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The larva of Berothidae or Rhachiberothidae (Neuroptera) is described from the late Eocene Rovno amber; it is the first record of either family from this amber. The larva is in particular characteristic with a four-segmented antenna, at least five stemmata, and lateral sutures on the head capsule connecting the coronal suture and lateral margins of the head. Based on these characters, the larva probably may belong to one of basal taxa of Berothidae, possibly to a suprageneric taxon which includes an undescribed small species from Baltic amber which is closely related to the mid-Cretaceous Haploberotha, or to Rhachiberothidae. This larva was most likely free living, possibly occurring under/on tree bark. In addition, the genus Protomenocria Emeljanov and Shcherbakov 2009 (Hemiptera: Achilidae) is recorded from Rovno amber for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry slugworm is an important species that is harmful to the leaves of fruit species such as cherry, sour cherry, pear, etc. Its larvae cause damage by feeding on the upper epidermis of the leaf. A key aspect of pest management is identifying the natural enemies of these species. To date, no parasitoid or predator species of this pest have been identified in Türkiye. This study was carried out to identify the natural enemies of the pest that may be present in the natural environment. Studies were carried out in 2021–2023 during the vegetation period (between March and October) in areas of intensive cherry and sour cherry cultivation in the East and Southeast Anatolia regions of Türkiye. As a result of the study, generalist predator species such as Coccinella septempunctata, Oenopia conglobata, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were detected in the orchards. It was also found that C. carnea larvae feed on those of the cherry slugworm. This study is the first in the world to show C. carnea as a predator of the cherry slugworm. In the future, more research on the natural enemies of this pest is needed to understand the damage caused by Caliroa cerasi and to identify new management strategies, assessing their scientific accuracy and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superfamily Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera) includes the families Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. Among these taxa, the last two are collectively known as Raptorial Mantispoidea due to the presence of grasping forelegs for predatory habits. The Mantispidae classically included the subfamilies Symphrasinae, Drepanicinae, Calomantispinae and Mantispinae, yet recent research challenged this classification scheme as well as the monophyly of this family resulting in Symphrasinae being transferred to Rhachiberothidae. The phylogenetic position of the subfamily Symphrasinae within Mantispoidea is here inferred based on total evidence analysis combining three genes (COI , 16S and 18S) and 72 morphological characters scored from living representatives of all Mantispidae subfamilies (12 genera), the 3 genera of Symphrasinae, and Rhachiberothinae (1 genus). Representatives of Berothidae (four genera) and Hemerobiidae (one genus) were used as outgroup taxa. Results of the total evidence analysis were compared with parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the morphological and molecular datasets of the COI , 16S and 18S genes. The resultant phylogeny under total evidence recovered Rhachiberothidae as a monophyletic group with strong support in which Symphrasinae was found as sister to Rhachiberothinae. The three genera contained in Symphrasinae, i.e. Anchieta , Plega and Trichoscelia were each recovered as monophyletic in the parsimony analysis, with Anchieta as sister to Trichoscelia + Plega. The family Mantispidae was also recovered as monophyletic and sister to Rhachiberothidae, with Mantispinae as sister to Calomantispinae + Drepanicinae. Evolution of the raptorial condition in Mantispoidea is discussed based on the performed analyses. The morphology and the structure of the raptorial foreleg and the prothorax (i.e. the raptorial system) support the close relationship of Symphrasinae with Rhachiberothinae rather than to other Mantispidae subfamilies which possess a distinctive and well-differentiated raptorial apparatus. The Rhachiberothidae (including Symphrasinae) are distinguished by the presence of a foretarsal Stitz organ. Furthermore, a sit-and-wait predatory strategy is hypothesised for this taxon, whereas the Mantispidae are likely sophisticated active-ambushing predators. Phylogenetic relationships within Symphrasinae and between mantispoid subfamilies are poorly understood because of the evolutionary influence of raptorial feeding on morphology. The raptorial condition has been interpreted as a synapomorphy of Raptoneuroptera or a homoplasy of Berothidae and Rhachiberothidae. Phylogenetic affinities of Symphrasinae are investigated using 3 genes and 72 newly interpreted morphological characters. We found support for monophyly of Raptoneuroptera, with Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae as sister groups, and Symphrasinae (Rhachiberothidae) comprising Anchieta as sister to Trichoscelia + Plega. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lacewing genus Afroptera Abdalla & Mansell (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) is endemic to southern Africa, predominantly found in the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes. The taxonomy of the genus has been recently resolved. However, the monophyly and evolutionary history of the genus has never been addressed. This study employs an integrative phylogenetic approach, by incorporating three ribosomal genes (16S, 28S and 18S) and two protein‐coding genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase‐aspartate transcarbamoylase‐dihydroorotase), and morphological data to examine the monophyly and historical biogeography of Afroptera. We use Bayesian, parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods to assess the monophyly and relatedness of Afroptera within the Nemopterinae. We also use ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis to infer the historical biogeography of the genus. Our analyses reveal the genus as a monophyletic lineage. The genus Afroptera originated during the Pliocene (5.24–3.13 Mya) in a desert environment, experiencing rapid speciation during the Pleistocene, primarily within the Fynbos and Succulent biomes; and secondarily dispersed into the Nama Karoo and Savannah (Kalahari) biomes. The current distribution patterns of Afroptera species likely stem from intensified aridification in the southwest during the Plio‐Pleistocene, consistent with the dry‐adapted nature of Afroptera's ancestors. Therefore, our findings suggest a climatically driven diversification model for the genus Afroptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finding of a copulating pair of Coniopteryx (Holoconiopteryx) haematica (Mc Lachlan, 1868) offers the possibility to study the position of the elements of the genitalia of both sexes to each other for the first time in Coniopterygidae by using X-ray microcomputed tomography. The genital sclerites of the male resemble largely those of Coniopteryx (Coniopteryx) pygmaea (Enderlein, 1906) treated previously. Therefore, terminology and interpretation of the genital sclerites following the "gonocoxite concept" are adopted. The dominating eye-catching sclerite of the male is sternite 9 (the hypandrium externum of diverse taxa), the dominating sclerite of the female genitalia is the sclerotized spermatheca embedded in the "copulatory cup" of the hypandrium externum of the male. There is no indication that the genital sclerites of the male, the so called intromittent sclerites, are pushed into the female during copulation. They apparently function as a track for the distal part of the long slim ductus ejaculatorius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ithonidae (moth lacewings) are an enigmatic, small family belonging to Neuroptera (lacewings). In this study, two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of moth lacewings were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. Comparative analyses of the mitogenomes of Ithonidae were conducted, such as codon usage, nucleotide substitution rates and secondary structure predictions of RNAs. Molecular phylogenetic trees recovered that Ithonidae was a monophyletic group, and is the sister-group to the clade of Chrysopidae + Hemerobiidae. Ithoninae was recovered as the sister group to Polystoechotinae + Rapismatinae. In addition, divergence time estimation indicated that Ithonidae started to diversify in the Late Triassic. Polystoechotinae diverged from Rapismatinae in the Middle Jurassic. Ithonidae (moth lacewings) are an enigmatic, small family of the insect order Neuroptera (lacewings). Its phylogenetic position within Neuroptera and internal subfamily relationships remain unresolved. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Ithone fulva Tillyard, 1916 representing the first mitogenome of Ithoninae, as well as the complete mitogenome of Rapisma gaoligongensis Liu, Li and Yang, 2018, were newly reported. Molecular phylogenetic trees recovered Ithonidae as the sister group to Chrysopidae + Hemerobiidae. Ithoninae was demonstrated to be the sister group to Polystoechotinae + Rapismatinae across all topologies. Divergence time estimation revealed that Ithonidae originated during the Mid-Triassic. Ithoninae diverged from Polystoechotinae and Rapismatinae in the Late Triassic, while Polystoechotinae diverged from Rapismatinae in the Middle Jurassic. Moreover, more comprehensive samplings, as well as whole genome data, are needed to reconstruct a comprehensive framework of the phylogeny of Ithonidae, as well as Neuropteida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoformulations of essential oils (EOs) improve stability of the active ingredient, and thereby its biological activity and persistence. Because compatibility of EOs with natural enemies is not explored sufficiently, we evaluated the impact of nanoformulations of EOs (aniseed, lemon) or pure products (farnesol) on different activities of the generalist predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In dual choice bioassay, chrysopid larvae were significantly attracted to aniseed-treated pepper disks and deterred by farnesol. Larval activities (resting, walking, and preying) on treated leaves infested with Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were compared. There were no differences among nanoemulsions, nor aphid consumption varied. We studied the toxicity of nanoformulations to larvae and evaluated their development after contact with treated leaf disks, ingestion of treated artificial diet, and both routes of exposure (application of biopesticides on aphid-infested plants). This is the first evidence of the compatibility of EO nanoformulations with C. carnea by single route of exposure. Whether any effect appeared, it was sublethal. Compounds significantly reduced aphid consumption after 6 h on double route exposure, but this negative short-term effect disappeared as time progressed. Our results showed the optimal biopesticide to apply depends on which biological feature of the natural enemy we targeted. The key element to introduce these nanoemulsions is to match their persistence period on the crop with the release of the appropriate biological stage of C. carnea. This reinforces the fact that the main activities of C. carnea can be substantially maintained in joint application with nanoemulsions of EOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Remaining immobile for an unpredictable period after being touched by a potential predator (post‐contact immobility, PCI) may favor survival. However, the factors that determine variation in PCI duration are poorly understood. We tested whether PCI duration depends on the surrounding conspecific density (the selfish prey hypothesis) in the tropical antlion larvae Myrmeleon crudelis. These insects avoid predation by being immobile or burying themselves. The selfish prey hypothesis predicts a reduction in the PCI duration as conspecific density increases because this high density of conspecifics around can stimulate the redirection of the predator's interest in other nearby potential prey. In the field, we measured PCI and found that its duration was independent of the conspecific density. In the lab, we also measured the PCI of a subset of the same larvae in the absence of neighbors. Using a paired design, we found that PCI duration was lower in the lab in the absence of neighbors than in the field. Our results suggest that the antlion larvae did not follow the selfish prey hypothesis. We propose two alternative explanations. First, the larvae have a limited ability to detect neighbors in the field and keep up with the changing number of surrounding active pits. Second, burying may be more important than PCI as an antipredator strategy. In our lab experiment, larvae had a more accurate idea of the conspecific density around their pit because they explored the area. We propose that knowing the absence of conspecifics triggered a shorter PCI duration. Under a high predation risk (i.e., no other prey to which the predator would redirect its attention), the larvae select the unequivocal antipredator behavior of burying. This work illustrates the relevance of accurate information in deciding how to avoid predation, especially when prey can prioritize between alternative behaviors, with success varying between the contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field‐collected specimens were used to obtain nine high‐quality genome assemblies from a total of 10 insect species native to prairies and savannas of central Illinois (USA): Mellilla xanthometata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), Stenolophus ochropezus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Forcipata loca (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Coelinius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Thaumatomyia glabra (Diptera: Chloropidae), Brachynemurus abdominalus (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), Catonia carolina (Hemiptera: Achilidae), Oncometopia orbona (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Flexamia atlantica (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Stictocephala bisonia (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Sequencing library preparation from single specimens was successful despite extremely small DNA yields (<0.1 μg) for some samples. Additional sequencing and assembly workflows were adapted to each sample depending on the initial DNA yield. PacBio circular consensus (CCS/HiFi) or continuous long reads (CLR) libraries were used to sequence DNA fragments up to 50 kb in length, with Illumina sequenced linked‐reads (TellSeq libraries) and Omni‐C libraries used for scaffolding and gap‐filling. Assembled genome sizes ranged from 135 MB to 3.2 GB. The number of assembled scaffolds ranged from 47 to >13,000, with the longest scaffold per assembly ranging from ~23 to 439 Mb. Genome completeness was high, with BUSCO scores ranging from 85.5% completeness for the largest genome (Stictocephala bisonia) to 98.8% completeness for the smallest genome (Coelinius sp.). The unique content was estimated using RepeatMasker and GenomeScope2, which ranged from 50.7% to 75.8% and roughly decreased with increasing genome size. Structural annotation predicted a range of 19,281–72,469 protein models for sequenced species. Sequencing costs per genome at the time ranged from US$3–5k, averaged ~1600 CPU‐hours on a high‐performance cluster and required approximately 14 h of bioinformatics analyses with samples using PacBio HiFi data. Most assemblies would benefit from further manual curation to correct possible scaffold misjoins and translocations suggested by off‐diagonal or depleted signals in Omni‐C contact maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroptera, as a small relic group of Insecta undergoing a rapid species diversification during the Mesozoic Era, is known by diverse extinct endemic lineages preserved as impression fossils and in amber. The current understanding of Mesozoic neuropterans′ diversity has mainly focused on the adults, because the contemporaneous larvae have been fairly rare especially for the Jurassic lacewings. Herein, a new giant lacewing larva, Natator giganteus gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou Beds of China. The remarkable larva is characterized by its impressively large body size, distinctively elongated cervix, and presence of swimming hairs on legs, which provide direct evidence to reveal an aquatic habit for the Jurassic lacewing larva. The morphological analysis indicates this giant larva would have probably inhabited the benthic environments of Jurassic montane rivers and streams. In addition, its morphological specialization suggests that it might have adopted an ambush predation strategy to catch its prey. The finding enhances our knowledge of the species diversity and morphological plasticity for the Jurassic lacewing larvae, and reveals that the aquatic lineages of Neuroptera exhibited dramatically structural and ecological convergence across the evolutionary process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semidalis anchoroides Liu & Yang, 1993 is a small and common insect in southern China. It's known for its small size, being covered by whitewax powder, and having uncomplicated venation. In this study, the mitochondrial genome for S. anchoroides was sequenced and analyzed. The sequenced partial mitogenome is 15,700 bp in length, encoding 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one partial control region. These findings provide fundamental molecular data, thereby facilitating a more profound understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the Semidalis species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The document presents an extensive set of data on the occurrence of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera in some regions of European Russia. The results of our own research, as well as scientific collections, have been processed. The data were collected in 17 regions. In our own research, we used different ways to obtain information, which allowed us to collect extensive material for the dataset. This dataset provides valuable information about the biodiversity of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera, the abundance of each taxon collected and the time of taxon collections. New information: Our dataset contains up-to-date information on the occurrence of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera in the Volga River and Don River Basins located in the Russian Plain of European Russia (17 regions of European Russia). The dataset consists of 4,826 occurrence records. All of them are georeferenced (17,373 individuals were studied). A total of 83 species of Neuroptera (8 families, 36 genera) and four species of Raphidioptera (2 families, 4 genera) were recorded within the investigated area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

На основе сборов первого автора приведены новые данные о 17 видах сетчатокрылых и одном виде верблюдок, собранных в окрестностях озера Медвежье Петуховского района Курганской области. Из них девять видов отмечаются впервые в фауне региона (Semidalis aleyrodiformis, Hemerobius stigma, Apertochrysa prasina, Chrysopa walkeri, Chrysopa pallens, Chrysopa gibeauxi, Chrysopa dasyptera, Chrysopa nigricostata, Xanthostigma xanthostigma), в том числе приводится первый для области вид из семейства Coniopterigidae. Указание Ch. nigricostata является первым достоверным для азиатской части России, а указания Ch. pallens и Ch. gibeauxi — первыми для Западной Сибири. С учетом этих дополнений изученный состав фауны сетчатокрылых и верблюдок Курганской области включает 28 видов. Кратко обсуждается таксономия Chrysopa gibeauxi, Ch. pallens, Ch. nigricostata и их распространение в России.

The antlion genus Indophanes Banks, 1940 is newly recorded from Kerala (new faunistic record) with species, Indophanes barbara (Walker, 1853). Taxon is redescribed and the genitalia features of male and female are illustrated for the first time based on freshly collected specimens. Moreover, the distribution and flight period of Indophanes species from India are plotted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a census of the diversity of insects and other aquatic invertebrates in multi-habitats of the Nazas River in the Cañón de Fernández in Lerdo, Durango, Mexico, in the rainy season (august and september) of 2023. Five Climacia chapini (Parfin and Guney) (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) larvae were found associated with the freshwater sponges Eunapius sp. and Ephydatia sp. This represents the first report of C. chapini on these sponges in the Nearctic. Given the geographic location of the sampled sites, it is hypothesized that C. chapini may be distributed throughout the river in this naturally protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myartsevaia chrysopae (Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) (Crawford 1913), and Telenomus lobatusJohnson and Bin 1982, and Telenomus tridentatusJohnson and Bin 1982 (Platygastroidea: Scelionidae) were reported for the first time in Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico. These parasitoids emerged from the eggs of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) that had been collected from maize and lemon leaves. Resumen. Se registran por primera vez a Myartsevaia chrysopae (Crawford 1913) (Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), Telenomus lobatusJohnson and Bin 1982, y T. tridentatusJohnson and Bin 1982 (Platygastroidea: Scelionidae) en Yautepec, Morelos, parasitoides de huevos de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), recolectados de hojas de maíz y limón. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachynemurus bowlesi, sp. n. is a newly discovered myrmeleontid from the Sonoran Province, the northernmost subtropical region of Mexico. The new species fits within the Brachynemurus versutus subgroup, which now includes five species, all of them occurring in Mexico and the central and western United States. The new species may be identified by characteristics of the internal male genitalia, especially by a roof-like mediuncus, as well as the basal part of the 10th gonostyli, with paired processes in an acute angle and a shield-like expansion more evident in the dorsocaudal view. The formerly proposed synonymy of Brachynemurus mexicanus Banks, under B. versutus (Walker), is herein reinstated and supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors describe the occurrence of a rare and representative antlion species, namely Dendroleon longicruris (C.-k. Yang, 1986), in northern and central Vietnam. This is the first time that this species has been found in the fauna of Vietnam. The most important distinguishing, phenological and distribution features are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insects have several camouflage strategies that are crucial for their survival, including transporting debris. Larvae of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) exhibit complex debris transport behaviors. Although numerous research studies have explored this behavior, the use of fungal spores in their "trash packets" has not yet been documented. Here, we report the first instance of Ceraeochrysa cincta larvae utilizing spores of Coleosporium plumeriae, the rust-causing agent in Plumeria rubra, in constructing their debris packages. Our observations reveal larvae collecting spores from rust-infected P. rubra leaves and adding them to their dorsal coverings. This behavior suggests a potential camouflage strategy, helping larvae avoid detection by predators and prey. Moreover, the inclusion of fungal spores (urediniospores) in debris packages may have significant implications, potentially affecting the dissemination of this phytopathogen. Our findings highlight the importance of considering complex trophic interactions between plants, fungi, and insects. Furthermore, this study contributes to an understanding of insect behavior and its ecological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larvae of Neuroptera are predators that feed by injecting bioactive compounds into their prey and then suctioning the fluids through modified mouthparts. We explore the evolutionary history of this feeding structure through the examination of a new fossil larva preserved in Late Cretaceous Kachin amber, which we describe as new genus and species, Electroxipheus veneficus gen et sp. nov. X-ray phase-contrast microtomography enabled us to study the anatomy of the larva in 3D, including the structure of the mouthparts and that of the venom delivery system. The specimen exhibited a unique combination of morphological traits not found in any known fossil or extant lacewing, including an unusual structure of the antenna. Phylogenetic analyses, incorporating a selection of living and fossil larval Neuroptera and enforcing maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, identified the larva as belonging to the stem group Mantispoidea. The larva shows that the anatomy of the feeding and venom-delivery apparatus has remained unchanged in Neuroptera from the Cretaceous to the present. The morphology of the specimen suggests that it was an active predator, in contrast with the scarcely mobile, specialized relatives, like mantispids and berothids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Cretaceous period, the lacewing superfamily Mantispoidea, with an assemblage of species possessing raptorial forelegs, have undergone a rapid species radiation, characterized by abundant species richness and high morphological plasticity. Nevertheless, the morphology and early evolution of the specialized predatory organ around the time of its origin in raptorial Mantispoidea have been poorly documented due to the rarity of fossil evidence, especially for the pre‐Cretaceous fossils. Herein, a new genus and new species, that is Archarhachiberotha longitarsa Wang, Ren et Wang gen. et sp. nov., was described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of northeastern China. This new genus was characterized by the remarkable raptorial forelegs, that is, typically elongated coxa, relatively less‐swollen femur and rudimentary small femoral spines, and well‐developed tarsi. Considering the peculiar morphological combination and antiquity of the new genus, it was assigned to be a stem‐group lineage of Mantispoidea. Also, the detailed analyses of morphology and biological functions of raptorial forelegs were made to conclude that the new genus evolved into an unknown but primitive raptorial type that was distinctly different from the extant morphological features and raptorial mechanisms. In addition, the evolutionary tendency of raptorial Mantispoidea herein summarized highlights morphological diversity and disparity between fossil and extant representatives, and provides a rare case to explore the entire evolutionary history of a specialized structure in one lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new genera and species of Ithonidae, i.e. Stictopolystoechotes sparsulus Gao, Xu et Wang gen. et sp. nov. and Pycnopolystoechotes striatus Gao, Xu et Wang gen. et sp. nov., are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation, Inner Mongolia, China. The two new genera can be assigned to the Polystoechotes genus-group of Ithonidae by the combination of following characters: elongated forewing, Sc and RA fused distally, crossveins in radical sector sparse except for the gradate series, and simple CuP branches. The known wing markings among the Jurassic Polystoechotes genus-group were outlined, which suggested the diversification of wing markings was possibly positively associated with the species radiation of this lineage during this period. Moreover, a key to fossil genera of the Polystoechotes genus-group was provided. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CAEEFF67-876D-4709-BE4A-18F5AB04B01D Stictopolystoechotes: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:666ED6B2-B132-4CF4-BFB0-ED6B86EB30F4 Stictopolystoechotes sparsulus: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6C96432B-205F-4F39-A647-3E0048169A92 Pycnopolystoechotes: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1D1343DF-844E-4243-BAB9-242F6232EEBF Pycnopolystoechotes striatus: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B4EFBE6B-5011-4103-A65F-77D65BEC0B85 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Pachyneuron Walker are most often reported as hyperparasitoids of aphids, coccids and psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). On the other hand, quite many reports concern hyperparasitism in the predators of Sternorrhyncha, mainly ladybird beetles. In this paper we report on the association of Pachyneuron muscarum (L.) with a ladybird Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) that was detected during a survey of parasitoids of ladybird larvae in Kermanshah (Iran). We bred P. muscarum wasps from two field collected H. variegata larvae. A single male P. muscarum emerged from one larva, parasitized by a primary parasitoid of the genus Homalotylus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and a female P. muscarum emerged from the other larva, parasitized by a parasitoid other than Homalotylus. Previously, P. muscarum was reported from Iran in association with several species of coccids and psyllids, as well as predatory lacewing (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and ladybird larvae. A worldwide literature review indicates that at least eight species of Pachyneuron have been reported as hyperparasitoids of ladybird larvae. It may be thus concluded that some Pachyneuron species, being principally hyperparasitoids of Sternorrhyncha, can also hyperparasitize Sternorrhyncha-preying ladybird larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pitaya, Hylocereus spp. (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) has been one of the new species cultivated in Türkiye in recent years. There are many limiting factors, including pests, diseases and weeds, to decrease the yield and fruit quality in pitaya (dragon fruit) areas in Türkiye. In addition, the pests of pitaya is not fully studied therefore this research has been conducted to determine mealybug species in pitaya greenhouses in Türkiye. The present study aimed to determine mealybug species and its natural enemies (parasitoids, and predator insects) in pitaya greenhouses in Adana, Mersin, and Antalya between 2021 and 2022. According to results of this study, 2 different mealybug species was determined; Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley 1898, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in pitaya greenhouses. Moreover one parasitoid (Aenasius arizonensis Girault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and two different predatory insects from 2 different orders and 2 different families (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Nephus includens Kirsch (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were detected within this research. These two invasive mealybug species have wide spectrum host plants and may cause economically important damages to pitaya, if natural enemies cannot work successfully or control strategies do not applied properly in pitaya greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the discovery of a lacewing larva in Eocene amber that exhibits characteristics typically found in Cretaceous larvae. The presence of these characteristics suggests that certain morphologies thought to be extinct after the Cretaceous period may have actually survived into the Eocene. The study also highlights the differences between the Eocene and Baltic amber faunas and emphasizes that the Eocene entomofauna contained both ancient and modern morphologies. The research is supported by various institutions and references other studies on fossil insects found in amber. This document is a list of references for various scientific articles related to the study of insects preserved in amber, providing valuable information for researchers in the field of paleoentomology. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to determine the diversity of species of predators attacking scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Serbia. Over a four-year period, at 25 locations and on 25 host plants infested with 16 species of Coccidae, a total of 18,050 predators were collected and reared. Among them, were 16 species belonging to 7 families and 5 insect orders (Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera). Six species, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia variegata, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata, Forfi cula auricularia, Deraeocoris ruber and Oxycarenus lavaterae, were recorded for the first time feeding on coccid pests in Serbia and O. lavaterae was first recorded being zoophagous. The most common species was Exochomus quadripustulatus, which was recorded feeding on all 16 species of soft scale insects, while the dominant species was Anthribus nebulosus, with a total of 17,385 individuals collected and reared on five species of soft scale. Considering the potential of the predators as biocontrol agents for suppressing scale insects, the data obtained indicate the need to understand predator diversity, which is one of the prerequisites for using these predators for controlling coccid pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the family Mantispidae (Neuroptera) from Vietnam is described. Euclimacia radioquaesentis sp. nov. shows a unique colour pattern, which is distinctive within the genus. The colouration and morphology of both sexes of the new species are described in detail and illustrated. The naming of the new species is linked to a popular citizen-science event in choosing the name for this species (and three other species from different undescribed species by taxonomists of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With bat populations declining in many parts of the world, detailed life history information will be critical for assessing vulnerabilities of bat populations and associated trophic effects. Myotis ciliolabrum (western small-footed bat) is a species of insectivorous bat distributed from the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast and from British Columbia to Central Mexico. The species is spottily distributed within this wider range but is locally abundant in areas containing appropriate rocky habitat. Despite M. ciliolabrum being relatively common, little information is available about its feeding ecology. Earlier studies have suggested that skull morphology can be used to determine whether insectivorous bats select for soft- or hard-bodied prey, but we hypothesized that M. ciliolabrum may feed opportunistically on a variety of insect types. To test this hypothesis, we examined the feeding habits of western small-footed bats captured during 2000-2022 at 6 national parks and 1 national conservation area across the Southwest. Visual analysis of prey remains in guano revealed that western small-footed bats within our study area consumed insects belonging to 7 orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, and Odonata) and 20 families. Diet varied over time and across geographic space, though we observed a general trend in which the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera were consumed at the highest volumes. This varied diet indicates opportunistic feeding in which M. ciliolabrum makes use of locally abundant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asadeteva U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981 (Neuroptera, Berothidae), has been traditionally considered a Palearctic faunal element. Asadeteva was originally described from Afghanistan and Pakistan, while recent report has extended its known range into the Oriental Region. Herein, we report two new species of Asadeteva from Thailand, namely Asadeteva christophi U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck sp. nov. and Asadeteva thailandica sp. nov. This discovery highlights the presence and diversity of this genus in the Oriental Region. A distribution map and a revised key to the species of Asadeteva are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects play a crucial role in all ecosystems, and are increasingly exposed to higher in temperature extremes under climate change, which can have substantial effects on their abundances. However, the effects of temperature on changes in abundances or population fitness are filtered through differential responses of life‐history components, such as survival, reproduction, and development, to their environment. Such differential responses, or trade‐offs, have been widely studied in birds and mammals, but comparative studies on insects are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of key mechanisms that may buffer or exacerbate climate‐change effects across insect species. Here, we performed a systematic literature review of the ecological studies of lacewings (Neuroptera), predatory insects that play a crucial role in ecosystem pest regulation, to investigate the impact of temperature on life cycle dynamics across species. We found quantitative information, linking stage‐specific survival, development, and reproduction to temperature variation, for 62 species from 39 locations. We then performed a metanalysis calculating sensitives to temperature across life‐history processes for all publications. We found that developmental times consistently decreased with temperature for all species. Survival and reproduction however showed a weaker response to temperature, and temperature sensitivities varied substantially among species. After controlling for the effect of temperature on life‐history processes, the latter covaried consistently across two main axes of variation related to instar and pupae development, suggesting the presence of life‐history trade‐offs. Our work provides new information that can help generalize life‐history responses of insects to temperature, which can then expand comparative demographic and climate‐change research. We also discuss important remaining knowledge gaps, such as a better assessment of adult survival and diapause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çukurova Journal of Agriculture & Food Sciences is the property of Cukurova University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Entomología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seventeen insect pests belonging to five orders were recorded from selected transects. Hemipterans were found to be very common and most abundant with seven insect pests. Neuroptera the least abundant with one pest was found during the experimental period, with orders like Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera with three insect pests each. Wind speed and bright sunshine showed a negative correlation (r = - 0.126) and (r = - 0 .778) during 2021 and (r = -0.73 and r = -0.41) during 2022 respectively. Rainfall, humidity, and evaporation have a positive correlation (r = 0.368, r = 0.551, and r = 0.297) in 2021 and (r = .31, r = 0.89, and r = 0.81) during 2022 respectively. At maximum temperature (38.4°C) during April and May pest population was minimum. Rainfall and relative humidity favored the pest population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se aportan nuevos datos sobre cuatro especies del género Neuroleon Navás, 1909 (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) en Navarra. Tres de de ellas se citan por primera vez en la Comunidad: N. distichus (Navás, 1903), N. egenus (Navás, 1914) y N. nemausiensis (Borkhausen, 1791). Se amplía así el número de especies conocidas de la familia Myrmeleontidae en Navarra, pasando de 7 a 10 especies. ABSTRACT: New data are provided on four species of the genus Neuroleon Navás, 1909 (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in Navarre. Three of them are reported for the first time in the Community: N. distichus (Navás, 1903), N. egenus (Navás, 1914) and N. nemausiensis (Borkhausen, 1791). This extends the number of known species of the family Myrmeleontidae in Navarre from 7 to 10 species.

The article discusses the discovery of the antlion species Palpares contrarius in Tamil Nadu, India, by researchers from Madras Christian College. The antlion, a member of the Neuroptera order, is characterized by its slender body and distinct fluttering flight. The genus Palpares, to which this species belongs, is known for its large size and magnificently speckled wings. The discovery of Palpares contrarius in Tamil Nadu is a new record for the region and the specimen has been deposited in the Zoological Survey of India. [Extracted from the article]

The document titled "Contents to Volume 100" from the Pan-Pacific Entomologist journal, published in 2024, provides a comprehensive list of research articles on various insect species. Topics covered include new state records for the riffle beetle Tolriolus ungulatus, life history of Pycnoderes quadrimaculatus, and the first record of the Palearctic Aphanisticus congener in the Western Hemisphere. The document also includes reports on new species discoveries, distributional studies, and genetic variance among insect populations, offering valuable insights into entomological research. [Extracted from the article]

Modern insect decline sparks interest in similar declines of the past. Neuroptera, the group of lacewings, has been suggested to have undergone decline after the Cretaceous, and quantitative studies of larval morphology have supported this view. One of the groups within Neuroptera seeing a major decline is that of split-footed lacewings, Nymphidae. We here report 13 new larval specimens of split-footed lacewings from about 100-million-year-old Kachin amber, Myanmar. We explore how enlarging the data set to 60 specimens and expanding the investigated morphological structures affect the recognition of decline. The expanded data set has an increased morphospace, indicating a lack of saturation. The decline is, therefore, likely even larger than so far anticipated for Nymphidae. The study of head and mouthparts provides the strongest signal for a loss of diversity, which is feasible due to the direct coupling to feeding ecology. Analysis of the trunk region cannot recover a signal for loss of diversity. Sampling issues play a role here: the trunk of the larvae is less often well preserved, and the fossil larvae are more likely in early developmental stages due to the constraints of preservation.

The antlion genera Gatzara and Nepsalus (Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae) inhabit mountain forests and are characterised by camouflaging larvae. Both genera remain poorly known despite recent findings on systematics and distribution. We report the discovery of new specimens and the previously unknown larvae of the rare species Gatzara jubilaea Navás, 1915, Nepsalus insolitus (Walker, 1860) and N. decorosus (Yang, 1988). These provide new evidence regarding the affinities of these species, and updated knowledge of the distribution, larval morphology and biology. Moreover, a new species of Nepsalus, N. maclachlani Badano, Zheng & Liu, sp. nov. is described from Sri Lanka based on historical museum collections. The discovery of the immature stages of Gatzara shows that the larvae of this genus share the same specialised ecological characteristics and habits as those of Nepsalus but are less morphologically derived. We also reconstruct a molecular phylogeny of this lineage, estimating the divergence time and biogeographical history by adding the new samples. The evolution of the Gatzara + Nepsalus lineage is associated with two major mountain ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau, i.e. the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachycaudus divaricatae Shaposhnikov has spread in many European countries over the last decades, where it causes intensive damage to Prunus cerasifera. Forty P. cerasifera trees were monitored in 2013 at Dārziņi, on the outskirts of Riga city (Latvia), to obtain data on seasonal dynamics of an exotic aphid species, B. divaricatae. Brachycaudus divaricatae was predominant on its only known host plant species, P. cerasifera. Other aphid species were found on monitored trees: Brachycaudus sp., Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.). The target species, B. divaricatae was the most abundant, followed by H. pruni, but only B. divaricatae reached the highest infestation level. The latest date of registered B. divaricatae colonies was 31 October 2013. Many predatory arthropods belonging to Acari, Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Neuroptera were registered in B. divaricatae colonies. The most abundant predators were dipteran larvae from the families Cecidomyiidae and Syrphidae. Predatory dipterans most abundant were only at the beginning of the season (June). Later in the season, the number of spiders increased in aphid colonies, and of 365 spiders, 43.8% were members of the Linyphiidae family. Five ant species were caught in B. divaricatae colonies, and Formica cinerea Mayr was the most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study discusses the effects of cyantraniliprole, a new insecticide, on two lepidopteran pests and a biological control agent. Cyantraniliprole showed higher toxicity to one pest species compared to the other, prolonged developmental stages, and increased detoxification activity in both pest species. It also had a negative but slight impact on the biological control agent at the recommended concentrations. The study suggests that cyantraniliprole can effectively control the pests while being compatible with the control agent, but further field studies are needed for validation. Cyantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide registered for controlling chewing and sucking insect pests. Here, the lethal and sublethal effects of this insecticide on two destructive lepidopteran pests, Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval and Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, were evaluated. Because the effects of novel insecticides on beneficial and non-target arthropods must be considered, the impact of cyantraniliprole on a generalist biological control agent, Chrysoperla carnea [Stephens 1836], were also examined. Overall, our study revealed that cyantraniliprole was more toxic to A. ipsilon than to S. littoralis. Moreover, the LC15 and LC50 of the insecticide significantly prolonged the duration of the larval and pupal stages and induced enzymatic detoxification activity in both species. Treatment of the second-instar larvae of C. carnea with the recommended concentration of cyantraniliprole (0.75 mg/L) doubled the mortality rates and resulted in a slight negative effect on the biology and detoxification enzymes of C. carnea. Our results indicate that both sublethal and lethal concentrations of cyantraniliprole can successfully suppress S. littoralis and A. ipsilon populations. They also suggest that C. carnea, as a generalist predator, is compatible with cyantraniliprole under the modelled realistic field conditions. In future investigations, insights into the effects of cyantraniliprole on S. littoralis, A. ipsilon, and C. carnea under field conditions will be required to appropriately validate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sisyra Burmeister, 1839 is cosmopolitan and the most specious genus of Sisyridae (spongillaflies). Hitherto, there has been only five species of Sisyra recorded from China. Here we present a taxonomic revision of the Chinese species of Sisyra. In total, six valid Sisyra species are reported from China. A new species, Sisyra bowlesi sp. n., is described from China, Laos and Vietnam. Sisyra indica Needham, 1909, S. nikkoana (Navás, 1910) and S. terminalis Curtis, 1854 are firstly recorded from China. Besides, two species from Hainan Island, S. hainana Yang and Gao, 2002 syn. n. and S. nervata Yang and Gao, 2002 syn. n., are herein synonymised with S. indica Needham, 1909; S. aurorae Navás, 1933 syn. n., recorded from eastern China, is synonymised with S. nikkoana (Navás, 1910) known from Japan, Korea and Russian Far East. New provincial records of S. curvata Yang and Gao, 2002 and S. yunana Yang, 1986 from China are added. A key to Sisyra species from Asia is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A noteworthy feature of entomology is the opportunity for it to be practically integrated into our lives. It stretches out over a wide spectrum of useful applications across many scientific fields. Several challenges to fully understanding the complexity of entomology are presented, such as considering its vast research paradigm and raising awareness as to the importance of insects on a global scale. The current study offers an interdisciplinary outlook on insects regarding their potential role in human surgical interventions. This is achieved through the description of anatomical features and their biomechanical manifestations, observed in rare neuropteran and dipteran insect species from the European fauna, documented by the author. Empirically justified parallels between insect anatomy and advancement in surgery are exemplified through analysis of evident mechanical properties of legs in Mantispa aphavexelte (U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1994) and Rainieria calceata (Fallén, 1820). In addition, suggestions on implementing specific examples of insect biomechanical design in robot-assisted surgery setups are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insects are pivotal components of ecosystems, contributing significantly to ecological processes, agriculture, biodiversity, and human well-being. They inhabit all types of habitats and play key roles in the function and stability of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Keeping in mind the diverse and characteristic features of insects, the current study was designed to investigate insect diversity in one of the important areas, the Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), focusing on seven insect orders: Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattodea, and Neuroptera. Data were collected using ten light traps over a three-year period (2019–2021). A total of 43 insect species were identified across the selected orders. Among these, the highest species richness was observed in Coleoptera, with 18 species, followed by Lepidoptera (nine species), Hemiptera (seven species), Orthoptera (four species), Neuroptera (three species), and Blattodea (one species). Coleoptera exhibited the highest diversity, richness, and evenness among the studied orders. Temperature was noted to have a profound influence on the distribution and population density of insects. The range of recorded temperatures (20 °C to 30 °C) correlated with the prevalence of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In terms of habitat, forested areas exhibited the highest insect diversity, while areas under agricultural cultivation near urban centers demonstrated the lowest diversity. This study provides insight into the diverse insect community in the Multan district and emphasizes the need for systematic conservation efforts. The findings underscore the importance of preserving rare species while addressing pest management strategies for more abundant species. Such understanding is crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems and sustaining both ecological and agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Green lacewings, particularly Chrysoperla externa, play a pivotal role in pest control within agriculture. In our study, we examined the performance of C. externa when fed on the following three distinct prey types: the pupae of the coffee leaf miner, the eggs of the sugarcane borer, and the eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth. Our aim was to ascertain how prey type influences lacewing development and population dynamics. We conducted experiments in a controlled environment, assessing variables such as survival rates, developmental duration, adult lifespan, and reproductive capability. The results demonstrated that C. externa exhibits robust performance when consuming natural prey items, such as coffee leaf miner pupae and sugarcane borer eggs. Interestingly, the predator exhibited even greater success when fed Mediterranean meal moth eggs, despite this not being its natural prey. This finding underscores the adaptability of lacewings to a broad range of prey items that are still conducive to their growth and reproduction. Understanding the dietary preferences and responses of lacewings to different prey types informs the optimization of their utilization in agricultural pest management programs. It offers valuable insights into the development and reproductive behavior of predators consuming natural prey, thus enhancing the efficacy of pest control strategies. Green lacewings are valuable predators, utilized in augmentative biological control against various agricultural pests. However, further studies are required to comprehend the performance of these predators when consuming natural prey. We investigated the capacity of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) to utilize the following three distinct prey types: the pupae of the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet), the eggs of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (F.), and the eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller). The first two of these species are naturally occurring prey found in field crops, while the last serves as a factitious prey species for the mass rearing of natural enemies. We hypothesized that the type of prey would differentially affect the life history and population-level parameters of C. externa. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the pre-imaginal survival and developmental times, adult longevity and reproduction, and population growth of C. externa when larvae were provided with each of the three prey items. Results indicated that C. externa utilized the two natural prey items, L. coffeella pupae and D. saccharalis eggs, for its development, reproduction, and population growth. However, larvae developed significantly faster and females exhibited higher reproductive parameters, including fecundity and daily oviposition, when consuming the factitious prey, E. kuehniella eggs. This resulted in a higher intrinsic rate of population increase, as well as shorter times for the population to double in size. Understanding the population dynamics of C. externa when consuming different prey items is crucial for optimizing their utilization in augmentative biological control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Green lacewing is an important natural predator of many crop pests. In this study, we conducted 10 years of monitoring from 2012 to 2021 to determine the aerial migration patterns of green lacewing species using a suction trap on Beihuang Island (BH), a small island in the center of the Bohai Strait that serves as a seasonal insect migration pathway in eastern Asia. Overall, there were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the densities of the main species, and the sex ratio varied among different months, with more females being captured than males. It was determined that the green lacewings primarily originated from Shandong Province through trajectory analysis. This study provides valuable insights into the migration dynamics of green lacewings in eastern Asia, which is helpful for biological control in the region. Many insects, including green lacewings, migrate seasonally to exploit suitable breeding and winter habitats. Green lacewings are important natural enemies of insect pests worldwide. Here, four dominant green lacewing species, Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto), Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), Chrysoperla furcifera (Okamoto), and Chrysopa formosa Brauer, were investigated for their ability to migrate between northern and northeastern China across the Bohai Strait from late May to late October each year. Furthermore, there were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the number of migratory green lacewings collected. The number of green lacewings in spring was significantly lower than that in summer and autumn, and the highest average number of green lacewings occurred in June. In addition, there were differences in the sex ratio of migrating green lacewings between months, with a greater proportion of females than males. Finally, the seasonal migration trajectories simulated by the HYSPLIT model revealed that the green lacewings captured on Beihuang Island primarily originated from Shandong Province. Accordingly, these findings contribute to our understanding of green lacewing migration in eastern Asia and aid its incorporation within integrated pest management (IPM) packages for several crop pests. Furthermore, long-term tracking of migrant insect populations can reveal ecosystem services and trophic dynamic processes at the macroscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]