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Introduction: The prescription of biological examinations is the first step in guaranteeing the quality of the results of the biological analyzes given by the laboratory. Indeed, the irregularity of requests for biological examinations makes it difficult to carry out and interpret the results and also compromises the optimal and rational use of the diagnostic aid tool that is the clinical biology laboratory. The purpose of this study was to assess the compliance and quality of Biological Examinations Requests (BERs) at the Douala General Hospital (DGH) Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2022 in the clinical biology laboratory department of the DGH. The information provided on each request for examinations was evaluated using a technical sheet containing the evaluation grids of the ISO 15189 standard. Results: A total of 1765 BERs from 10 known clinical departments and 5.20% (n = 91) with no details on the department were analyzed. Prescriber qualification was absent in 13.31% (n=235), clinical information was notified in 23.79% (n=420), prescriber contact in 2.89% (n=51). The compliance assessment revealed that 49% (n=867) requests were non-compliant. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between non-compliant BERs and the internal medicine department (OR = 0.52 and P-value = 0.038) and medical specialists (OR = 0.576 and P-value = 0.048) with a significant association. Conclusion: It was observed that the non-compliant BERs lacked information identifying the patient, the prescriber, as well as the examination/sample. The ISO standard recommends the accuracy of this information. Because their absence would make it impossible to carry out the examinations, waste of time searching for the service/prescriber for additional information or for the return of the results. These results suggest an improvement in practices in the prescription of medical biology analyzes at the DGH in particular and in Cameroon in general.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the estrogenic effects of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Cylicodiscus gabunensis in the female rat. The evaluation focused on the effect of the extract on the oestrous cycle, the evolution of the fresh weight of the uterus and ovaries, the total cholesterol level, and the total protein and oestradiol levels. The doses of extract administered to the female rats were 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days. Administration of C. gabunensis extract at 400 mg/kg induced an increase in total protein levels. The administration of the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg gives the same results as the negative control which is distilled water. No significant variation of the C. gabunensis extract on the other parameters studied was observed compared to the negative control. This study shows that C. gabunensis would have anti-estrogenic effects, additional work should be carried out in order to validate the use of this extract in the treatment of female infertility.

Some infectious oral diseases are treated by medicinal plants in tropical areas, because they are abundant and cheap. The present work aimed to evaluate the antiseptic activity of the aqueous extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaves against three oral bacteria recognised as opportunistic pathogens, namely Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus. Fresh leaves of A. cordifolia were harvested, dried and pulverised. The extraction was performed by decocting in distilled water. The phytochemical screening was performed on the extract based on principles of colour change, and precipitation. Biological studies consisted in the in vitro antiseptic evaluation of the aqueous extract using the agar disc diffusion method, in comparison with a reference antiseptic mouthwash containing chlorhexidine. The extract had a 11.96% yield. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, tannins, glycosides, coumarins and saponins. The evaluation of the antiseptic activity revealed that the extract is active against S. mitis and S. epidermidis, and inactive against M. luteus. The diameters of inhibition zones were 16.9±1.1mm and 11.2±0.7mm at the concentration of 40mg/ml, and 7.7±0.3mm and 8.5±0.5mm at the concentration of 20mg/ml against S. mitis and S. epidermidis, respectively. Chlorhexidine did not inhibit S. mitis and showed diameters of inhibition of 13.0±1.0mm and 15.1±1.0mm against S. epidermidis and M. luteus, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract against the 2 sensitive bacteria was 20mg/ml.

Loranthaceae are epiphytic hemiparasitic plants causing a lot of damage to cultivated or spontaneous woody species, but these parasitic plants are also used to treat a wide spectrum of diseases traditionally. It is with a view to searching for new sources of bioactive compounds that the present study was conducted with the aim of exploring the endophytic mycoflora of the haustoria of Phragmanthera capitata. The isolation of the endophytic fungi of P. capitata was done on a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. The identification was on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic observations using identification keys. The mass culture of the isolated fungi was made on a solid medium based on rice and the extraction with ethyl acetate. 20 endophytic fungi belonging to 7 genera and 2 unidentified species were isolated from P. capitata: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Mucor and Fusarium. Flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and coumarins were detected in all extracts of these endophytic fungi. The endophytic fungi associated with this plant would also be a potential source of bioactive compounds and the exploration of medicinal plants, and habitats of endophytes would be an advantageous path for the discovery of new species of endophytes and new bioactive secondary metabolites.

The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic bacteria extracts isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae), a plant traditionally used in the treatment of many pathologies such as diarrheal diseases. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient media. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Muller Hinton Broth (MHB). An antibacterial screening of the extracts was carried out on 04 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The strains having demonstrated activity were retained for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cytotoxicity tests of the extracts were carried out on healthy macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and healthy kidney cells (Vero). A total of 41 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. torvum. The antibacterial screening made it possible to retain 08 extracts which demonstrated antibacterial activity on the S. aureus and S. flexneri strains with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml. All extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity except for one extract. Extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from S. torvum showed antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity on the pathogenic strains tested. This study shows that the endophytic bacteria of S. torvum are a source of antibacterial compounds to be explored to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against bacterial infections.

The study aimed at evaluating the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential of extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae). Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient agar. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). The inhibitory effect on the alpha-glucosidase enzyme of the extracts of endophytic bacteria was determined in the presence of starch and sucrose at 6 mg/mL at 37°C and by measuring the absorbance at 517 nm. Nineteen endophytic bacteria were isolated from the leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and twigs of L. octovalvis. The extracts obtained from these endophytic bacteria all showed an alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect. The S4155 extract showed less than 50% enzyme inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 163.98 μg/mL. Endophyte bacteria associated with L. octovalvis provided a source of bioactive compounds that can prevent or reduce the prevalence of diabetes.

Malaria is still the world-leading cause of death despite the massive arsenal of available drugs. Endophytes, well-established as sources of bioactive molecules have also demonstrated their ability to produce new anti-plasmodial compounds. This review aimed at highlighting the great potential of endophyte as a source of drugs and drugs tools against Plasmodium falciparum.Material and method :All paper working on endophyte for their antiplasmodial effect were considered. But, those failing to describe the plant collection, isolation, extract preparation, compounds isolation, clear antiplasmodial testing protocols were not included in this review. Besides, it will put side by side in vitro anti-plasmodial effect and the in-silico drug-like properties, pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions.Results :From the above analysis, the compounds from bacterial endophytes were less analyzed in comparison to that from fungi. 117 compounds were reported in the literature. 39, 53, and 54 were the most efficient with IC50 of 0.079 μM, 0.146 μM, and 0.43 μM respectively. They effect were better than that of artemisinin (Compounds 118; IC50=0.8 μM). Regarding the predicted pharmacokinetic and toxicology, compounds 39 is as druggable as Artemisin.Conclusion:The review set endophytes are a non-negligible source of novel drug and drugs tools against Plasmodium falciparum.

Objectif : L’étude menée a été de contribuer à l’évaluation de la toxicité aiguë et subaiguë de l’extrait au vin depalme des graines de Cucurma longa Linn. (cucurma)Méthodologie et Résultats : L’extrait a subi un screening phytochimique et sa qualité microbiologique approuvéesuivant la Pharmacopée Européenne. L’essai de toxicité aiguë a été mené sur des souris femelles de Musmusculus à la dose 2000 mg/kg. L’essai de toxicité subaiguë a été réalisé sur une période de 28 jours, avec 4lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles albinos de la souche Wistar). Le lot I a reçu 1 ml/100 g d’eau distillée et les lots II, III et IV l’extrait aux doses 200, 400 et 800 mg/kg respectivement. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, phénols et sucres réducteurs. Les tests de qualité microbiologique n’ont révélé aucun germe. L’administration à dose unique de l’extrait n’a entrainé aucun décès. La DL50 de l’extrait est donc supérieure à 2000 mg/kg. A doses répétées pendant 28 jours, l’extrait a contribué à une croissance pondérale non significative chez les rats à toutes les la doses chez les rats mâles et femelles. En outre, il a engendré également chez une augmentation de l’aspartate aminotransférase (ASAT) et de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) aux trois doses de l’extrait chez les deux.Conclusion et Application : L’étude a permis de montrer que l’extrait au vin de palme des rhizomes de Curcuma longa Linn. a une DL50 supérieure à 2000 mg/kg et est favorable à la production d’un médicament traditionnel amélioré, après les tests précliniques et cliniques.Mots clés : Curcuma longa, rhizomes, vin de palme, toxicité, souris, rats Study of acute and subacute toxicity of extract from the palm wine of rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn.Objective: The study was to contribute to the evaluation of the acute and subacute toxicity of the palm wine extract of seeds of Carica papaya Linn.Methodology and Results: The extract underwent a phytochemical screening and its microbiological qualityapproved according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The acute toxicity test was conducted in female Mus musculus mice at a dose of 2000 mg/Kg. The subacute toxicity test was conducted over a 28-day period, with 4 batches of 6 rats (3 males and 3 albinos of the Wistar strain). Lot I received 1 mL/100 g of distilled water and lots II, III and IV extracted at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/Kg respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols and reducing sugars. Microbiological quality tests revealed no contamination. The single-dose administration of the extract resulted in no deaths. The LD50 of the extract was therefore greater than 2000 mg/Kg. At repeated doses for 28 days, the extract contributed to insignificant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in male and female rats. In addition, it also resulted in an increase of ASAT andALAT at all three doses of the extract in both.Conclusion and Application: The study showed that the palm wine extract of Curcuma longa Linn rhizomes has an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/Kg and is favorable to the production of an improved traditional medicine, after the preclinical and clinical tests.Keywords: Curcuma longa, rhizomes, palm wine, toxicity, mice, rats