved safety profile compared with other CNIs. Methods Entry criteria renal biopsy within 24 months (Class III; IV-S, IV-G (A) or (A/C); V, III/V, IV/V, ISN/RPS); urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) ≥1.0 mg/mg (III/IV) or UPCR ≥1.5 mg/mg (V); serologic evidence of active LN; and eGFR >45 mL/min/1.73m2. AURION assessed the ability of biomarkers at 8 weeks to predict clinical response over 24 and 48 weeks when taking voclosporin (VCS) 23.7 mg po BID in combination with MMF (1–2 g/day) and reducing corticosteroid dose. We report 24 week data. Results In this study, 7/10 (70%) subjects achieved CR at 24 weeks. Of the 10 subjects that achieved a≥25% reduction in UPCR at 8 weeks, 80% were responders (61% reduction in UPCR over baseline) at 24 weeks. In addition, inflammatory markers such as C3, C4 and anti-dsDNA all continued to normalise to 24 weeks. Renal function remained stable. VCS was well-tolerated with no unexpected safety signals observed. Conclusions The results suggest that early response to therapy of VCS in combination with MMF may predict 24 week CR in the presence of low steroids in active LN. 48 week CR data will be presented at the meeting.

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) frequently is used as an alternative to intravenous cyclophosphamide to treat lupus nephritis. Whether MMF is adequate for patients with severely decreased kidney function at the time of treatment is uncertain. Study Design We conducted a post hoc subgroup analysis of patients with low estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) from a large trial of MMF compared to cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis. Settings & Participants We included all patients with an eGFR 2 from the Aspreva Lupus Management Study (ALMS). Intervention MMF (target, 3 g/d) compared to monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide (0.5-1 g/m 2 ). Outcomes We compared the proportion of patients that responded to therapy and change in eGFR over 24 weeks. Measurements Response was evaluated by a decrease in proteinuria and stabilization or improvement of serum creatinine level. Results Of 370 patients in ALMS, 32 were included in the subgroup analysis: 20 randomly assigned to MMF and 12 randomly assigned to cyclophosphamide treatment. The patients included were similar at baseline between groups. Four (20.0%) patients treated with MMF responded compared with 2 (16.7%) patients treated with cyclophosphamide (risk ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.3-5.1; P = 0.9). eGFR in the MMF group improved more quickly than in the cyclophosphamide group, by 1.51 (95% CI, 0.99-2.02) mL/min/1.73 m 2 each week ( P P = 0.5). Limitations Small sample size and post hoc subgroup of a larger trial. Conclusions We did not detect a difference in the primary outcome of response in patients with low eGFR treated with MMF or cyclophosphamide. However, MMF may result in quicker recovery of kidney function compared with those treated with cyclophosphamide. Larger studies including more patients with poor kidney function are warranted.

Summary Severe lupus nephritis is an aggressive disease that requires an aggressive approach to treatment. Recent randomized clinical trials showed that mycophenolate mofetil compared favorably with cyclophosphamide (traditional approach) for remission induction. Consequently, mycophenolate mofetil is now commonly recommended as first-line therapy. Nevertheless, the role of mycophenolate mofetil in treating severe lupus nephritis is unclear, because such patients were excluded from these trials. With this limitation as background, this work addresses the question of mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy for severe lupus nephritis. We performed a systematic review of the outcomes of treating severe lupus nephritis with mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Because no studies directly addressed this question, these data were extracted from the published literature or obtained by personal communications from investigators. There is no universally accepted definition, and therefore, severe lupus nephritis was arbitrarily defined by renal histology, resistance to therapy, or level of kidney function at presentation. For each trial analyzed, we determined the partial and complete remission rates. Long-term outcomes were compared when available. The pooled results suggest that mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide are equally effective in inducing remission of severe lupus nephritis. However, relapse rates and risk of developing ESRD were higher for mycophenolate mofetil compared with cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, in the short term, mycophenolatemofetilandcyclophosphamideareaboutequalininducingremission.However,long-termoutcomes suggest better preservation of kidney function and fewer relapses with cyclophosphamide therapy. Therefore, mycophenolate mofetil should not yet be considered the induction drug of choice for severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: ccc–ccc, 2013. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03290412

Objective. To compare the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC) as induction treatment for lupus nephritis (LN), by race, ethnicity and geographical region. Methods. A total of 370 patients with active Class III–V LN received MMF (target dose 3.0 g/day) or IVC (0.5–1.0 g/m 2 /month), plus tapered prednisone, for 24 weeks. Renal function, global disease activity, immunological complement (C3 and C4) and anti-dsDNA levels are the outcomes that were assessed in this study. Results. MMF was not superior to IVC as induction treatment (primary objective). There were important pre-specified interactions between treatment and race (P ¼ 0.047) and treatment and region (P ¼ 0.069) (primary endpoint). MMF and IVC response rates were similar for Asians (53.2 vs 63.9%; P ¼ 0.24) and Whites (56.0 vs 54.2%; P ¼ 0.83), but differed in the combined Other and Black group (60.4 vs 38.5%; P ¼ 0.03). Fewer patients in the Black (40 vs 53.9%; P ¼ 0.39) and Hispanic (38.8 vs 60.9%; P ¼ 0.011) groups responded to IVC. Latin American patients had lower response to IVC (32 vs 60.7%; P ¼ 0.003). Baseline disease characteristics were not predictive of response. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar across groups. Serious AEs were slightly more prevalent among Asians. Conclusions. MMF and IVC have similar efficacy overall to short-term induction therapy for LN. However, race, ethnicity and geographical region may affect treatment response; more Black and Hispanic patients responded to MMF than IVC. As these factors are inter-related, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions about their importance. Trial registration. National Institutes of Health, www.clinicaltrials.gov, registration number NCT00377637.

Objective To identify factors associated with clinical outcome in patients with lupus nephritis. Methods Data from the Aspreva Lupus Management Study (ALMS) were analysed. Using multivariate analysis, we assessed the prognostic value of demographic, clinical, laboratory and histopathological features on the frequency of either complete remission (CR) or treatment failure (TF) during the maintenance phase. Results Among the 370 subjects who entered the trial (complete population), non-Hispanic ethnicity was associated with a higher likelihood of CR (OR=2.0). Several factors were independently associated with a greater likelihood of TF, including: (1) anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) at trial entry (OR=12.7), (2) failure to reduce anti-dsDNA within 8 weeks (OR=2.9) and (3) failure to reduce urine protein:creatinine ratio (UP/C) by ≥25% within 8 weeks (OR=2.6). Among the 227 subjects who entered the maintenance phase (maintenance population), baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 was associated with a greater likelihood of CR (OR=2.0), and UP/C >1 at the end of induction was associated with a lower likelihood of CR (OR=0.3). Induction treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC) was associated with a lower likelihood of TF (OR=0.5), while lack of treatment with antimalarials (OR=2.4), failure to reduce anti-dsDNA during the first 8 weeks of induction (OR=3.5), failure to reduce UP/C during the first 8 weeks of induction (OR=2.1) and anti-dsDNA positivity at the end of induction (OR=8.3) were independently associated with a greater likelihood of TF. Conclusions This analysis demonstrates that levels of anti-dsDNA and UP/C during induction treatment are independently associated with renal outcome over the ensuing 3 years in both the complete and maintenance populations. Ethnicity is associated with renal outcome in just the complete population, and eGFR, induction treatment and treatment with antimalarials are associated with renal outcome in just the maintenance population.

Background: Interruption of supply of pharmaceutical opiates can cause major challenge to the continuity of management of opiate-dependent patients on maintenance treatment. Policy makers and practitioners need to learn lessons from the experiences of these occasional crises. Method: Through case report and clinical audit, we report on the opiate switch and dose conversion strategies with 14 patients previously receiving dextromoramide (Palfium®) as opiate addiction maintenance treatment. Results: Patients were switched to a wide range of different opiates, of which the most commonly-selected was morphine. Dose conversion ratios varied greatly between patients. Conclusion: Lessons need to be learnt from serendipitous experiments. In the absence of pre-existing guidance, great diversity of empirically derived practice occurred. Perhaps the most important lessons to be learnt are, first, that no rigid formula for conversion can be universally applied, second, that considerable between-subject variation will...

Non-blinded trials of pemphigus vulgaris suggest that mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) may be beneficial. In a prospective, multicenter trial, outpatients with mild or moderate pemphigus vulgaris were randomized to MMF (2 or 3gday−1) plus oral corticosteroids or placebo plus oral corticosteroids for 52 weeks. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in the placebo and combined MMF groups responding to treatment (absence of new, persistent oral or cutaneous lesions, and prednisone dose ≤10mgday−1 from weeks 48 to 52). Of 96 randomized patients, 94 were given treatment and 75 completed the study. Treatment responses occurred in 40 of 58 patients (69.0%) in the combined MMF group and 23 of 36 (63.9%) in the placebo group (P=0.6558, 95% confidence interval –17.4 to 27.6). MMF-treated patients showed faster and more durable responses. In post hoc analyses, more patients taking MMF showed sustained responses for 3 or 6 months than did placebo patients. MMF was well tolerated. Although MMF did not show an advantage on the primary end point, there seemed to be a beneficial treatment effect on several secondary end points, including time to response and duration of response. Thus, MMF may be a potentially useful agent in patients with mild or moderate pemphigus vulgaris. JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article please go to http://www.nature.com/jid/journalclub

Class V lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in one-fifth of biopsy-proven cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. To study the effectiveness of treatments in this group of patients, we pooled analysis of two large randomized controlled multicenter trials of patients with diverse ethnic and racial background who had pure class V disease. These patients received mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC) as induction therapy for 24 weeks, with percentage change in proteinuria and serum creatinine as end points. Weighted mean differences, pooled odds ratios, and confidence intervals were calculated by using a random-effects model. A total of 84 patients with class V disease were divided into equal groups, each group had comparable entry variables but one received MMF and one received IVC. Within these groups, 33 patients on MMF and 32 patients on IVC completed 24 weeks of treatment. There were no differences between the groups in mean values for the measured end points. Similarly, no difference was found regarding the number of patients who did not complete the study or who died. In patients with nephrotic syndrome, no difference was noted between those treated with MMF and IVC regarding partial remission or change in urine protein. Hence we found that the response to MMF as induction treatment of patients with class V LN appears to be no different from that to IVC.