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Purpose Intrauterine claustrum and subplate neuron development have been suggested to overlap. As premature birth typically impairs subplate neuron development, neonatal claustrum might indicate a specific prematurity impact; however, claustrum identification usually relies on expert knowledge due to its intricate structure. We established automated claustrum segmentation in newborns. Methods We applied a deep learning-based algorithm for segmenting the claustrum in 558 T2-weighted neonatal brain MRI of the developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) with transfer learning from claustrum segmentation in T1-weighted scans of adults. The model was trained and evaluated on 30 manual bilateral claustrum annotations in neonates. Results With only 20 annotated scans, the model yielded median volumetric similarity, robust Hausdorff distance and Dice score of 95.9%, 1.12 mm and 80.0%, respectively, representing an excellent agreement between the automatic and manual segmentations. In comparison with interrater reliability, the model achieved significantly superior volumetric similarity (p = 0.047) and Dice score (p Conclusion The developed fast and accurate automated segmentation has great potential in large-scale study cohorts and to facilitate MRI-based connectome research of the neonatal claustrum. The easy to use models and codes are made publicly available.

A universal allometric scaling law has been proposed to describe cortical folding of the mammalian brain as a function of the product of cortical surface area and the square root of cortical thickness across different mammalian species, including humans. Since these cortical properties are vulnerable to developmental disturbances caused by preterm birth in humans and since these alterations are related to cognitive impairments, we tested (i) whether cortical folding in preterm-born adults follows this cortical scaling law and (ii) the functional relevance of potential scaling aberrances. We analysed the cortical scaling relationship in a large and prospectively collected cohort of 91 very premature-born adults (

Bereits seit Jahren zeichnet sich eine Zunahme von Steinschlagereignissen auf Wander-, Berg- und Mountainbikewegen ab. Einhergehend damit ist der zunehmende Trend der erholungssuchenden Gesellschaft, einen Ausgleich zum Alltag in der Natur zu finden, und damit gleichzeitig die Verminderung der Eigenverantwortung zu beobachten, wodurch vor allem bei Wegehaltern eine große Unsicherheit im Zusammenhang mit Haftungsfragen entsteht. Das Bestehen eines beträchtlichen Interesses der Allgemeinheit an der Errichtung sowie Instandhaltung eines (alpinen) Wegenetzes führt zu der Entstehung eines Spannungsfelds von weitestgehender Wegeöffnung im Interesse der Allgemeinheit und Vermeidung einer Überspannung der Sorgfaltspflichten des Wegehalters. Die Verpflichtungen des Wegehalters münden aus der Verkehrsöffnung des Weges sowie dem Vertrauen der Wegbenützer auf die Mängelfreiheit des Wegzustandes. Sie bestehen im Wesentlichen darin, den Weg in einem zu dessen bestimmter Verwendung mangelfreien Zustand zu halten. Die jeweiligen Sorgfaltspflichten des Wegehalters sind einzel-fallspezifisch zu beurteilen und ergeben sich ua aus der Art des Weges, Widmung, Witterungsverhältnisse, Nutzungsfrequenz und geologischen Lage des Weges. Es kommt außerdem zu einer Abstufung der Sorgfaltspflichten je nach Interesse, welches mit der Verkehrsöffnung des Weges einhergeht.Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Diplomarbeit liegt darin, die für die Begründung des Haftungsprivilegs nach § 1319a ABGB erforderlichen Kriterien im Lichte der höchstgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung und herrschenden Lehre zu ermitteln und daraus fundierte Haftungsvermeidungsstrategien abzuleiten. Diese stellen einen Maßstab an Handlungsoptionen zur Erfüllung der Sorgfaltspflichten dar, an dem sich sämtliche Wegehalter (Privatpersonen, Tourismusverbände, Alpenvereine oder Gebietskörperschaften) Orientierung verschaffen können. Damit wird der Unentgeltlichkeit und Interessensneutralität der Verkehrsöffnung des Weges durch den Wegehalter Rechnung getragen und die fortwährende Öffnung eines breiten Wegenetzes für die Allgemeinheit gewährleistet. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich ausschließlich auf die deliktische Haftung des Wegehalters für Personen- und/oder Sachschäden, die durch Steinschlagereignisse verursacht wurden. Die vertragliche Haftung eines Wegehalters sowie strafrechtliche Aspekte und das öffentliche Recht werden ausgeklammert und nicht näher bearbeitet. For years now, there has been an increase in rockfall incidents on hiking and mountainbike trails. This is accompanied by the increasing trend of the recreation-seeking society to find a balance to everyday life in nature and the simultaneous reduction of personal responsibility that can be observed, which causes great uncertainty in connection with liability issues, especially among trail keepers. The existence of a considerable public interest in the construction and maintenance of an (alpine) trail network leads to the emergence of a field of tension between opening up the trail as far as possible in the interest of the general public and avoiding over-stretching the duties of care of the trail keeper. The obligations of the path holder arise from opening the trail to traffic and the trust of the trail users in the safety of the trail condition. They essentially consist of keeping the road in a condition free of defects for its intended use. The respective duties of care of the path owner are to be assessed on a case-by-case basis and result, among other things, from the type of path, dedication, weather conditions, frequency of use and geological location of the path. In addition, the duties of care are graded according to the interest that is associated with the traffic opening of the trail.The main focus of this thesis is to determine the criteria required for the justification of the liability privilege according to § 1319a ABGB (Austrian Civil Code) in the light of the supreme court case law and prevailing doctrine and to derive well-founded liability avoidance strategies from this. These represent a standard of possible courses of action for the fulfilment of due diligence obligations, which all trail owners (private individuals, tourism associations, alpine associations or regional authorities) can use for orientation. This takes into account the gratuitous-ness and interest-neutrality of the opening of the path to traffic by the trail holder and ensures the continuous opening of a wide network of paths to the general public. The work focuses exclusively on the tortious liability of the trail owner for personal injury and/or property damage caused by rockfall events. The contractual liability of a trail owner as well as aspects of criminal law and public law are excluded and not dealt with in detail. Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022

In the last two decades, neuroscience has produced intriguing evidence for a central role of the claustrum in mammalian forebrain structure and function. However, relatively few in vivo studies of the claustrum exist in humans. A reason for this may be the delicate and sheet‐like structure of the claustrum lying between the insular cortex and the putamen, which makes it not amenable to conventional segmentation methods. Recently, Deep Learning (DL) based approaches have been successfully introduced for automated segmentation of complex, subcortical brain structures. In the following, we present a multi‐view DL‐based approach to segment the claustrum in T1‐weighted MRI scans. We trained and evaluated the proposed method in 181 individuals, using bilateral manual claustrum annotations by an expert neuroradiologist as reference standard. Cross‐validation experiments yielded median volumetric similarity, robust Hausdorff distance, and Dice score of 93.3%, 1.41 mm, and 71.8%, respectively, representing equal or superior segmentation performance compared to human intra‐rater reliability. The leave‐one‐scanner‐out evaluation showed good transferability of the algorithm to images from unseen scanners at slightly inferior performance. Furthermore, we found that DL‐based claustrum segmentation benefits from multi‐view information and requires a sample size of around 75 MRI scans in the training set. We conclude that the developed algorithm allows for robust automated claustrum segmentation and thus yields considerable potential for facilitating MRI‐based research of the human claustrum. The software and models of our method are made publicly available., The article presents an automated segmentation algorithm to segment claustrum in human brain MRI using deep learning.