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with urea formaldehyde are suitable for use in closed areas. However, melamine formaldehyde glue moisture resistance is relatively higher than urea formaldehyde glue moisture resistance. Particle board products produced with melamine formaldehyde can be used in semi-open outdoor conditions and indoor structures, except for common usage areas, where there may be hot-cold water leaks, moisture deposits or steam, such as bathrooms, showers, sinks, cellars or sinks (kitchen sinks).In this study, it is aimed to increase the resistance of urea formaldehyde particle board to semi-open outdoor conditions (temperature and humidity) by applying water-borne acrylic coatings. The outdoor durability of urea formaldehyde particle boards (test panels) prepared with in two different water-borne acrylic coating formulations was compared with urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde particle boards (control panels). For the test and control samples, artificial weathering test was applied for 12 days (288 h). After the weathering test, some mechanical (flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength) and physical (surface roughness, water absorption, moisture and density) of the test and control samples were determined.After the outdoor test, the change in the mechanical and physical properties of the test samples were found close to the control on melamine formaldehyde particle boards. However, it was determined that the semi-open outdoor durability of the test samples was quite higher than urea formaldehyde particle boards without coating applied. The results of this study showed that in semi-open outdoor conditions, urea formaldehyde particle boards can be preferred instead of melamine formaldehyde particle boards.

Recently, because of searching for alternative raw materials in the composite panels production; various materials and different types of wastes are widely evaluated. In this study, some mechanical and physical properties of fiberboard manufactured with beech wood fibers and waste carpet-flex were investigated. The panels were manufactured using urea formaldehyde (UF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. Waste carpet-flex was used as layer in the panel mat for the panel manufacturing. Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) values of these fiberboard panels were determined. As a result of study, it was found that the carpet-flex material and adhesive type affected the investigated properties of the fiberboard panels. The phenol formaldehyde and waste carpet flex usage improved the mechanical and physical properties of fiberboard, Son dönemlerde, kompozit levha üretimlerinde alternatif hammadde arayışları ile birlikte birçok malzemenin ve farklı atık türlerinin yaygın olarak kullanım yeri bulduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kayın odun lifleri ve halıfleks atıkları kullanılarak üretilen liflevhaların bazı mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Deneme levhaları üre formaldehit(UF) ve fenol formaldehit(FF) tutkalları kullanılarak üretilmiş olup atık halıfleksler lif levha üretiminde levha taslağı içerisinde tabaka olarak kullanılmıştır. Üretilen levhaların eğilme direnci, eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, su alma ve kalınlığına şişme değerleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, halıfleks kullanımı ve tutkal türünün levha gruplarının kalite özelliklerinde etkisinin olduğu, FF tutkalı ve halıfleks kullanımının levhaların mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerini iyileştirdiği görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmada, ayçiçek üretimi sonrası tarlada atık kalan ayçiçek tablasının hammadde olarak yonga levha üretimine uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada belirli oranlarda kokar ağaç (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) odunu ve ayçiçek tablası içeren 5 farklı levha üretilmiştir. Aynı zamanda kullanılan hammaddelerin kimyasal özellikleri ve yonga levhaların çeşitli kalite özelliklerine de (fiziksel, mekanik, yüzey özellikleri ve formaldehit emisyonu) bakılmıştır. Son olarak da elde edilen veriler değerlendirilerek yonga levhaların çeşitli kullanım yerlerinde özellikle de mobilya ve genel kullanım için uygunluğu ilgili standartlara bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kimyasal analizlerden elde edilen verilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda tüm çözünürlük değerleri, pH ve kül değerlerinin ayçiçek tablasında kokar ağaca odununa göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fakat holoselüloz, selüloz, hemizelüloz ve lignin miktarlarının ise kokar ağaç odununda ayçiçek tablasına göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmesi sonucu yonga levhaların üretiminde % 10 ayçiçek kafası kullanılması yonga levhaların teknolojik özelliklerini etkilememiştir. % 20, % 30 ve % 100 ayçiçek tablası kullanımı eğilme direnci, elastikiyet modülü ve yüzeye dik çekme direncini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Buna rağmen 2 ve 24 saatlik kalınlığına şişme değerleri ve formaldehit emisyonunu ise olumlu yönde etkilemiştir. Son olarak ise levhaların yüzey özelliklerine (ortalama pürüzlülük, en büyük pürüzlülük ve on nokta pürüzlülüğü) bakıldığında ayçiçek tablası kullanım oranın artmasına paralel olarak pürüzlülük değerlerinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir., In this study, the appropriateness of the remaining sunflower tray in the field after the sunflower production as raw material to the particleboard production was investigated. In the study, 5 different particleboards were produced, which included certain amounts of wood of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) and sunflower table. At the same time, the chemical properties of the raw materials used and the various quality characteristics of the chips (physical, mechanical, surface properties and formaldehyde emission) were examined. Finally, the obtained data were evaluated and evaluated for the suitability of the chipboards in various places of use, in particular for furniture and general use, according to relevant standards. As a result of the evaluation of the data obtained from chemical analysis, it has been determined that all the solubility values, pH and ash values are higher in the sunflower tray than the wood of tree of heaven. However, the amount of holocellulose, cellulose, hemisellulose and lignin were found to be higher in the wood of tree heaven compared to the sunflower tray. The statistical evaluation of the data obtained as a result of the studies done does not affect the technological characteristics of the chips by using 10% sunflower head in the production of the particleboards. Using 20%, 30% and 100% sunflower tray affected the bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strenght to the surface in the negative direction. Despite this, it affected positively the thickness swelling values for 2 and 24 hour immersion and formaldehyde emission..Finally, when looking at the surface properties of the boards (average roughness, maximum roughness and ten point roughness), it was determined that the roughness values increased in parallel with the increase of sunflower tray utilization rate.

Bu çalışmada, yongalevha üretiminde hızlı büyüyen bir tür olan Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingleodunu ve yongaların elenmesindeoluşan atıklar kullanılmıştır kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı elekmakinası atıklarının kullanımının (toz ve kaba yonga) yongalevhanın mekanik(eğilme direnci, elastikiyet modülü ve çekme direnci), fiziksel (kalınlığınaşişme) ve yüzey kalitesi (pürüzlülük) ve formaldehit emisyonu üzerineetkilerini belirlemektir. % 10 toz kullanımı yüzey pürüzlülüğü, kalınlığınaşişme ve mekanik özellikleri pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. % 20 toz kullanımımekanik direnç özellikleri, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve formaldehit emisyonunu istatistikselolarak etkilememiştir. Panellerin kalınlığına şişme değerleri % 20 tozkullanımı ile iyileşmiştir. Tozkullanımının % 30’a çıkması ile mekanik direnç özellikleri ve yüzey düzgünlüğüda zayıf olmasına neden olmuştur. % 10 kaba yonga kullanımı yongalevhanınkalite özelliklerini istatistiksel olarak etkilememiştir. Kaba yongakullanımının % 10’dan % 20 ve % 30’a çıkarılması yongalevhaların mekanik dirençözellikleri ve kalınlığına şişme değerlerini negatif yönde etkilemiştir.Sonuçlar hızlı büyüyen bir tür olan AilanthusAltissima (Mill.) Swingle odununun yongalevha üretimindekullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Toz (dış ve orta tabaka) ve kaba yongakullanımı (orta tabaka) sırasıyla % 20 ve % 10’u aşmamalıdır., In this study, fast grown AilanthusAltissima (Mill.) Swingle wood and screening machine wastes occurred duringthe particleboard manufacturing were used for particleboard manufacturing. Thepurpose of this study is to determine the effects of screening machine wastes(dust and rude particles) usage on the mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulusof elasticity and internal bond strength), physical (thickness swelling) andsurface quality (roughness), and formaldehyde emission of particleboard. 10%dust usage positively affected the surface roughness, thickness swelling, andmechanical properties of particleboard panels. 20 % dust usage did notstatistically affect the mechanical strength properties, surface roughness, andformaldehyde emission. Thickness swelling of the panels was improved by using20% dust. Increasing dust usage to 30% caused poorer the mechanical strengthproperties and surface smoothness. 10% rude particle usage did notstatistically influence the quality properties of particleboard. Increasingrude particle usage from 10% to 20 % and 30% negatively influenced themechanical resistance properties and thickness swelling of the particleboards.The results showed that fast grown AilanthusAltissima (Mill.) Swingle wood can be used particleboard manufacturing.Dust (in surface and core layers) and rude particles (in core layer) usageshould not exceed 20% and 10 %, respectively.

Mobilyacılık sektörü, Türkiye’nin en eski ve en gelişen sektörlerindenbirisidir. Mobilyacılık sektörüne ilişkin 20-25 yıllık süreçte, Türkiye’dekendi ihtiyacı için üretimin yanı sıra ihracata yönelik üretime, teknolojidestekli çalışmaya ve lokal atölye üretimlerinden büyük çaplı seri üretimebaşlanmıştır. Bununla beraber üretimin daha nitelikli ve verimli halegetirilebilmesi için yenilikçi ve teknolojik üretim yatırımları artışgöstermektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında hazırlanan anket formu ile Türkiyemobilya sanayinde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin hammadde tercihini etkileyenfaktörler ile hammadde temini ve pazarlamada yaşanan sorunların tespit edilmesiamaçlanmıştır. Çalışma Türkiye çapında faaliyet gösteren 20.867 işletmedenörnekleme yolu ile seçilen 283 işletmede yürütülmüştür. Yüz yüze görüşmetekniği ile uygulanan anketler bilgisayar ortamına aktarılarak analizedilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda mobilya sektörü işletmelerinin tek kişi işletmesişeklinde yapılandığı, sipariş üretimi yaptıkları ve çoğunlukla ev mobilyasıürettikleri belirlenmiştir. Hammadde fiyatlarının yüksek kalitesinin düşükolduğu, müşteri bilgisizliği ve üretim giderlerinin yüksek olması öne çıkanproblemler olarak görülmüştür. Ayrıca sektörde yoğun olarak MDF, yongalevha vekontrplak kullanıldığı, bu tercihin ise çoğunlukla müşteri isteğine bağlıolduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kaplama malzemesi olarak lake boya ve verniğindekoratif görüntüsü nedeniyle tercih edildiği tespit edilmiştir, Furniture industry is one of the oldest and adeveloping industry in Turkey. In the last 20-25 years of furniture industry,in addition to production for the country’s need, Turkey started to produce forexport, to work technology-supported and to make large scale mass productionrather than local workplace production. In addition to that, investments for innovative and technologicalproduction have been increasing to make production more efficient andhigh-quality. The purpose of the questionnaire prepared within the scope ofthis study is to identify the factors that affect the raw material choices ofthe businesses active in furniture industry in Turkey and to determine theproblems encountered in supplying raw material and in marketing. The study was carriedout in 283 businesses which were chosen through sampling among 20,867businesses active all-around Turkey. The questionnaires were applied by face toface interview technique and frequency tables were formed. It was found that thebusinesses in furniture industry were structured as single person company,which mainly make order production and mostly they produce household furniture.Among the outstanding problems were high raw material prices, low quality ofthese materials, lack of customer's material knowledge and high productionexpenses. Besides, it was seen that mostly MDF, particleboard and plywood wereused in the sector and this is mostly due to the clients’ choice. It was alsofound that lacquer paint and varnish were preferred as coating materials due totheir decorative look

In this study, Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), one of the fast growing trees and planted succesfully in Maçka, Trabzon area was investigated for manufacturing particleboard. All panels were tested for physical property (thickness swelling (TS), density (D)) and mechanical properties (bending strength (BS), internal bond (IB), and modulus of elasticity (MOE)). The effects of presstemperature, press time and board density on the some properties of particleboards were investigated. The results were compared with EN standard values. Results showed that Douglas-Fir particleboards produced at 0.70 g/cm3 density had the requirements of IB and BS. The particleboards which have 0.60 g/cm3 board density, needed 150 °C press temperature, 7 min. press time, respectively. In these production conditions, the particleboards had the required level of IB and BS according to the EN standards. But, TS values were higherthan the required levels of the standard. For this reason, additional work is needed to improve the thickness swelling of Douglas-Fir particleboards., Bu çalışmada, hızlı büyüyen ağaç türlerinden biri olan ve Trabzon’un Maçka bölgesinde başarılı plantasyon sonuçları veren Douglas Göknarı (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)’nın yonga levha üretimine uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Üretilen levhaların fiziksel (şişme oranı, yoğunluk) ve mekanik özellikleri (eğilme direnci, yüzeye dik çekme direnci ve elastiklik modülü) belirlenmiştir. Pres sıcaklığı ile presleme süresinin ve levha yoğunluğunun yonga levha özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar EN standartlarında öngörülen değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Test sonuçlarına göre 0.70 g/cm3 yoğunlukta üretilen yonga levhalar EN standartlarında öngörülen minimum eğilme ve yüzeye dik çekme direnci ihtiyacını karşılamışlardır. Yoğunluğu 0.60 g/cm3 olan levhalar ise standartlarda öngörülen eğilme ve yüzeye dik çekme direnci değerlerine ulaşabilmek için 150 ˚C pres sıcaklığında ve 7 dakika presleme süresi kullanılarak üretilmelidir. Douglas Göknarı (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)’ndan üretilen yonga levhaların şişme oranları standartlarda öngörülen değerlerden yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle bu levhaların kalınlığına şişme oranlarını azaltıcı ek bir çalışmanın yapılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The specific properties of particleboard samples used in this study were as follows: 280x210x1.8 cm dimensions, 0.68 g/cm3 specific gravity. Produced boards were coated with lacquered paint, melamine impregnated papers, wood veneers and continue press laminates. The effects of surface coating material type, melamine paper weight, wood veneer type and thickness, and continue press laminate thickness on the thermal conductivity and combustion properties of particleboard were investigated. Results showed that surface coating material type was found to affect these properties. Melamine paper weight and wood veneer thickness did not affect the thermal conductivity and combustion properties of particleboard samples. Wood veneer type and continue press laminate thickness affected these properties. Surface coating materials increased the thermal conductivity. Coated particleboard was more combustible than uncoated particleboard. Additional work is needed to improve the fire retardancy properties of these materials. A standard including the thermal conductivity values of coated and uncoated particleboard should be prepared.

Boards of 18 mm and 12 mm thickness with a specific gravity of 0.70 g/cm3 were used in this study. Some of these boards were coated with melamine-impregnated papers. The bending strength, modülus of elasticity, bonding strength, screw holding and formaldehyde emission of boards stored for, in turn, one day, one week, one month and three months were recorded during the experiments. It was concluded that coating with melamine impregnated papers improved the mechanical properties of particleboards and that formaldehyde emission was remarkably reduced. Board thickness was found to have an effect on all mechanical properties of particleboard except for bending strength and formaldehyde emission.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mimosa bark usage on the formaldehyde emission, physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Fifteen panels from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) wood containing mimosa bark in a core layer at different ratios were manufactured. Three boards without bark addition were produced as control boards. Formaldehyde emission, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength and thickness swelling of the specimens were tested. It was found that panels made from black locust wood had the highest mechanical properties while panels containing mimosa bark had the lowest. Bark usage significantly improved (decreased) the formaldehyde emission and thickness swelling of particleboard. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that mimosa bark can be used in the manufacture of particleboard panels. Bark content was found to be a raw material parameter influencing the properties of the panels.

In this study, the effects of surface coating materials on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard used for kitchen cabinets and surface quality properties were investigated. But, in this part, effects of these on the physical properties on particleboard were investigated. 18 mm thickness particleboard were obtained from four different sources belong to private sector for producing test samples. Coated and varnished veneer , lacquer coating, continious pressure laminate, high pressure laminate and polivinylchloride coating were applied on these samples. The following were recorded during the experiments: Spesific gravity, water absorbtion and thickness swelling. As a result of this study, physical properties of particleboard veneered by single surface coating materials were increased.

This study aimed to determine the best manufacturing variables for the high physical and mechanical properties, and formaldehyde emission of particleboards produced from E1 type adhesive. In the production of particleboards, two different press temperatures, press times, pressures and three different adhesive use ratios were used. The best manufacturing variables were determined for the particleboard produced from E1 type adhesive. The effects of these manufacturing variables on formaldehyde emission, bending strength, internal bonding strength and thickness swelling were investigated. According to the results, when the E1 type adhesive was employed, the use of 11% and 9% adhesive use ratios for the outer and middle layers, respectively, 200°C press temperature, 150 s press time and 32.5 kg/cm2 pressure were found to be enough. It was suggested that at 180°C, the particleboards required 150 s press time and 35 kg/cm2 pressure. It was found that in the production of E1 type particleboard, the use of low emission adhesive was not enough, and all of the production parameters should be taken into account together. In addition, it was concluded that the amount of formaldehyde emission of manufactured particleboards should be low. Equally, the particleboards should meet the required physical and mechanical properties as stated in the relevant standards.

In this study, Alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp.Barbata) wood was used for particleboard manufacturing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of particle moisture content, shelling ratio and the addition of wood dust on the mechanical properties (static bending, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and physical property (thickness swelling) of particleboard. The addition of 10% wood dust to particles decreased the thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity and bending strength, while increasing the internal bond. Particleboards manufactured from particles with 1% moisture content had lower internal bond, modulus of elasticity and bending strength and higher thickness swelling values than those produced from particles with 4% moisture content. Increasing face:core ratio from 30:70% to 45:55% improved the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards. Overall results showed that particleboards made from Alder exceed the EN standards for internal bond, modulus of elasticity and static bending. However, thickness swelling values were higher (poor) than requirements. For this reason, additional work needs to be done on improving the physical properties of particleboard produced from Alder.

Bu çalışmada; kaplanmış levhaların özellikleri, levhalarda bakım, taşıma, depolama ve temizlik ile levhaların işlenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken bazı hususlar incelenmiştir. : In this study, properties of the coated boards, packaging, transportation, storage, cleaning on the boards and some points to be considered for the machining of the boards were investigated.

In this study, properties of the coated boards, packaging, transportation, storage, cleaning on the boards and some points to be considered for the machining of the boards were investigated., Bu çalışmada; kaplanmış levhaların özellikleri, levhalarda bakım, taşıma, depolama ve temizlik ile levhaların işlenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken bazı hususlar incelenmiştir.

In this study; the influences of moisture content of the particle before blending, paraffin usage and wood species on the physical (density profile, thickness swelling), mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength) and surface quality (surface roughness) of particleboard were investigated. According to the test results; increasing moisture content of the surface layer particles improved the all of the properties of the panels. Particleboards consisting poplar particles in the surface layers had the highest quality values. Paraffin usage increased the surface smoothness., Bu çalışmada tutkallama öncesi yonga rutubeti, parafin kullanımı ve ağaç cinsinin yongalevhanın fiziksel (yoğunluk profili, kalınlık artışı), mekanik (eğilme direnci, elastikiyet modülü, yüzeye dik çekme direnci) ve yüzey kalitesi (yüzey pürüzlülüğü) üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucu; dış tabaka yonga rutubetinin yükseltilmesi levhanın tüm özelliklerini iyileştirmiştir. Dış tabakalarında kavak odunu kullanılan yongalevhalarda en yüksek kalite değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Parafin kullanımı yüzey düzgünlüğünü artırmıştır.

Wood based panel producers afford to present their products either in sized semi-finished form or as covered in general by the in additional investments realized. The fact that the laminated material has a certain market share as well as the increase in demand for furniture types finished in various profiles have put the laminated sheets which provide very comprehensive design facilities at the top place and caused such boards to spread over the market rather more quickly. In line with this development, great developments have also been recorded during recent years in laminate utilization in furniture factoring sector and fast steps taken towards a more rational working environment. In this study, laminates types and manufacturing technologies were investigated., Ahşap esaslı levha üreticileri tesislerinde yaptıkları ek yatırımlarla levhalarını ya boyutlandırılmış yarı mamul veya genellikle kaplanmış halde pazara sunmaya çalışmaktadır. Laminat malzemelerin belirli bir pazar payına sahip olması, çeşitli profillerde işlenmiş mobilya türlerine olan talebin artması, çok geniş desen imkanları sunan lamine levhaları ön plan çıkarmış ve bu levhaların piyasada hızlı bir şekilde yayılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu gelişmeye bağlı olarak mobilya sektöründe son yıllarda laminat kullanımında büyük gelişmeler kaydedilmekte daha rasyonel çalışma ortamına doğru hızlı adımlar atılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada laminat türleri ve üretim teknolojileri incelenmiştir.