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1. A new method for the timber tracing toolbox: applying multi-element analysis to determine wood origin

Author

Laura E Boeschoten, Mart Vlam, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Barbara Rocha Venâncio Meyer-Sand, Ulfa Adzkia, Gaël D U Bouka, Jannici C U Ciliane-Madikou, Nestor L Engone Obiang, Mesly Guieshon-Engongoro, Joël J Loumeto, Dieu-merci M F Mbika, Cynel G Moundounga, Rita M D Ndangani, Dyana Ndiade Bourobou, Mohamad M Rahman, Iskandar Z Siregar, Steve N Tassiamba, Martin T Tchamba, Bijoux B L Toumba-Paka, Herman T Zanguim, Pascaline T Zemtsa, and Pieter A Zuidema

Subjects
illegal logging, wood chemistry, random forest, blind sample analysis, tropical timber, ICP-MS, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

To effectively reduce illegal timber trade, law enforcers need forensic methods to independently verify claims of wood origin. Multi-element analysis of traded plant material has the potential to be used to trace the origin of commodities, but for timber it has not been tested at relevant large scales. Here we put this method to the test, by evaluating its tracing accuracy for three economically important tropical timbers: Azobé and Tali in Central Africa (22 sites) and Red Meranti on Borneo (9 sites). Wood samples from 991 trees were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and element concentrations were analysed to chemically group similar sites (clustering) and assess accuracy of tracing samples to their origin (Random Forest models). For all three timbers, we found distinct spatial differences in chemical composition. In Central Africa, tracing accuracy was 86%–98% for regional clusters of chemically similar sites, with accuracy depending on the tracing question. These clusters were 50–800 km apart and tracing accuracy was highest when combining the two timbers. Tracing accuracy of Red Meranti on Borneo was 88% at the site level. This high accuracy at a small scale may be related to the short distances at which differences in soil type occur on Borneo. A blind sample analysis of 46 African timber samples correctly identified the origin of 70%–72% of the samples, but failed to exclude 70% of the samples obtained from different species or outside the study area. Overall, these results illustrate a high potential for multi-element analysis to be developed into a timber tracing tool which can identify origin for multiple species and can do so at a within-country scale. To reach this potential, reference databases need to cover wider geographic areas and represent more timbers.

Published
2023
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2. Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

Author

David A. Coomes, Christian Ammer, Christopher Baraloto, Michael R. Ngugi, Emanuel H. Martin, Simon L. Lewis, Francesco Rovero, Peter B. Reich, Jordi Vayreda, A. David McGuire, Henry B. Glick, David David Verbyla, Xiangdong Lei, Nicolas Picard, Eungul Lee, R. Vásquez, Alain Paquette, Alexander Christian Vibrans, Radomir Bałazy, Fumiaki Kitahara, Verginia Wortel, Frédéric Mortier, James V. Watson, Boknam Lee, William Marthy, Thomas W. Crowther, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Lorenzo Frizzera, Bruno Hérault, Elena I. Parfenova, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Nurdin Chamuya, N. M. Tchebakova, Hans Pretzsch, Daniel Piotto, Timothy G. O'Brien, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Helge Bruelheide, David E. Odeke, Christian Salas, Terry Sunderland, Jacek Oleksyn, Jun Zhu, Tommaso Jucker, Renato Valencia, Sebastian Pfautsch, Han Y. H. Chen, Pascal A. Niklaus, Susan K. Wiser, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Fabio Bozzato, Bonaventure Sonké, Robert Bitariho, Hyun-Seok Kim, Sergio de-Miguel, Peter Schall, Mo Zhou, Markus Fischer, Andrew R. Marshall, Jingjing Liang, Huicui Lu, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Fernando Valladares, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Victor J. Neldner, Susanne Brandl, Christopher B. Barrett, Damiano Gianelle, Nestor L. Engone-Obiang, Eric B. Searle, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Christelle Gonmadje, Giorgio Alberti, Rebecca Tavani, Pablo Luis Peri, Geerten M. Hengeveld, Filippo Bussotti, Bernhard Schmid, Leena Finér, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Olivier Bouriaud, Helder Viana, Davis College of Agriculture - School of Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Netherlands Institute for Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Yale School Forestry & Environment Studies, Yale University [New Haven], Forestry Department, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Landcare Research, Departement Agri Food Animal & Environment Science, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), US Geological Survey [Laurel], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Architecture & Environment Department, Italcementi Group, Institute of Forest Growth & Yield Science, School Life Science Weihenstephan (TUM), Deptamento de Produccion Vegetal & Ciencia Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Centro Tecnológico Forestal de Cataluña (CTFC), Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF), Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke]-Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC)-Université Laval-Université Téluq (TELUQ)-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université McGill -Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Charles H Dyson School Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Team Vegetation Forest & Landscape Ecology, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Western Sydney University (UWS), Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health (CSETH), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (Portugal), Departamento de Engenharia Florestal (DEF), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Deptment of Silviculture & Forest Ecology of Temperate Zones, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, School of Natural Resources & Extension, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-The Volcani Center, Faculty of Natural Resources management, Lakehead University, Research Institute of Forest Resource InformationTechn, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research & Innovation Center, Sustainable Agroecosystem & Bioresources Depat, Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM), Department Ciencias Forestales, University of La Frontera, Department of Geography & Geology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Seoul], Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Department of Forest Sciences, Inst Biol Geobot & Bot Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Sustainable Landscape & Food Syst, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Forêts et Sociétés (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers Training College (HTTC), Université deYaoundé I, Department of Forestry, Food & Agr Org UN, Department of Statistics, University of Haifa [Haifa], Hans Carl von Carlowitz, Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Sekocin Stary Braci, Forest Research Institute, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC)-Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Université Téluq (TELUQ)-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO)-Concordia University [Montreal]-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Cornell University [New York], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Western Sydney University, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Faculty of Natural Resources Management [Thunder Bay], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation [Queensland] (DSITI), The European Union for funding the COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR, FEDER/ COMPETE/POCI under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and FCT–Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013, Swiss National Science Foundation grant 310030B_147092, the EU H2020 PEGASUS project (no 633814), EU H2020 Simwood project (no 613762), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program within the framework of the MultiFUNGtionality Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (IF-EF) under grant agreement 655815, ANR-10-LABX-0025, European Project: 633814,H2020,H2020-ISIB-2014-2,PEGASUS(2015), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Instituto Superior de Agronomia [Lisboa] (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA)-Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC)-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université Téluq (TELUQ)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management (Dyson), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and University of California (UC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biome, Biodiversity, forest management, forêt tropicale, Forests, 01 natural sciences, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Deforestation, Produttività, Agroforestry, Medicine (all), Multidisciplinary, PE&RC, Biodiversità, Forest Ecosystems, international, Forêt, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Conservation of Natural Resources, Production forestière, Manejo Forestal, gestion des ressources naturelles, Extinction, Biological, Biodiversidad, multifonctionalité, multifunctionality, Conservation des ressources, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetatie, Escala Global, Socioeconomic Development, Impact sur l'environnement, Production, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, biodiversité forestière, Deforestación, Cambio Climático, Politique forestière, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Forest ecology, gestion forestière, Global Scale, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], nature conservation, Trees, Ecosystem services, biodiversité, Dynamique des populations, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Productivity, Valuation (finance), Operaciones Forestales, Ecologia forestale, Ecology, conservation, Forest Management, Biometris, protection de la forêt, Conservación, Écosystème forestier, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Climate Change, Aménagement forestier, Forest management, Climate change, Conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, Producción, Forestry Operations, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Ecosistemas Forestales, Life Science, Ressource forestière, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Desarrollo Socioeconómico, Vegetation, Ecología, Déboisement, K10 - Production forestière, 13. Climate action
Abstract

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone - US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation - is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

Published
2016

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