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Pnemomediastinum is defined as the presence of aberrant air in the mediastinum, also known as mediastinal emphysema. Significant pneumomediastinum is rare, particularly in term neonates. It is usually related to the different predisposing factors such as birth injury, meconium aspiration, assisted ventilation or infectious diseases although it may occur idiopathically. Pneumomediastinum is one of the important causes of respiratory distress syndrome that should not be overlook in term neonates. The elevation of thymic lobes off the heart on plain view and the presence of retrosternal air collection on lateral view are crucial signs on chest x-rays that need to be assessed cautiously by radiologists and neonatologists. We report two cases of pneumomediastinum in term infants who presented with respiratory distress. One case was diagnosed as pneumomediastinum and assisted ventilation was supposed as a predisposing factor, the other case was diagnosed as spontaneous pneumomediastinum without underlying lung disease or predisposing factors. The definitive diagnosis was made by combination plain and lateral chest x-rays without further imaging method was required. Both patients received conservative treatment with close observation clinically and radiologically and were discharged after several days in good condition.

Cryptotia is a rare congenital auricular deformity among Caucasians but more common in Asians. Various operative techniques have been described, such as skin graft, V-Y plasty, Z plasty, and islands skin flap. Among those techniques, V-Y plasty has many advantages and is indicated for severe cases. However, several problems remain when this method is adopted, such as conspicuous scars and lowered hairline. To overcome these problems, the authors have developed a new technique, multiple V-Y advancement modification, which stitches the skin flaps together to a tight, discrete central focal point. This technique has the advantage of hiding scars behind the earlobe, providing enough skin for the deformed areas, minimizing the condition of the hairline being lowered and auriculocephalic sulcus depth.

Anterolateral thigh flap (ALT flap) is first found and used by Song in 1984. Classified in the perforator type flaps, ALT flaps is blood supplied by the perforators of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex thigh artery. The flap is the first of choice in many cases, those need a large soft tissue for reconstruction, especially in the cervico facial area thanks to many advantages of the flap: constants and relievable anatomic structure, large blood supply, flexible in use as well as other advantages. From 9.2016 to 10. 2020, 26 ALT flaps are dissected in fresh and Formalin cavades of mature Viet people for the anatomic research and 34 ALT flaps used for patients with soft tissue defects in cervicofacial area. The outcome is considerable with the main following conclusions: - ALT flap is constant and reliable in anatomy. - The flap is harvested relatively easy in clinical practice. - The use of the ALT flap is flexible with good result in reconstruction of soft tissue defects in cervico facial area.

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a rare disease associated with metabolic disorders and alcoholism. In this report, we describe the clinical outcome and surgical protocol for eight men with Madelung collar who underwent treatment in a craniofacial and plastic surgery facility in Hanoi, Vietnam, between May 2018 and December 2020. We discuss the patients' clinical symptoms, subclinical signs, epidemiology, magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, surgical protocol, complications, and postoperative indicators that we collected and evaluated. Each patient underwent surgery in two stages (i.e., in supine and prone positions). We injected a tumescent solution 10 min before the incision. Two surgeons performed each operation simultaneously. After surgery, we followed the patients for 6-27 months. All of the patients had a history of long-time alcohol abuse and had associated comorbidities that included liver disease, blood disorders, restricted neck movement, and orthopnea. We did not have to open the trachea or transfuse blood during any of the surgical procedures. Postoperatively, all patients were satisfied with their functional results and aesthetic appearance. One patient experienced a recurrence of his MSL. We believe our surgical protocol provides optimal results for patients with MSL and Madelung collar.

Chitinases from the genus Trichoderma fungi are mainly responsible for their anti-fungal activities, which allow them to become the most widely used fungal biocontrol. Therefore, several Trichoderma chitinases have been cloned and expressed to facilitate their production and applications. A previous study of the same authors has characterized an endochitinase from a relatively novel Trichoderma spp., Trichoderma asperellum. To produce this enzyme more economically and efficiently, we reported the synthesis and expression of its synthetic encoding gene in the Escherichia coli M15 strain and established the optimal conditions for preparative scale production of the enzyme in its functional form. By lowering the induction temperatures, we observed substantial improvement in the expression levels of the active enzyme. At 30 oC and 0.5 mM IPTG induction, 1 L of cells yielded approximately 80 - 100 mg of soluble protein, accounting for about 9-11 % of total soluble protein. This figure may be an underestimation of the actual yield, as deduced from the SDS-PAGE data. The recombinant enzyme can be retrieved by simple repeated freezing and thawing cycles and purified to near homogeneity using Ni-NTA chromatography. The purified enzyme showed in vitro colloidal chitin hydrolysis activity. These results could be scaled up to produce soluble 42 kDa chitinase in E. coli. The study demonstrated an economical method to produce chitinases for various agricultural and environmental applications.

Background: Patient satisfaction has played an important role in the development of health systems. However, the information on patient satisfaction and the returning of the patients for rehabilitation is limited. This study aims to explore the role of different domains in patient satisfaction with the willingness to return for further rehabilitation. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among all 163 patients who were treated at different departments but needed a combination of treatment with rehabilitation at Viettiep hospital, Haiphong city. The Patient Satisfaction Index (PSI) Questionnaire was applied to record the average score of satisfaction. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between each domain of the PSI and the return for rehabilitation treatment. Results: Among the PSI scale, the strongest correlation was observed between the attitude of medical staff and the equipment and infrastructure of the hospital (r=0.305). The linear regression model indicated that patient satisfaction was associated significantly with the willingness to return for further rehabilitation (OR= 58.442). There were significant associations between the accessibility, equipment and infrastructure, quality of care and treatment, and cost of treatment with the returning for treatment of the patients. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction regarding individual domains should be considered in more detail in order to enhance the rehabilitation treatment of patients after discharging them from the hospital.

Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), also known as Ngoc Linh ginseng, is a high-value herb in Vietnam. Vietnamese ginseng has been proven to be effective in enhancing the immune system, human memory, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and prevent aging. The present study reports the first draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng and the identification of potential genes involved in the triterpenoid metabolic pathway. De novo whole-genome assembly was performed successfully from a data of approximately 139 Gbps of 394,802,120 high quality reads to generate 9815 scaffolds with an N50 value of 572,722 bp from the leaf of Vietnamese ginseng. The assembled genome of Vietnamese ginseng is 3,001,967,204 bp long containing 79,374 gene models. Among them, there are 55,012 genes (69.30%) were annotated by various public molecular biology databases. The potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in Vietnamese ginseng and their metabolic pathway were also predicted.“ Three genes encoding squalene monooxygenase isozymes in Vietnamese ginseng were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Moreover, expression levels of several key genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in different parts of Vietnamese ginseng were also analyzed. The SSR markers were detected by various programs from both of assembly full dataset of Vietnamese ginseng genome and predicted genes. The present work provided important data of the draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng for further studies to understand the role of genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and their metabolic pathway at the molecular level of this rare medicinal species.

We examined gender differences among people who inject drug (PWID) in Hai Phong, Vietnam in term of blood-borne infections, risk behaviors, and access to care. Using respondent-driven-sampling surveys, we recruited 3146 PWID from 2016 to 2018. Inclusion criteria included a positive urine test for heroin and recent injection marks. There were 155 female PWID (4,9%), including 82 at RDS-2016, 32 at RDS-2017 and 38 at RDS-2018. The age mean was 36.3 ± 7.2 years. The majority of female PWID had less than high school education (90.9%) and were unemployed (51.3%). There was no difference in the proportion of HIV and HCV positive by gender. However, women had several significant differences in risk behaviors than men in multivariable logistic regression. Being a woman was independently associated with being unemployed, being a sex worker, having unstable housing, having uses drugs for less than 5 years, more use of methamphetamine, having a partner who ever injected drugs, and less access to methadone treatment. Interventions targeting female PWID are needed, possibly through community organizations and peer educators.

The present study reports the transient expression of chi42 genes encoding 42 kDa chitinase from T. asperellum SH16 in N. benthamiana via agroinfiltration. The efficacy of agroinfiltration for chi42 genes including a wild-type gene (Chi42) and two synthetic genes (syncodChi42-1 and syncodChi42-2) was determined. Accordingly, coinfiltration of two vectors pMYV719 carrying one of three genes chi42 and pMYV508 carrying gene p19 expedited the higher expression of recombinant enzymes whose genes were optimized for codon usage in plant tissues. The highest chitinolytic activity of about 290 U/mL was found in plants containing the gene syncodChi42-2 after 7 days of injection, 1.7 and 2.6 times higher than that of genes syncodChi42-1 and chi42. Recombinant chitinase has also exhibited activity against the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii under in vitro condition. A higher expression level of syncodChi42-2 gene in N. benthamiana and its antifungal activity promise potential applications in the field of transgenic crops against phytopathogenic fungi. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the reconstruction of tongue defects with submental flap after tumor resection. Methods: This is a retrospective and prospective study for 12 patients diagnosed with tongue cancer who underwent extensive tumor resection and reconstruction of tongue defects with submental flap at the Center for Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery - 108 Military Central Hospital, from January 2019 to March 2022. Results: The study included 10 male patients (83.3%) and 2 female patients (16.7%), with an average age of 54.83. The average size of the defect is 54.4x 30.2mm. The submental flap for reconstruction had an average size of 69.6x39.6mm. After surgery, the survival rate of the flap was 100%, partial necrosis was 7.1%, damage to the mandibular branch was 7.1%. Resumption of completely normal speech function accounted for 66.7%, normal diet accounted for 58.4%, no patient had completely lost speech or swallowing function. Conclusion: The submental flap has many advantages in reconstructing tongue defects after small-size tumor resection, including simple technique and suitable size. Reconstructive results show the good restoration of the patients' speech and swallowing functions.

Objective: To evaluate the treatment results of mandibular condylar fractures for prescription of more appropriate treatment methods. Methods: This is a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional study with follow-up on 95 patients treated for mandibular condylar fractures at 108 Central Military Hospital from January 2018 to October 2021. Results: A total of 95 condylar fractures were observed, including 75 unilateral fractures and 20 bilateral fractures. The most common fracture locations are: low condylar neck 53/115 (46.1%), condylar head 27/115 (23.5%), high condylar neck 22/115 (19.1%), subcondylar 13/115 (11.3%). Little deviation 13/115 (11.3), average deviation 79/115 (68.7%), high deviation 23/115 (20%). Conservative treatment for 18/115 condyle with good and satisfactory results accounted for 89.3%. Surgical removal of 33/115 condyles with good and satisfactory results accounted for 89.3%. Fracture osteosynthesis for 64/115 condyles with good and satisfactory results accounted for 96.2%. Conclusion: Conservative treatment should be indicated for cases with small or no displacement and condylar removal surgery for cases of condylar fractures or multi-fragment high condylar fractures with moderate and high displacement. The indication of osteosynthesis for low condylar neck and subcondylar fractures will have a high success rate.