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This paper focuses on the Champa medieval Buddhist votive tablets recently found on Ch6i mountain, Quang Ngiii province, in central Vietnam. Through this discovery, more information has been added to our knowledge of Buddhism in medieval Champa and Southeast Asia. Examining these votive tablets, the paper suggests that Buddhism might not always have been the religion of only the elite who worshipped the Buddha at the D6ng Duang monastery. It is possible that local populations also practiced this religion in their own way, such as by using votive tablets for protection or as an amulet. Buddhist votive tablets are usually small in dimension and easy to carry in pockets or attach to necklaces and chains. Most of the Ch6i Buddhist votive tablets bear the image of the Buddha in the middle with two bodhisattvas on either side. In this paper, we argue that the votive tablets indicate that the popular type of Buddhism in this region in the ninth and tenth centuries was Mahayana. Moreover, similar types of votive tablets have been found in Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia, suggesting that the interregional connections among these places might have influenced the practice of Mahiiyiina in the early medieval period of Southeast Asia.

Calcareous nannofossils are very small microfossils composed of calcium carbonate. They are very good biostratigraphic markers within marine sediments by covering the Jurassic to present. The standard preparation of a sample for nannofossil analysis requires the collection of the largest quantity and the best fossils. Sample preparation accords to the following steps: i. Pounding sample; ii. Eliminating organic matter; iii. Washing sample; iv. Filter sample through the sieve; v. Eliminating clay; vi. Drying sample in an incubator; vii. Packing sample. Sample analysis accords to the following steps: i. Preparation of smear - slide; ii. Observation of morphology; iii. Determination; iv. Taking photo; v. Evaluating overall preservation and abundance of fossils; vi. Making analysis result sheet. This process is applied to study calcareous nannofossils within marine sediments in Soc Trang province. It makes much clear to understand middle Pleistocene-early Holocene ecosystem of calcareous nannofossil. In conclusion, this assemblage belongs to NN21 zone by the present of Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica.

Introduction and importance: Wide resection in the surgical treatment of aneurysms bone cysts is often performed in cases where the tumor is large, recurrent, growing, and intensely invasive. Reshaping the defect after tumor removal is a necessary issue to restore shape and maintain function for the patient. Case presentation A 26-year-old male patient, diagnosed with an aneurysm bone cyst in the proximal humerus, underwent surgery for curettage and bone grafting twice. After surgery, there was still pain in the shoulder area, the tumor progressed aggressively with limited shoulder movement. Based on the imaging re-evaluation, it was shown that the tumor increased rapidly in size, invaded the soft tissue, and completely changed the normal structure of the shoulder joint, and the proximal humerus. We used a reverse shoulder joint with an additional module to restore the bone defect of the tumor and the function of the shoulder joint. Follows-up showed that patient no longer pain in shoulder area, shoulder joint function recovery is progressing well, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score is 25 & 28, shoulder joint function score according to ASES scale: 80 & 93.33 respectively at 3 months and 6 months after surgery. Clinical discussion Aggresive aneurysm bone cyst of proximal humerus is not common and still a challenge to the treatment. Due to the bone and joint destruction, the indication of tumor resection and reconstruct the joint and bone loss is required. Among several solution, reverse shoulder megaprosthesis is a newest one can favor the purpose of our treatment. Up to now, this solution is mainly used to preserving for malignant bone tumor. Conclusions Tumor wide resection with modular reverse shoulder replacement with the modular segment is a reasonable intervention option in cases of large aneurysm bone cysts, with rapid recurrence, aggressive progression, and soft tissue invasion., Highlights • Aggresive aneurysm bone cyst of proximal humerus is not common. • The destruction of bone and shoulder joint due to aggresive aneurysm bone cyst is still a challenge to treatment. • Reverse shoulder megaprosthesis replacement is a new choice recently with good improvement of shoulder function.

The lower Palaeozoic marine succession of NE Vietnam accumulated on the South China plate. Despite historical works dating to French colonial times, the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the succession is poorly constrained. Chief amongst the lower Palaeozoic lithostratigraphical divisions is the Than Sa Formation, a c. 1200 m thick succession of clastic rocks of Cambrian and early Ordovician age. Newly collected graptolites (including Rhabdinopora? sp. and Tetragraptus approximatus) from the upper part of the formation identify strata assignable to the Tremadocian and Floian stages of the Lower Ordovician. The same succession also probably records the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. Our analysis identifies one or more intervals of graptolite-bearing laminated mudstones in the upper part of the Than Sa Formation that may be widespread in NE Vietnam during the early Tremadocian.

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